Management Theory & Practice ch. 10 smartbook

steps in the organization development process:

1. diagnosis 2. intervention 3. evaluation 4. feedback

How ready an organization is for change depends in part on which of the following?

1. how strongly the company needs the proposed change 2. how much the top managers support the change 3. how capable employees are of handling it 4. how pessimistic or optimistic employees are about the consequences of the result

What are the three parts of a systems model of change?

1. inputs 2. target elements of change 3. outputs

Which type of change implementation makes employees feel the least threatened?

Adaptive change

How do organizational consultants carry out a diagnosis? (Check all that apply.)

By consulting company records By attending meetings and performing direct observation By using surveys and questionnaires

Which statement about human capital and innovation is true?

Certain employee characteristics, such as intrinsic motivation and creativity, are positively associated with innovation.

What are two factors that contribute to resistance to change?

Change agent characteristics Employee characteristics

What is likely to result in employee resistance to change?

Changes that are introduced in an insensitive manner

During which phase of Lewin's model of change is it most important for managers to act as role models and mentors and provide benchmarking results?

Changing

What are the stages of the Lewin model for change?

Changing Unfreezing Refreezing

What are supertrends that are currently affecting the future of business?

Competitive advantage is coming increasingly from knowledge, not information. The way we work is being impacted by offshore suppliers.

Which statement about the need for faster speed-to-market is true?

Competitors may be in and out of the market within days.

Factors such as the increasing number of women in the workforce and the growing number of older workers exemplify which force for change outside the organization?

Demographic characteristics

What is a common cause of employee resistance to change?

Disruption of group relationships personality conflicts

Which of the following is a demographic characteristic that is a force for change outside the organization?

Education

What is achieved by integration of innovation activities into business strategies?

Employees feel committed to innovation in the organization. Management is encouraged to dedicate resources to innovation.

Which statements about rewards and innovation goals are true?

Extrinsic reward receipt needs to be tied to creativity and innovation. Reward systems should be aligned with innovation goals.

True or false: Organizational development is used to hire new executives.

False

Ted's company has recently reorganized. He has been reassigned into a new role for which he feels unprepared, and he is not sure that he can handle his new responsibilities. Which of the following best describes the reason why Ted is resisting the change?

Fear of failure

At Hudson Food Company, managers permit experimentation, risk taking, and tolerate failure. Which step of supporting innovation does this represent?

Fostering an innovative culture and climate

evaluation

How well has the intervention worked?

What is the first step in force-field analysis?

Identifying the thrusters and counterthrusters

Which of the following are true about a self-affirmation?

It is a positive statement that helps you focus on goals It is way of getting rid of negative thoughts

What are common reasons that employees resist change?

Loss of status or job security Fear of the unknown Peer pressure

Demand for organic foods has increased dramatically as Americans become aware of the effects of pesticides and other harmful chemicals in food. This exemplifies which force for change outside the organization?

Market changes

What type of structure is best suited to innovation?

Organic

What is a common cause of employee resistance to change?

Peer pressure

During which stage of Lewin's change model should managers encourage employees to exhibit the new behaviors and then reinforce employees making the desired change?

Refreezing

Which of the following is an adaptive change in an organization?

Reintroduction of a practice familiar to the organization

What are three things that can help you achieve more self-compassion?

Remember you are not alone. Practice self-kindness. Engage in mindfulness meditation.

What are matters that can be addressed by organizational development?

Revitalizing organizations Adapting to mergers Managing conflict

Which of the following BEST describes "demassification"?

Segmenting customer groups into smaller, more specialized groups

Which statement about organizational development is true?

Successful organization development usually involves multiple interventions.

Tameka's company is introducing a new invoicing and billing system. As Tameka is presenting the new system to the accounting team, she is careful to explain why the changes are important. By the time she is done, the accounting team has shown their acceptance of the new procedures. This is likely because ______.

Tameka has used tact

What happens during the last step of the organizational development process?

The diagnosis and intervention are further refined if the problem was not solved.

What are likely to cause resistance to change?

The potential for loss of status Fears about job security

What are companies doing to respond effectively to increasing segmentation of the marketplace?

Using more narrowly targeted marketing messages

diagnosis

What is the problem?

intervention

What should we do about it?

When is organizational development most likely to succeed?

When it is supported by top managers

Laila loves her immediate supervisor, her co-workers, and her job, but she does not like her supervisor's boss, Hamid. When he decides to institute some new policies that impact Laila, she is automatically resistant. This is most likely due to ______.

a personality conflict

Managers can reduce mistrust and resistance to change by ______.

being open and honest about changes

Tom's company is very successful, even though they expect most new ideas to fail. This is likely due to an organizational culture that ______.

celebrates failure as vital toward fostering innovation

The person who is a catalyst in helping an organization change is the ______.

change agent

Leadership style, personality, tactfulness, and sense of timing are all _____ characteristics that can contribute to employee resistance to change.

change-agent

Employees are introduced to new information, new perspectives, and new models of behavior during the ______ stage of Lewin's change model.

changing

To promote innovation, organizational structure and internal process should foster ______.

collaboration cross-functional communication agility

Organizational development can be used to manage ______ within an organization.

conflict

One assumption of a systems approach to change is that change ______.

creates a ripple effect through an organization

unfreezing

creating the motivation to change

The common term used to describe the techniques for implementing planned change to make people and companies more effective is called organizational ______.

development

Managers use the four levers of targeting elements of change to ______.

