MAR 4613 Exam 2
A 3 x 2 experimental design requires _____ combinations of subgroup cells. a. six b. two c. five d. nine ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 285 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking
A
A scale which arranges brands in an ordered sequence in which there is an equal interval between each point on the scale is an example of a(n) _____ scale. a. interval b. ratio c. nominal d. ordinal
A
A tabulation of the results of a pretest to help determine whether the questionnaire will meet the objectives of the research is referred to as: a. preliminary tabulation b. primary tabulation c. initial tabulation d. back translation
A
Age, gender, brand loyalty, and corporate culture are all examples of: a. concepts b. scales c. ratios d. codes
A
All of the following are guidelines that help prevent the most common mistakes in designing questions EXCEPT: a. avoid personal questions b. avoid complexity c. avoid leading questions d. avoid double-barreled questions
A
All of the following can be measured using ratio scales EXCEPT: a. gender b. income c. temperature d. weight
A
Asking respondents to remember something without providing any clue is called: a. unaided recall b. aided recall c. recognition d. cognitive retrieval
A
Carla is using education, income, and occupation to develop a measure of social class. What type of measure for social class is she developing? a. index measure b. valid measure c. reliable measure d. concurrent measure
A
Categorical variables like a subject's gender or ethnicity are known as which type of variable in experimental research? a. blocking variables b. covariates c. main variables d. confounds
A
If the level of advertising expenditures is compared to the number of units sold at the end of a four-month period, the independent variable is _____ while the dependent variable is _____. a. advertising expenditure level; units sold b. customer satisfaction; advertising expenditure level c. units sold; advertising expenditure level d. none of the above
A
Measures that can take on only one of a finite number of values are called: a. discrete measures b. neutral measures c. limited measures d. continuous measures
A
The most commonly applied estimate of a composite scale's reliability is: a. coefficient alpha b. coefficient beta c. criterion coefficient d. an index coefficient
A
When a group of experts agrees that a measuring instrument measures what it is intended to measure, we say that the instrument has _____ validity. a. face b. criterion c. test-retest d. equivalent-forms
A
When a two-point scale (e.g. agree/disagree) is expanded to include five categories (e.g. strongly disagree, disagree, undecided, agree, strongly agree), we say that the _____ of the scale has been increased. a. sensitivity b. reliability c. predictive validity d. criterion validity
A
When respondents are asked to place local shopping malls so that their first choice is 1, their second choice is 2, and so forth, this is best-described as an example of a(n) _____ scale. a. ordinal b. ratio c. interval d. nominal
A
Which experimental research design involves repeated measures? a. within-subjects design b. between-subjects design c. squared-subjects design d. interdependent-subjects design
A
Which of the following allows variables, such as answers from previous questions, to be inserted into unfolding questions on Internet surveys? a. variable piping software b. interactive software c. error trapping software d. funneling software
A
Which of the following is a discrete measure? a. nominal scales b. sensitive scales c. ratio scales d. all of the above
A
Which of the following is an indicator of a measure's internal consistency? a. reliability b. validity c. coefficient beta d. sensitivity
A
Which of the following means that the value assigned for a response is treated oppositely from the other items in a scale? a. reverse coding b. indexing c. alpha coding d. convergence
A
Which of the following occurs when respondents believe that past events happened more recently than they actually did? a. telescoping b. squishing c. myopic remembering d. zooming
A
Which of the following refers to the extent that all information collected in a questionnaire addresses a research question that will help the decision maker address the current business problem? a. relevant b. accuracy c. frequency d. counterbalanced
A
Which term refers to an experimental design element that unintentionally provides subjects with hints about the research hypothesis. a. demand characteristic b. Hawthorne effect c. testing effect d. confounding effect
A
An ordinal scale is the simplest type of measurement scale.
ANS: F A nominal scale is the most elementary level of measurement.
A radio button is a message box that can be used to provide highlighted information.
ANS: F A radio button is a circular icon, resembling a button, that activates one response choice and deactivates others when a respondent clicks on it.
Articulate respondents tend to give shorter answers to open-ended response questions than respondents who are less articulate.
ANS: F Articulate individuals tend to give longer answers.
Order bias in questionnaire design frequently occurs when broader questions are asked before specific issues are explored.
