Management quiz 15, 16, 17 and 18
The way tasks are combined to form complete jobs is referred to as
job design
The control process assumes that
performance standards are already in place
The goal-setting theory has the most value when
commitment to goals is made public
Andrew prefers to get his performance data in the form of charts and graphs. Andrew prefers
statistical reports
Which of the following actions accurately reflects the reinforcement theory of motivation?
A company's policy of giving its sales staff cash coupons for exceeding their daily targets.
is defined as the failure to report to work.
Absenteeism
Coworkers Bob and Tom were comparing checks on Friday. Bob saw that Tom's was significantly larger, which made Bob unhappy. Which theory best explains Bob's reaction?
Adams' equity theory
When data is analyzed and processed, it becomes
information
If you like yourself, then your personality would be described as having.
high self-esteem
A person who can adapt and adjust behavior to external factors has
high self-monitoring
Which of the following sources usually provides filtered information which cannot be documented?
oral report
Which of the following observations best explains why the control function is important?
An effective control system is the only way managers know whether organizational goals are being met.
theory explains how we judge people differently depending on what meaning we ascribe to a given behavior.
Attribution
According to the University of Iowa behavioral studies, group members' satisfaction levels were generally ________.
higher under a democratic leader than under an autocratic one
is the final step in the management process, which provides a critical link back to
Controlling; planning
Which of the following is an example of a feedforward control measure used to control possible workplace violence?
Clearly communicate the security policies to employees.
justice is the perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.
Distributive
Which of the following is true about job enlargement and job enrichment?
Expanding the scope of knowledge used in a job leads to more job satisfaction, enhanced customer service, and fewer errors.
________ corrects the problem at once to get performance back on track.
Immediate corrective action
is measured by the costs of acquiring and transforming organizational resources into outputs.
Input
refers to the horizontal expansion of a job by increasing job scope, or the number of different tasks required in a job and the frequency with which those tasks are repeated.
Job enlargement
is when a manager in the work area interacts directly with employees to maintain supervision.
Management by walking around
Which of the following is true about managing cross-cultural motivational challenges?
Most current motivation theories were developed in the United States by Americans and about Americans.
Which of the following is true for organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)?
OCB is discretionary behavior which promotes the effective functioning of the organization.
Which leadership theory believes that a leader's job is to assist followers in attaining their goals and to ensure that their goals are compatible with the goals of the group or organization?
Path-Goal Theory
is employees' general belief that their organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being.
Perceived organizational support
Which of the following is true about Herzberg's two-factor theory?
Satisfaction is not the opposite of dissatisfaction.
Which of the following is one of the main advantages of using statistical reports as the source of information?
Statistical reports are effective for showing relationships.
Helen investigates an incident involving a shooting in her workplace. She wants to take measures to control its effects. By doing this she is exerting ________ control over the incident.
feedback
In the statement, "The highway is very busy at 5 p.m., and is scary to drive on, so I'll wait until 7 p.m. to go home," the word "scary" represents which component of an attitude?
affective
The ________ component of attitude is based on emotions.
affective
According to the three-needs theory, the need for ________ is the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.
affiliation
Sarah is using the JCM to redesign jobs for her small team of writers. After carefully analyzing their jobs, she determines that while their jobs are high in skill variety, task identity, task significance, and autonomy, they receive little feedback about their work. Which of the following steps will enable Sarah to improve this aspect of their jobs?
allowing the writers to directly conduct business with their clients
The equity theory proposes that
an employee compares his or her job's input-outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and then takes steps to correct any inequity
Anne prefers one-page memos with only the main points of the issue. As a manager, she has limited amounts of time to read about internal problems. So when she prepares memos for her boss, she provides a brief outline of the situation to spare her boss the agony of having to read the boring details. Anne has succumbed to
assumed similarity
An organization hires additional personnel as soon as they get a major contract. The organization is using ________ control.
feedforward
The ________ approach to performance measurement was introduced as a way to evaluate organizational performance from more than just the financial perspective.
balanced scorecard
If a manager investigates how and why performance has deviated beyond the acceptable range of variation, and then corrects the source of the deviation, she is using
basic corrective action
Mark recommends that the managers at Statco should identify how and why performance has deviated beyond the acceptable range of variation, and then correct the source of the deviation. Here, Mark is recommending
basic corrective action
In the statement, "The highway is very busy at 5 p.m. and is scary to drive on, so I'll wait until 7 p.m. to go home," the phrase, "so I'll wait until 7 p.m. to go home," represents which component of an attitude?
