MAP Electrolyte, Acid-Base
Identify "C," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure.
Increased peripheral resistance in response to baroreceptors
Identify "D," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure.
Increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys
The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment?
Intracellular fluid
Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Sodium.
Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid
Match the following buffer system with its correct product: NaOH + H2CO3.
NaHCO3 + H2O
Match the following condition with its causes: Metabolic acidosis.
Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion
Match the following buffer system with its appropriate example: Phosphate buffer system.
Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO4)
Match the following buffer system with its appropriate example: Bicarbonate buffer system.
Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (NaHCO3)
Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Aldosterone.
The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels
Estrogens are chemically similar to ____________ and enhance NaCl reabsorption by the renal tubules.
aldosterone
All of the following would cause edema except __________.
hypotension
Which condition would cause a drop in pH?
hypoventilation
Most water is excreted via the __________.
kidneys
ADH acts on the __________ to __________ water excretion.
kidneys;decrease
Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water.
one hour
All of the following would occur if there was an increase in plasma osmolality except __________.
production of large amounts of urine
Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis.
7.0 and 7.35
Normal arterial blood pH is __________.
7.4
Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Hyponatremia.
A condition that results from solute loss, water retention, or both
Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated?
Adipose tissue
Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Edema.
An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling
What happens when the concentration of Na+ decreases in the ascending limb of the nephron?
Aldosterone levels increase
Match the electrolyte balance term with the correct characteristic: Hyperkalemia.
An excess amount of potassium in the ECF
Match the following condition with its causes: Respiratory acidosis.
Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem
Identify the possible causes of hypocalcemia at "C."
Burns (calcium trapped in damaged tissues); hypoparathyroidism; vitamin D deficiency; renal tubular disease; renal failure; hyperphosphatemia; diarrhea; alkalosis
Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "B."
Carbon dioxide
Identify the possible consequences of hypokalemia at "D."
Cardiac arrhythmias, flattened T wave; muscular weakness; metabolic alkalosis; mental confusion; nausea; vomiting.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of buffer system response?
Chemical buffers, respiratory system, renal
Lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, synovial fluid, serous fluid, gastrointestinal secretions are considered part of what fluid compartment?
D Extracellular fluid (ECF) Volume =15L 20% of body weight
Identify "B," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure.
Decreased filtrate NaCl concentration in ascending limb of nephron loop
Identify the possible consequences of hypercalcemia at "B."
Decreased neuromuscular excitability leading to cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, skeletal muscle weakness, confusion, stupor, and coma; kidney stones; nausea and vomiting.
Identify "A," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure.
Decreased stretch in afferent arterioles
Identify the possible causes of hypernatremia at "A."
Dehydration; uncommon in healthy individuals; may occur in infants or the confused aged (individuals unable to indicate thirst) or may result from excessive intravenous NaCl administration
Select the phrase that describes the phosphate buffer system.
Effective buffer in urine where phosphate concentrations are usually higher
Identify the statement related to "C."
Fluid in the blood
Identify the possible causes of hypokalemia at "C."
Gastrointestinal tract disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea), gastric suction; Cushing's syndrome; inadequate dietary intake (starvation); hyperaldosteronism; diuretic therapy
Match the following buffer systems with its correct product: HCl + NaHCO3.
H2CO3 + NaCl
Acidosis results from elevated levels of what ion?
Hydrogen
Identify the possible causes of hypercalcemia at "A."
Hyperparathyroidism; excessive vitamin D; prolonged immobilization; renal disease (decreased excretion); malignancy
Match the following condition with its causes: Respiratory alkalosis.
Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury
Which of the following is associated with the swelling of cells?
Hypotonic hydration
Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "A."
Increased K+ concentration in the ECF
Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "D."
Increased K+ secretion
Identify "B," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure.
Increased Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption in distal kidney tubules
Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "C."
Increased Na+ reabsorption
Identify the possible consequences of hypocalcemia at "D."
Increased neuromuscular excitability leading to tingling fingers, tremors, skeletal muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions; depressed excitability of the heart; osteomalacia; fractures.