ANS: F Asking specific questions before asking about broader issues is a common cause of order bias.
Fixed-alternative questions require more interviewer skill to administer than open-ended response questions.
ANS: F Fixed-alternative questions require less interviewer skill.
One advantage of open-ended response questions is the possibility that interviewer bias will affect the results.
ANS: F Interviewer bias is a disadvantage.
The Fahrenheit temperature scale is an example of a ratio scale.
ANS: F It is an example of an interval scale.
The cost of administering open-ended questions is much lower than that of administering fixed-alternative questions.
ANS: F The cost is much higher for open-ended questions.
There exists a step-by-step process for ensuring accuracy in the wording of questions in surveys.
ANS: F There is no step-by-step procedure for ensuring accuracy in question writing that can be generalized across projects.
Concrete measures are those that take on only one of a finite number of values.
ANS: F These are discrete measures.
Interval scales are considered continuous when three or more categories are used.
ANS: F They are considered continuous when five or more categories are used.
A questionnaire is accurate to the extent that no unnecessary information is collected in order to solve the problem under study.
ANS: F This describes relevancy.
A frequency-determination question allows the respondent to provide multiple answers to a single question.
ANS: F This is a checklist question.
A scale can be thought of as a generalized idea that represents something of meaning.
ANS: F This is a concept. Scales measure concepts.
A counterbiasing technique is used with the expectation that two alternative phrasings of the same question will yield a more accurate total response than will a single phrasing.
ANS: F This is a split-ballot technique.
Correspondence analysis is the process of identifying scale devices that correspond to properties of a concept involved in a research process.
ANS: F This is called operationalization.
Inverse coding means the researcher treats the value for a response oppositely from the other items.
ANS: F This is called reverse coding.
Asking general questions before specific questions in order to obtain unbiased responses is called the anchoring technique.
ANS: F This is called the funnel technique.
Discriminant validity is another way of expressing internal consistency.
ANS: F This is convergent validity. Discriminant validity represents how unique or distinct is a measure.
Content validity is the ability of a measure to correlate with other standard measures of similar constructs or established criteria.
ANS: F This is criterion validity.
A question covering several issues at once is referred to as a leading question
ANS: F This is referred to as a double-barreled question.
Mathematical operations cannot be performed with numbers from nominal scales.
ANS: F While it is true that mathematical operations can be performed with numbers from nominal scales, the result may not have a great deal of meaning.
When a respondent is attempting to subscribe to Southwest Airlines e-mail of flight sales and is presented with a box that says: "You must provide your zip code in order to complete your registration," this is an example of: a. a double-barreled response b. error trapping c. a radio button d. zoning
B
When a respondent to an Internet survey has to click on the "NEXT" button at the bottom of the screen in order to continue to answer the questionnaire, this button is what type of button? a. pull b. push c. radio d. advancement
B
When an experiment is conducted on the premises of a research organization, this is an example of a: a. static group design b. laboratory experiment c. field experiment d. controlled store test
B
When high school students who take the ACT in their junior year perform better on that exam during their senior year because they know better how to take the exam because of what they experienced on the first exam, this is an example of a(n): a. mortality effect b. testing effect c. history effect d. instrumentation effect
B
When respondents think that recent events took place longer ago than they really did, this is called: a. telescoping b. squishing c. faltering d. misredemption
B
Which Internet questionnaire layout presents the entire questionnaire on one page? a. paging layout b. scrolling layout c. continuous layout d. perpetual layout
B
Which of the following is a defining characteristic in determining between ratio and interval scales? a. number of items b. absolute zero c. number of intervals d. nominal values
B
Which of the following provides correspondence rules that indicate that a certain value corresponds to some true value of a concept? a. operations b. reliability c. sensitivity d. scale
B
"Can you name five brands of tires?" is an example of what type of question? a. fixed-alternative b. pivot c. open-ended response d. filter
C
"Does package size affect consumption rates in snack products?" is a typical question in what type of research design? a. descriptive research b. time-series research c. experimental research d. phone surveys
C
"What is your gender? _____ M _____ F" is an example of what type of question? a. loaded b. leading c. fixed-alternative d. filter
C
A question such as: "Have you ever received a speeding ticket? _____ Yes _____ No," when followed by a question such as: "When did you receive that ticket?" is an example of what type of question? a. double-barreled b. leading c. filter d. anchoring