behavioral
Which of the following management responsibilities determines if organizational goals are being achieved?
measuring firm performance
Tamera is the person employees go to when disciplinary action is necessary. Tamera holds ________ power.
coercive
The component of attitude that includes beliefs and opinions is the ________ component.
cognitive
Mary dislikes having to convince prospective customers to buy products that she believes are inferior to others in the market. However, she has sales targets for all products, superior or otherwise, that she must meet in order to receive her commission. Although Mary tries to meet the target sales for all products, she is torn between her beliefs and the actions she must take. This inconsistency or incompatibility is known as
cognitive dissonance
Contours, Inc., quality auditors pull one part from the production line every 15 minutes. These parts are measured against the production print; any variation that is beyond acceptable levels is reported to the machine operators. Contours, Inc., is using ________ control.
concurrent
Management by walking around is an example of ________ control.
concurrent
The management control that takes place while a work activity is in progress is known as
concurrent control
If everyone who's faced with a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows
consensus
According to the Ohio State studies, the ________ dimension of leader behavior is defined as the extent to which a leader has job relationships characterized by mutual trust and respect for group members' ideas and feelings.
consideration
Susan has a reputation of being fair, helpful, and understanding. She even helped her subordinate overcome a personal crisis. Which of the following dimensions of leadership is Susan displaying here?
consideration
refers to the process of monitoring, comparing, and correcting work performance.
controlling
Raw, unanalyzed facts are called
data
Which of the following leadership styles describes a leader who provides little direction or support?
delegating
In working with his employees, Carlos involves them in decision making and encourages them to participate in deciding their work methods and goals. Carlos's leadership style can best be described as
democratic
When employee satisfaction is measured, employees seemed to be more satisfied under a(n) ________ leadership style than under a(n) ________ one.
democratic; autocratic
Eliminating any reinforcement that's maintaining an undesirable behavior is called
extinction
When Bob discovered Tom had a larger paycheck for the same amount of effort, his concern centered on ________ justice.
distributive
The toddler knew if he held his breath his parents would yield to his demands. But this time they returned to their newspapers and gave the child no further notice. These parents were engaging in
extinction
According to the JCM, which job characteristic results in the employee knowing about the actual results of his or her work activities?
feedback
Organizational ________ is a measure of how appropriate organizational goals are and how well an organization is achieving those goals.
effectiveness
The ability to sense how others are feeling is known as
empathy
The goal-setting theory states that
employee participation in goal-setting is not always necessary for ensuring performance
The ________ element in the definition of motivation is a measure of intensity, drive, and vigor.
energy
Contours, Inc., knows each drill bit can cut approximately 100,000 holes before the hole size is smaller than the print specification so it changes drill bits after 95,000 uses. Contours, Inc., is using ________ control.
feedforward
Which of the following is considered the most desirable type of control to prevent anticipated problems?
feedforward control
The earthquake/tsunami which hit Japan in March of 2011 highlights the contemporary need to design organizational controls for
global turmoil and disasters
In the job characteristics model, task significance refers to the degree to which a job
has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people
People in the accounting department generally arrive 15 minutes early. So does Valerie, who is late today. This situation shows
high consensus
People in the accounting department generally arrive 15 minutes early. So does Valerie, who is late today. This situation shows.
high consensus
Herzberg called the factors that create job dissatisfaction ________ factors; when these factors are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they won't be satisfied either.
hygiene
"No, James, you must start the timer after you lower the French fry basket into the fryer, not before." This supervisor is using
immediate corrective action
In order to increase the ratio of outputs to inputs, a manager would have to
increase productivity
) If you believe that you control your own destiny, which of the following personality traits are you likely to possess?
internal locus of control
The degree to which an employee identifies with his or her job or actively participates in it refers to the employee's
job involvement
The degree to which an employee identifies with his or her job or actively participates in it refers to the employee's.
job involvement
Which of the following describes the leadership style in which the leader generally gives the group complete freedom to make decisions and complete the work in whatever way it sees fit?
laissez-faire style
Fiedler's dimension termed ________ is the degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have for their leader.
leader-member relations
Persons who are able to influence others and who possess managerial authority are termed _
leaders
Kay is the supervisor that the employees go to for general decisions. Kay holds ________ power.
legitimate
Which of the following is the type of power a person has because of his or her position in the formal organizational hierarchy?
legitimate power
The ________ ratios measure an organization's ability to meet its current debt obligations.