Identify "A," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure.
Increased peripheral resistance in response to angiotensin II
Identify "C," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure.
Inhibits baroreceptors in blood vessels
Which of the following is not a significant source of hydrogen ions in the body?
Inspiration of carbon dioxide
Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "D."
Ions
Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "B."
Kidney tubules
Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Magnesium.
Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid
Match the following electrolyte with its description: Sodium.
Major extracellular cation
Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Chloride.
Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid
Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Potassium.
Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid
Identify the possible consequences of hyponatremia at "D."
Most common signs are those of neurologic dysfunction due to brain swelling. If sodium amounts are normal but water is excessive, the symptoms are the same as those of water excess: mental confusion; giddiness; coma if development occurs slowly; muscular twitching, irritability, and convulsions if the condition develops rapidly. In hyponatremia accompanied by water loss, the main signs are decreased blood volume and blood pressure (circulatory shock).
The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________.
Na+
Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________.
Na+ transport
Match the following buffer system with its correct product: NaOH + NaH2PO4.
Na2HPO4 + H2O
Match the following buffer system with its correct product: HCl + Na2HPO4.
NaH2PO4 + NaCl
Identify the possible consequences of hyperkalemia at "B."
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; bradycardia; cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest; skeletal muscle weakness; flaccid paralysis.
Which of the following is the most important process affected by calcium levels?
Neuromuscular excitability
Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "C."
Nitrogenous waste
Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "A."
Oxygen
Identify "D," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure.
Posterior pituitary releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Which of the following would increase sodium excretion?
Progesterone
Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Hyponatremia.
Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated
Match the acid-base regulatory mechanism/term with its characteristic or function: Bicarbonate ions.
Referred to as the alkaline reserve
Identify the possible causes of hyperkalemia at "A."
Renal failure; deficit of aldosterone; rapid intravenous infusion of KCl; burns or severe tissue injuries that cause K+ to leave cells
Identify the possible causes of hyponatremia at "C."
Solute loss, water retention, or both (e.g., excessive Na+ loss through vomiting, diarrhea, burned skin, gastric suction, or excessive use of diuretics); deficiency of aldosterone (Addison's disease); renal disease; excess ADH release; excess H2O ingestion
Identify the statement related to "D."
The body's internal environment
Identify the statement related to "B."
The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells
Match the acid-base regulatory mechanism/term with the characteristic or function: Protein buffer system.
The most common buffer system in cells
Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?
Their inefficient kidneys
Identify the possible consequences of hypernatremia at "B."
Thirst. CNS dehydration leads to confusion and lethargy progressing to coma; increased neuromuscular irritability evidenced by twitching and convulsions.
Identify the statement related to "A."
Trillions of tiny individual "compartments"
Match the acid-base regulatory mechanism/term with its characteristic or function: Phosphate buffer system.
Uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base
Which of the following is incorrect?
Ventilation will have a significant effect on pH but will remain within normal physiological limits.
Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Hypocalcemia.
Vitamin D deficiency can be a cause
Which statement about acids is true?
Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.
Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Dehydration.
When water output exceeds intake over a period of time
Which of the following individuals would have the most body water?
an infant
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone?
decreased Na+ concentration in plasma
Parathyroid hormone __________.
enhances release of calcium from bone
One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________.
generating new HCO3-
Select the nonelectrolyte.
glucose
The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as __________.
hyponatremia
All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center except __________.
hypotonic extracellular fluid
Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including __________.
inefficiency of infant kidneys
Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________.
insensible water loss
Edema is accumulation of fluid in the __________.
interstitial space
The only organ of the body that can remove excess fixed acids is the __________.
kidney
Pica occurs when there is a deficiency of __________ in the body.
minerals such as iron
The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________.
protein buffer system
Someone who is suffocating would develop __________.
respiratory acidosis
Hyperventilation can lead to __________.
respiratory alkalosis
Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________.
salts
The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________.
sodium
The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________.
the concentration of K+ in the ECF
The major source of water loss from the body is __________.
urine