C
A researcher is interested in examining the effect of background music and lighting on sales in a restaurant, so he wants to conduct an experiment that manipulates different levels of each. Which experimental design would be best to examine the effects of these two treatments at various levels? a. completely randomized design b. randomized-block design c. factorial design d. interactive design
C
A researcher is interested in the level of employees' understanding of health benefit options. He is interested in how the amount of time spent looking at the brochure for each option influences understanding, so he's using a device that controls the amount of time a subject is exposed to the brochure. This device is called a: a. pupilometer b. psychgalvanometer c. tachistoscope d. rotoscope
C
A researcher is measuring consumers' attitudes toward product placement in movies using five attitude items. She created a scale by simply summing the response to each item making up the composite measure. This composite measure is called a(n): a. derived scale b. additive scale c. summated scale d. primary scale
C
A researcher who administers the same scale to the same respondents at two separate times to test for stability is using which method of assessing the scale's reliability? a. coefficient alpha b. split-half method c. test-retest method d. before/after method
C
A(n) _____ is a single characteristic or fundamental feature of an object, person, situation, or issue. a. concept b. variable c. attribute d. construct
C
All of the following are disadvantages of open-ended response questions EXCEPT: a. cost b. interviewer bias c. the information provided by responses is not useful to decision makers d. articulate individuals give a large share of the responses but they may not be representative of the entire population
C
How much a person weighs is best described as an example of a(n) _____ scale. a. ordinal b. interval c. ratio d. nominal
C
If a soft-drink company performs an experiment with a new type of soft drink in which experimental subjects always taste this new product first and then taste a competitor's product second, the study has an error in design termed a(n): a. history effect b. maturation effect c. order of presentation effect d. guinea pig effect
C
In political elections for candidates who are not well-known by many voters, such as judges, it frequently happens that the candidate who is listed first on the ballot receives the most votes, this is an example of a(n): a. Hawthorne effect b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. order bias d. split-ballot technique
C
The Fahrenheit temperature scale is best described as an example of a(n) _____ scale. a. ratio b. nominal c. interval d. ordinal
C
What type of question is the following? Which of the following services of the United Missouri Bank, besides your personal checking account, do you currently use? (check all that apply) ______ Savings account ______ Car loan ______ Home mortgage loan a. pivot question b. filter question c. checklist question d. counterbalancing question
C
When "Out of sight, out of mind" was translated into a foreign language, and then was translated back into English by a language expert in that language to become: "Invisible things are insane," this was an example of: a. the linguistic effect b. a loaded question c. back translation d. a counterbiasing statement
C
When a competitor introduces a 15 percent price cut in order to blunt the effect of a test marketing study, this is an example of a: a. maturation effect b. testing effect c. history effect d. cohort effect
C
When different interviewers are used in a pretest from those used in the posttest and this produces different results in the study, this is an example of a(n): a. history effect b. mortality effect c. instrumentation effect d. cohort effect
C
Which of the following is a component of construct validity? a. face validity b. discriminant validity c. convergent validity d. all of the above
C
Which of the following is the term used to refer to a treatment combination within an experiment? a. level b. link c. cell d. unit
C
Which type of scale represents the highest form of measurement? a. nominal scale b. ordinal c. ratio d. interval
C
Which type of validity addresses the question, "Does my measure correlate with measures of similar concepts or known quantities?" a. face validity b. reliability validity c. criterion validity d. discriminant validity
C
A confound is an experimental deception involving a false treatment.
F
A control group is one in which an experimental treatment is administered.
F
A measurement scale in which respondents are asked to rank items based on their preferences is called a nominal scale.
F
An experiment can have only one experimental variable.
F
An experimental construct refers to one of the possible levels of an experimental variable manipulation.
F
Between-subjects designs involve repeated measures because with each treatment the same subject is measured.
F
The people administering an experiment must be aware of the experimental hypotheses.
F
The question as to whether the experimental treatment was the "sole cause" of the changes in the dependent variable is the basic issue in external validity.
F
When a test market is conducted in five retail stores in Erie, Pennsylvania, this is an example of a laboratory experiment.