liquidity
Which of the following is included in the class of contingency variables termed "follower" by the path-goal theory?
locus of control
People say she will be late for her own funeral. It doesn't matter whether it's a team meeting or a meeting with her son's teacher, Malinda will be late. But she always has a plausible reason, one that is never her fault. Malinda's behavior shows
low distinctiveness
Which of the following is true for satisfied employees with high organizational commitment?
lower rates of turnover and absenteeism
Evidence indicates that transformational leadership is strongly correlated with
lower turnover rates and higher levels of productivity and creativity
Every March, Bill, who owns and operates a small retail shop, takes a large box of receipts and invoices to his accountant so the accountant can file Bill's taxes in April. Only then does Bill know if his business has been profitable. Bill could benefit from a(n)
management information system
The first step in the control process is
measuring actual performance
After watching a behavior in a social learning situation, a person can demonstrate learning by performing the behavior. This is known as learning by
motor reproduction
Brenda is always ready with a story to tell about performance in her area. Unfortunately, Brenda sometimes leaves out important facts and makes statements that cannot be corroborated. Brenda is delivering
oral reports
Jeremy is not in the habit of deciding everything on his own. He involves his team in the decision-making process as much as possible. He believes in communicating clearly and is always ready to help his team to get the best out of them. Jeremy's leadership style will be classified as which of the following?
participating
According to the path-goal model, when Greg consults with the employees for suggestions prior to making a decision, he displays which of the following leadership styles?
participative
Barbara solicits input from her subordinates before making decisions that will affect them. She often praises them for good work and gently offers suggestions to improve their performance. Barbara uses the ________ style of leadership.
participative
Statco, Inc., has struggled to meet projected revenues for each of the past ten quarters. The firm hired Mark Adams to design a control system and offer suggestions to improve the firm's performance. Which of the following is a key activity that the proposed control system should perform?
performance measurement
In the expectancy theory, ________ is the degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level is instrumental in attaining the desired outcome.
performance-reward linkage
Annette is watching her new employee as he executes the steps in making French fries. Her purpose is to make sure he follows the instructions exactly as given. Annette is using
personal observation
Which of the following sources of information for measuring performance is subject to personal biases, time consuming, and obtrusive?
personal observation
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, ________ needs form the lowest or foundational step in the hierarchy.
physiological
Matthew is worried that he will not be able to pay his mortgage and feed his family since he was laid off from his production job. Which of Maslow's levels of need is a concern to Matthew?
physiological
Fiedler's term ________ refers to the degree of influence a leader has over power-based activities.
position power
Which of the following refers to the overall output of goods or services produced divided by the inputs needed to generate that output?
productivity
Clay is the person employees go to when they are to receive special recognition. Clay holds ________ power.
reward
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, when an employer provides his employees health insurance, he is taking care of their ________ needs.
safety
Which of the following needs is a lower-order need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory?
safety
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, ________ needs are predominantly satisfied externally while ________ needs are satisfied internally.
safety; self-actualization
Don has been on the job only a few days. He still has a lot to learn but pays close attention whenever his job coach gives him tips. The best style for the job coach to use is
selling
When a manager molds an individual's behavior by guiding his or her learning in graduated steps, he is using
shaping processes
If an employee does not exhibit a desired behavior, a manager might use
shaping to guide the employee to learn the desired behavior
In the job characteristics model, ________ refers to the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.
task identity
Chuck manages the front-end crew at a fast food restaurant. For most of his crew, this is their first job so they have very few job skills but also seem reluctant to perform. In this situation, Chuck should use the ________ style.
telling
In the Big Five Model of personality, conscientiousness refers to
the degree to which someone is reliable, responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented
Managers could choose to do nothing when
the difference between actual performance and standard performance is low and acceptable
Bill, a manager at a consulting firm, has been keenly analyzing the performance of a new recruit who turns out to be extremely intelligent. He concludes that she will be a good manager in the future even though her interpersonal skills are not half as impressive. This conclusion on Bill's part seems to be the result of
the halo effect
Bonnie's boss has offered her baseball game tickets if she meets her sales goals this month. Bonnie looked at him in disbelief and did not put forth the effort to meet the goals. According to expectancy theory, from this we can surmise
the reward had low valence for Bonnie
The comparing step in the control process determines
the variation between actual performance and the standard
In the context of the reinforcement theory, reinforcers are
those consequences that immediately follow a behavior and increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated
In her speech the previous day, the new CEO had discussed his experience in the industry and his education. Carrie thought that the new CEO would do a great job given these characteristics, coupled with his good oratory skills and the fact that he just looked like a CEO. Carrie realized that she had been judging the new CEO in a manner consistent with the ________ theories of leadership.