diagnose problems

Inessa has worked as part of a four-person development team for several years. Recently, however, one of her coworkers transferred to a different office and a replacement was hired. Inessa and her other long-term teammates are having a hard time accepting the new employee. This is most likely due to ______.

disruption of the group relationship

The introduction of the DVD-by-mail business model by Netflix changed the video rental business and caused the demise of Blockbuster Video. This is an example of ______.

disruptive innovation

The process through which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then moves up, eventually displacing established companies, is referred to as ______.

disruptive innovation

Sometimes changes on the job are intimidating and lead to self-doubt. In this case, employees are most likely to resist change due to _______.

fear of failure

The technique used to determine which forces could act for a proposed change and which forces could act against it is referred to as ______.

force-field analysis

Self-compassion is best described as ______.

gentleness with yourself

Miriam's mother was in the army, so as a child, Miriam moved a lot. It was rare for her to spend more than a year in any location, which meant she was always the new girl in school and had a hard time making friends. She was often lonely and unhappy as a result. Recently, Miriam's company decided to move into a new building and reorganize the different departments. Miriam is likely to be resistant to this change because ______.

her childhood predisposed her to dislike change

feedback

how can the diagnosis be further refined?

People's reaction to change depends largely on ______.

how they were taught to handle change as children

The productive potential of a company's employees' knowledge, experience, and actions is known as its ______ capital.

human

The process of creating something new that can be applied profitably is referred to as ______.

innovation

A plan for being innovative that requires a company to integrate its innovation activities and business strategies is a(n) ______.

innovation strategy

Which of the following are among the seven methods of fostering innovation?

innovation strategy committed leadership innovative culture and climate required structure and processes necessary human capital appropriate resources human resource policies, practices and procedures

A set of interdependent processes and structures that dictate how a company seeks out problems and solutions, synthesizes ideas into a business concept and product design, and chooses projects for funding is a(n) ______.

innovation system

A technical support call center recently decided to extend its hours of operations to include weekends, requiring employees to work different shifts to accommodate the schedule. This change would likely be characterized as ______ change.

innovative

The introduction of a practice that is new to a group or organization and involves moderate complexity and cost is called a(n) ______.

innovative change

In the organizational development process, an attempt to correct a problem is called ______.

intervention

changing

introducing new information, perspectives, and models of behavior

Andre's company is restructuring, and he is unhappy about it. As a result of the restructuring, Andre will be managing four employees instead of nine. He is most likely resistant to the change because it ______.

is resulting in a loss of status

Employees are more likely to resist change if ______.

it is a surprise

Which is a purpose of organizational development?

managing conflict

Innovations must be ______.

novel

Organizational development (OD) can help organizations to revitalize themselves by assisting them with:

opening communication fostering innovation dealing with stress

Min's company is implementing a new product approval system that is far more complex and restrictive than the old system. This will not affect Min directly because she is in the marketing department, but it will affect her friend Tyler, who is in the Research and Design department. As a result, Min speaks out against the new system. This is an example of resistance to change due to ______.

peer pressure

What are the four target elements of change?

people organizational arrangements methods social factors

Rather than worry about introducing a new sports recovery product, Gabriel told his staff that they should repackage the existing products and promote them to professional basketball teams throughout the country. Gabriel is demonstrating ______ innovation.

process

When a company alters the way a product is manufactured, conceived, or distributed it is referred to as ______ innovation.

process

When a change is made to a product or service that changes its appearance or performance, this is known as a(n) ______ innovation.

product

Making changes in response to problems or opportunities as they arise, rather than attempting to foresee them, is referred to as ______ change.

reactive

The beliefs, attitudes, and intentions of an organization's staff regarding the extent of the changes needed and how willing and able they are to implement them is called ______.

readiness for change

For organizational development efforts to succeed, human resource policies, procedures, and packages should ______ the other six parts of the innovation system.

reinforce

If employees feel fairly treated by their managers during an organizational change, they are less likely to _______ the change.

resist

An emotional/behavioral response to real or imagined threats to an established work routine is known as ______.

resistance to change

Reactive change is change that ______.

responds to problems or opportunities as they arise

Positive statements that help you focus on goals, program your subconscious mind, and eliminate negative beliefs are referred to as ______.

self-affirmations

Although commitment from all members of an organization is important, if ______ in particular are not committed to achievement of the organization's innovation goals, the goals are unlikely to be achieved.

senior leaders

B-corporations (benefit corporations) are an example of one way ___________ have begun to be more active in pressing for organizational change.

shareholders

Organizational development is more successful when it involves ______.

short-term goals. long-term goals.

As more and more companies become proficient at bringing products and services to market, ______ is emerging as a necessary and powerful competitive weapon.

speed

Increasing segmentation of the marketplace and the need to get products to market faster in light of competitors' specialized solutions are examples of ______ currently influencing the future of business.

supertrends

refreezing

supporting and reinforcing the new behavior

Manufacturing automation and office automation are examples of ______ that are forces for change outside the organization.

technological advancements

Any machine or process that enables an organization to gain a competitive advantage in changing materials used to produce a finished product qualifies as ______.

technology

Achievement of strategic goals through organization development is likely to fail if ______.

top managers are not committed

True or false: Multiple organizational development interventions have been found to work better than single interventions.

true

According to Lewin's Change Model, during the first stage, referred to as the ______ stage, managers need to instill in employees the motivation to change by encouraging them to let go of attitudes and behaviors that are resistant to motivation.

unfreezing