F
When subjects guess the purpose of an experiment, this creates a confound known as a bias effect.
F
A fixed-alternative question may tempt respondents to check an answer that is more prestigious or socially acceptable than the true answer.
T
A loaded question suggests a socially desirable answer or is emotionally charged.
T
A pretest of a questionnaire can help to establish the likely response rate for mail surveys.
T
Accuracy means that the information collected from a questionnaire is valid.
T
Fixed-alternative questions give respondents specific limited-alternative responses and ask them to choose the one closest to their own viewpoints.
T
For a questionnaire to fulfill a researcher's purposes, the questions must meet the basic criteria of relevance and accuracy.
T
Measurement is the process of describing some property of a phenomenon, usually by assigning numbers, in a reliable and valid way.
T
Open-ended response questions are frequently used in exploratory research.
T
Open-ended response questions are valuable at the beginning of personal interview sessions.
T
People are the most common test units in most business experiments.
T
Question wording and sequence can substantially influence accuracy.
T
Surveys used in telephone interviews should be written in a conversational style.
T
The most common procedure to try to ensure that experimental and control groups do not differ from each other in important ways at the beginning of a research study is random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups.
T
The paging layout format on an Internet questionnaire (going from screen to screen) greatly facilities skip patterns.
T
The three major criteria for evaluating measurements are reliability, validity, and sensitivity.
T
Two consequences of respondents' forgetting the exact details of their behavior are called telescoping and squishing.
T
Variable piping software allows variables, such as answers from previous questions, to be inserted into unfolding questions in an Internet survey.
T
In an observation study, when "shopping time in a supermarket" is defined as: "Using a stopwatch, start the stopwatch the moment the customer enters the store and stop the stopwatch as soon as the customer is handed a receipt by the checkout clerk," this is best described as an example of a(n): a. nominal scale b. equivalent-form scale c. operational definition d. test-retest method
c
When some subjects exit the experiment before it is completed and this effects the results of the study, this is an example of a(n): a. mortality effect b. history effect c. instrumentation effect d. confounding effect
A
Which of the following is a threat to the internal validity of experiment using a repeated measures design? a. instrumentation effect b. redundancy effect c. cohort effect d. attrition effect
A
Which of the following means that there is an alternative explanation beyond the experimental variables for any observed differences in the dependent variables? a. confound b. interaction c. randomization d. repeated measures
A
A 2 x 2 x 2 experimental design has _____ factors, each of which has _____ levels. a. eight; three b. three; two c. three; eight d. two; three
B
When subjects act differently because they are aware that they are in an experiment, this is called the: a. history effect b. Hawthorne effect c. maturation effect d. repeated measures effect
B
Which experimental design involves manipulating a single independent variable to observe its effect on a single dependent variable? a. primary experimental design b. basic experimental design c. factorial experimental design d. counterbalanced experimental design
B
When a Ford Motor Co. dealer in St. Louis tries to reduce his inventory of new cars by offering "two free tickets on American Airlines to anywhere American Airlines flies within the continental United States" to anyone who purchases a new car in February, this is an example of a(n): a. one-shot design b. pretest-posttest control group design c. Solomon four-group design d. posttest-only control group design
A
The group receiving an experimental treatment is called the: a. primary group b. experimental group c. control group d. unit of analysis
B
Which experimental design has the following symbols: O1 X O2 a. static group design b. after-only design c. Solomon four-group design d. one-group pretest-posttest design
D
Which of the following are possible test units in a business research study? a. people b. sales territories c. strategic business units d. all of the above
D
Factorial experimental designs are the least sophisticated type of experimental design.
F
Field experiments tend to have less external validity than laboratory experiments.
F
In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the dependent variable and measures its effect on the independent variable.
F
Often, the term linkage is used to refer to a treatment combination within an experiment.
F
Participants in experimental research are typically referred to as respondents.
F
All measurement, particularly in the social sciences, contains error.
T
Factorial designs allow researchers to measure interaction effects
T
When the gender of respondents (male, female) is thought to affect in important ways the dependent variable, an experimenter can attempt to block out the effect of gender on the results of the study.
T
Covariates are categorical variables (such as a subject's gender or ethnicity) which are not manipulated but are included in the statistical analysis of experiments.