traits
Rachel's colleagues and subordinates have a very high regard for her. They know that no one can get high-quality work done the way Rachel can. She inspires her team to excel in their work, even exceeding their own expectations. What her subordinates like best about Rachel is that they are free to discuss her decisions with her, even question her once in while if they are not sure about her strategy. Which of the following best describes Rachel's leadership style?
transformational
In the expectancy theory, ________ is the importance that the individual places on the potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job.
valence
Managers should use subjective measures when
work activities cannot be expressed in quantifiable terms
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following is a hygiene factor?
working conditions
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, a person's needs for self-respect, autonomy, achievement, status, recognition, and attention constitute his ________ needs.
esteem
In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, when a company names an "Employee of the Month" and "Employee of the Quarter," the company is addressing employees' ________ needs.
esteem
Juan is the person employees go to when knowledge of a topic was needed. Juan holds ________ power.
expert
A person who believes that what happens to him is due to luck or chance is said to have a(n)
external locus of control
A person who believes that what happens to him is due to luck or chance is said to have a(n) __
external locus of control
As a flower arranger, Beth doesn't have to wait for someone to tell her. She can look at an arrangement and know whether she did a good job. Beth's job has _
high feedback
If you like yourself, then your personality would be described as having
high self-esteem
Connie sees her role as someone who provides direction and resources for her team then gets out of their way and lets them do their work however they think best. Connie uses the ________ style of leadership.
laissez-faire
Sam is the manager at a department store. He has 20 employees working under him who are mostly unhappy and discontented with the way he threatens them for even minor errors. Which of the following statements is likely to be true about Sam?
Sam is using coercive power to get the job done.
Which of the following would support Evelyn's attempt at becoming a participative leader?
She consults her subordinates and uses their suggestions before making a decision.
James is a very hard-working person and has just been promoted to the managerial ranks. His managerial style is to be flexible and understanding and not boss over his employees too much. He believes that people who are hardworking will always make sure that the work gets done on time. Even when he is out of office, he supposes that his subordinates are working diligently because he works diligently most of the time. James's perceptions of his employees are based on
assumed similarity
Individual behavior in organizations includes
attitudes, learning, and motivation
Bernard expects his employees to "check their brains at the door." He does all the thinking, makes all the decisions, and issues commands to his subordinates. Bernard uses the ________ style of leadership.
autocratic
Which of the following describes the leadership style in which a leader tends to centralize authority, dictate work methods, make unilateral decisions, and limit employee participation?
autocratic style
According to the JCM, which job characteristic leads to an employee experiencing responsibility for outcomes of his or her work?
autonomy
In the job characteristics model, the dimension of ________ refers to the degree to which a job provides substantial freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out.
autonomy
Operant conditioning argues that
behavior is a function of its consequences
According to the path-goal theory, a leader who lets subordinates know what's expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks is termed
directive
Eddie generally lets subordinates know what's expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance on how to accomplish tasks. He would be termed a(n) ________ leader.
directive
After watching a behavior in a social learning situation, a person can demonstrate learning by performing the behavior. This is known as learning by ________.
motor reproduction
"Any additional violations of company policy will result in escalating disciplinary action up to and including termination." This statement found on many corrective action forms, is an example of
negative reinforcement
Any additional violations of company policy will result in escalating disciplinary action up to and including termination." This statement found on many corrective action forms, is an example of
negative reinforcement
Jill has tried hard to build a good rapport with her employees and knows each of their families. She encourages her employees to work hard, but to be certain to take time out for themselves and their families. Fiedler's contingency model would classify Jill as ________ oriented.
relationship
In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, when a company has a space where employees can meet during breaks and catch up with each other, the company is taking care of the employees' ________ needs.
social
When people judge someone on the basis of the perception of a group to which they belong, they are using the shortcut called
stereotyping
According to the path-goal theory, directive leadership will lead to higher employee satisfaction when there is ________ within a work group.
substantial conflict
According to the path-goal model, when Ginger spends time with the employees so they can see that she is friendly and has concern for them, she displays which of the following leadership styles?
supportive
Brooke has decided that the appropriate leadership style would be to show friendliness and concern for the needs of her subordinates. According to the path-goal model, she wishes to be a(n) ________ leader.
supportive