F
The most sophisticated form of data analysis for a nominal scale is the average of the scores.
F
"Money" is an example of a ratio scale.
T
Experimental research attempts to find causal relationships among variables.
T
Interval scales represent the absolute meaning of the numbers on the scale.
ANS: F Ratio scales do this. Interval scales do capture information about differences in quantities of a concept, though.
All of the following are ways to reduce demand characteristics EXCEPT: a. use an experimental disguise b. administer multiple experimental treatment levels to each subject c. use a "blind" experimental administrator d. isolate experimental subjects
B
An experimental design that uses a random process to assign subjects to treatment levels of an experimental variable is called a: a. main effect design b. completely randomized design c. Solomon design d. systematic design
B
Experimental results that show that consumers purchased more when a store had a blue color with bright lights than they did when a store was orange with bright lights but no difference when the lighting was low is an example of which type of effect? a. main b. interaction c. confound d. synergistic
B
Research projects involving experimental manipulations that are implemented in a natural environment are called: a. laboratory experiments b. field experiments c. primary experiments d. secondary experiments
B
A confound in an experiment means that there is an alternative explanation beyond the experimental variables for any observed differences in the dependent variable.
T
Which of the following is present when the person administering experimental procedures influences the subjects' behavior or sways them to slant their answers to cooperate with him or her? a. experimenter bias b. response bias c. Type I error d. Type II error
A
Which of the following occurs if the sampling units in an experimental cell are somehow different than the units in another cell, and this difference affects the dependent variable? a. systematic or nonsampling error b. sampling error c. experimenter bias d. subject bias
A
A 3 x 3 factorial experiment requires six combinations of treatment groups.
ANS: F It requires nine combinations of treatment groups (3 x 3 = 9).
Experiments in which an individual subject is exposed to more than one level of an experimental treatment are referred to as repeated measures designs.
T
How we define a construct will affect the way we measure it
T
When a food company tests a new product by having one group of experimental subjects taste this product first and then taste a competitor's product second, while a second group of experimental subjects tastes these two products in the reverse order, the experimental design has been: a. counterbalanced b. reversed c. confounded d. validated
A
When subjects in an experiment in which the they were exposed to varying price levels for a product are asked how low they believe the price of the product to be so that the researcher can determine whether or not the subjects perceived "high" and "low" conditions, this is an example of a: a. manipulation check b. reliability assessment c. factor analysis d. surrogate manipulation
A
A construct is a term used for concepts that are measured with single variables.
ANS: F Constructs are measured with multiple variables.
In ratio scales, the location of the zero point is arbitrary.
ANS: F Ratio scales have an absolute zero. This is what distinguishes a ratio scale from an interval scale because zero in a ratio scale has meaning in that it represents an absence of some concept.
A measuring instrument is valid when the results can be repeated at subsequent measurements of the concept.
ANS: F This is reliability. Validity refers to the extent to which a score truthfully represents a concept.
In which experimental research design does each subject receive only one treatment combination? a. within-subjects design b. between-subjects design c. squared-subjects design d. independent-subjects design
B
Monica is conducting an experiment where all subjects rotate through all of the training programs she is testing. This type of experiment in which an individual subject is exposed to more than one level of an experimental treatment is called: a. between-subjects b. repeated measures c. redundant manipulation d. randomization
B
The question as to whether the independent variable was the sole cause of the change in the dependent variable is the basic issue in: a. a repeated measures study b. internal validity c. a matching study d. external validity
B
When salespeople are tested one year after a sales training program and perform better on the exam, not because of the training program, but because they have gained one year's experience in sales, this is an example of a: a. selection effect b. maturation effect c. history effect d. cohort effect
B
The experimental difference in means between the different levels of any single experimental variable is referred to as a(n): a. interaction effect b. primary effect c. main effect d. confound
C
When subjects in all experimental groups are exposed to identical conditions except for the differing experimental treatments, this is called: a. the Hawthorne effect b. confounding c. constancy of conditions d. compounding
C
Which experimental design has the following symbols: O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6 a. static group design b. after-only design c. time series design d. pretest-posttest control group design
C
Which of the following is critical when conducting experimental research because it allows researchers to return subjects to normal? a. manipulation check b. cohort analysis c. debriefing d. deception
C
Which of the following is a special case of the history effect and refers to a change in the dependent variable that occurs because members of one experimental group experienced different historical situations than members of other experimental groups? a. cohort effect b. Hawthorne effect c. testing effect d. instrumentation effect
A
Coefficient beta is the most commonly applied estimate of a composite scale's reliability.
ANS: F Coefficient alpha is most commonly used.
In which experimental design is a single, categorical extraneous variable that might affect test units' responses to the treatment identified and the effects isolated by being blocked out? a. completely randomized design b. randomized-block design c. factorial design d. interactive block design
B
A maturation effect in an experiment is a function of time and the naturally occurring events that coincide with growth and experience.
T
An experimental treatment is the term referring to the way an experimental variable is manipulated.
T
"Do you own a cell phone? _____ Yes _____ No" is an example of what type of question? a. leading b. simple-dichotomy c. loaded d. open-ended response
B
"Should Dillard's keep its excellent department store credit card program? _____ Yes _____ No" is an example of: a. using a pivot question b. making assumptions c. a double-barreled question d. using a checklist
B
A filter question used to determine which version of a second question that will be asked is called a(n): a. anchoring question b. pivot question c. funneling question d. piping question
B
A live, real-time support feature that solves problems or answers questions respondents may encounter in completing the questionnaire is called a(n): a. search engine b. interactive help desk c. interactive tabulation d. intervention
B
A questionnaire that collects information that is valid is said to be: a. relevant b. accurate c. counterbalanced d. balanced
B
A space-saving device within Internet surveys that allows the respondent to "click here" to see a set of possible choices in a list at that point in the survey is known as a: a. status box b. drop-down box c. radio box d. status box
B
Another term for fixed-alternative questions is _____ questions. a. open-ended response b. closed-ended c. pivot d. concise
B
Dichotomous or multiple-choice alternatives in fixed-alternative questions should not have overlap among categories, which means the categories should be: a. exhaustive b. mutually exclusive c. positively worded d. balanced
B
Measures that reflect the intensity of a concept by assigning values that can take on any value along some scale range are called: a. discrete measures b. continuous measures c. absolute measures d. valid measures
B
Researchers measure concepts through a process known as: a. summation b. operationalization c. assessment d. matching
B
Scales that assign a value to an object for identification or classification purposes are called _____ scales. a. ordinal b. nominal c. interval d. ratio
B
The ability of a measuring instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure is the basic purpose of _____. a. reliability b. validity c. sensitivity d. indexing
B
When a researcher measures the reliability of an instrument by comparing the results of the odd-numbered questions with the results of the even-numbered questions, this is an example of _____ reliability. a. test-retest b. split-half c. equivalent-forms d. criterion
B
When a respondent in a personal interview is asked questions about shopping at a specific department store in the shopping mall, and then is asked general questions about shopping at that mall, what type of mistake has been made in questionnaire design? a. filter effect b. order bias c. double-barreled effect d. loaded effect
B
"Do you agree or disagree with the statement: The Federal Reserve Bank and the large U.S. banks are responsible for the high foreclosures on home mortgages" is an example of what type of question? a. counterbiasing b. open-ended response c. counterbalancing d. double-barreled
D
"In light of the current economic crisis, do you agree or disagree that the President of the United States is doing a good job of managing the economy?" is an example of what type of question? a. counterbalancing b. order bias c. double-barreled d. loaded
D
"What is your favorite hobby, playing video games, or what?" is an example of what type of question? a. loaded b. pivot c. filter d. leading
D
A bar at the top of the page in an Internet survey that indicates how much of the survey still needs to be completed is known as what type of bar? a. drop-down b. radio c. push d. status
D
A question that poses some problem or topic and asks respondents to answer in their own words is called a(n): a. sentence completion question b. unbalanced question c. fixed-alternative question d. open-ended question
D
An introductory statement or preamble to a potentially embarrassing question that reduces a respondent's reluctance to answer by suggesting that certain behavior is not unusual is called a: a. filter question b. lead-in statement c. split-ballot question d. counterbiasing statement
D
Coding household income into "Above $100,000," "Between $50,000 and $100,000," and "Below $50,000" is an example of a(n) _____ scale. a. interval b. test-retest c. criterion d. nominal
D
Compared to open-ended response questions, fixed-alternative questions: a. require less interviewer skill b. take less time c. are easier for the respondent to answer d. all of the above
D
The idea that the first concept measured on a questionnaire frequently becomes a comparison point from which subsequent questions are evaluated by the respondents, is known as a(n): a. loaded effect b. filter effect c. pretest effect d. anchoring effect
D
What type of question is the following? What time of day did you watch that movie at the Multiplex? _____ Matinee _____ Evening _____ Rush-hour special a. filter b. pivot c. open-ended response d. determinant-choice
D
When half of the respondents are asked to agree or disagree with the statement: "Foreign cars are better made than cars made in the U.S." while the other half of the respondents are asked to agree or disagree with the statement: "Cars made in the U.S. are better made than foreign cars," this is an example of a: a. pivot question b. filter question c. double-barreled question d. split-ballot technique
D
Which of the following are common ways of displaying questions on a computer screen? a. drop-down box b. check boxes c. open-ended boxes d. all of the above
D
Which of the following provides correspondence rules that indicate that a certain value corresponds to some true value of a concept? a. operations b. reliability c. sensitivity d. scale
D
Which of the following scales is a type of fixed-alternative question? a. Likert scale b. Stapel scale c. semantic differential scale d. all of the above
D
Which technique recommends asking general questions before specific questions in order to obtain unbiased responses? a. skip logic technique b. telescoping c. squishing d. funnel technique
D
Which type of measure assigns a value to an observation based on a mathematical derivation of multiple measures? a. conglomerate measure b. derivative measure c. summated measure d. composite measure
D
Which type of question conserves space on a questionnaire? a. pivot question b. funnel question c. multi-faceted question d. multiple-grid question
D
Which type of scale is, at the most, a ranking scale? a. ratio b. interval c. nominal d. ordinal
D
_____ is the process of describing some property of a phenomenon, usually by assigning numbers, in a reliable and valid way. a. Research b. Analysis c. Validation d. Measurement
D
A researcher is conducting an experiment in which one group of people is exposed to an advertisement and another group is exposed to another advertisement. He is examining the effect of headline font sizes on consumers' attitude toward the brand advertised. The participants in this experimental research are referred to as: a. respondents b. elements c. factorials d. subjects
D
All of the following are experimental design issues EXCEPT: a. selection and assignment of subjects to treatments b. control over extraneous variables c. manipulation of the independent variable d. manipulation of the dependent variable
D
When a researcher tries to say that the results of a test market in Indianapolis, Indiana will hold in a national rollout of the new product, this researcher is concerned with: a. internal validity b. the repeated measures effect c. constant error d. external validity
D
One way to reduce demand characteristics is to tell subjects the purpose of the experiment so they will be more willing to participate honestly.
F
Caroline is participating in an experimental study in which she is taking an herbal supplement and the researcher measures her perceived energy levels for several weeks. Although she doesn't know it, the supplement she is given in the study does not contain any of the herb of interest in the study. However, Caroline feels as though she has more energy than before, and she attributes it to the herbal supplement. This effect due to the psychological impact that goes along with knowledge that a treatment has been administered is called a(n): a. maturation effect b. false positive c. counterbalancing effect d. placebo effect
D
Which experimental design has the following symbols: Experimental group: R O1 X O2 Control group: R O3 O4 a. one-shot design b. static group design c. posttest-only control group design d. pretest-posttest control group design
D
Which experimental design has the following symbols: Experimental group: R X O1 Control group: R O2 a. static group design b. Solomon four-group design c. one-group pretest-posttest design d. posttest-only control group design
D
Which of the following is a function of time and the naturally occurring events that coincide with growth and experience? a. history effect b. testing effect c. selection effect d. maturation effect
D
Which of the following is a way for a researcher to equally distribute the effects of extraneous variables to all conditions in an experiment? a. confounding b. split sampling c. repeated measures d. randomization
D
An attribute is a single characteristic or fundamental feature of an object, person, situation, or issue.
T
Continuous measures are those assigning values anywhere along some scale range in a place that corresponds to the intensity of some concept.
T
In measurement, whenever a number is used to assign a value to an observation, the researcher must assign this number according to some predetermined rule.
T
