MARS 3450 Final

Phylum Ctenophora:

"comb jellies" -they swim using rows of cilia -the cilia are so finely spaced that they diffract light showing up as color changing patches along the body

pseudocoelomate

"false body cavity" - body cavity not fully surrounded by mesoderm tissue (ie. muscle)

Deep Pelagic fish (Myctophids)

"lantern fish" -65% of deep-sea fish biomass -5-10 cm long -photophores: light organs for bioluminescence (feeding, mating)

Life cycle of Pelagic Larvae?

"open population" -the babies come from pelagic, and are not dependent on local pop. density 1. The early larvae 2. Late larvae -they settle 3. Juveniles 4. Adults -spawning brings more early larvae

giant vs. colossal

*giant- 30 ft (275 kg); latching (serrated ring of chitin) *immature colossal- 18 ft *mature colossal-35 ft (490 kg); tearing

how does a Sei whale feed?

-finds a large group of fish and opens mouth wide to capture as much fish as possible; -then releases the water via filtration through Baleen

tolerance to physical stress (marine species dominate)

-exposure (extreme dryness, lack of oxygen) is worse at higher altitudes -wave action

What do the non-protruding eyes, smooth skin, &small scales do regarding high speed swimming in the Tuna?

-eyes allow for better streamlining -the smooth skin & small scales reduce frictional drag

rock barnacles (semiblanus)

-fast growing, large -not desiccation resistant -under rocks

lecithotrophic larvae

-feed on egg yolk, no feeding or digestive structures -limited food supply -few hours to days before settlement/metamorphosis -morphologically simple -occur in species of many different phyla ---> mollusks, annelids, ectoprocts -also in echinoderm but in polar regions larvae can remain in plankton for weeks (unusual) ie. botryllus schlosseri

planktotrophic larvae

-feed on plankton, have digestive systems -unlimited food supply (bacteria, algae, zooplankton) -spend weeks to months in water ---> long distance dispersal -specialized feeding structures, morphologically complex

infauna

-filter feeders, polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods

maintaining buoyancy

-fish would spend 10-60% of their energy staying afloat without buoyancy -neutral buoyancy reduces energetic cost

Heterotrophic marine protists includes?

-flagellates -ciliates -ameboid forms

Mola mola (Ocean Sunfish)

-flaps dorsal and anal fins like wings -lumpy pseudotail (clavus) serves as a rudder

abyssal plains

-flat and muddy deposits -3k to 5k depth -greater than 50% of ocean floor

Neuston?

-floats on surface of water, like algae

zooplankton

-form patches due to behavioral aggregations (pheromone release by females); predators are attracted to patches

Pelagic vs benthic?

-pelagic- open ocean; surface waters; microbially dominated; stable -benthic- ocean floor environment

priapulids

-phallus shaped -unsegmented marine worms -.2 to 39 cm in length -extendable, spiny proboscis for feeding (eat other worms or sediment) -shallow water to ~90 m depths

how many times did mammals invade the sea? explain

4 times 1. manatees and dugongs (sirenia) 2. whales and dolphins (cetaceans) 3. seals, seal lions (pinnipeds) 4. sea otters (carnivora)

difference between ray and skate?

Ray has a thinner/whip-like tail that stings with a barb, while skates dont sting and have a flatter tail

Fish diversity over time?

Ray-fin fishes and cartilaginous fishes are still in abundance today, whereas most other types have become extinct

larval settlement cues

chemical: -almost all larvae prefer bacterial-coated surfaces -oysters detect soluble peptide from adult oysters -ie. cassiopea jellyfish sense bacteria on mangrove leaves physical : -bivalves sense current speeds and settle where feeding will be most efficient (low current but not zero) -ie. barnacles use water speed and senses pits in rocks

laxus oneistus

chemosynthetic symbionts of marine invertebrate animals capable of nitrogen fixation

Animal-animal mutualism? give example and the benefits to each

clown fish and anemone -benefits to clownfish: protection form predators; source of food -benefits to anemone: cleaning; better water circulation; lure prey from clown fish swimming around

deep sea environmental conditions

cold, dark, scarce/poor quality food, high pressure

GA estuaries

combination of bar built and drowned river valleys

blue crab

comes onto marsh at high tide consuming snails, mussels, small fish, etc.

mummichog

comes onto marsh at high tide eating crustaceans, small mollusks, polychaetes

racoon

comes onto marsh at lower tide to eat mussels, snails

organic osmolytes

compatible solutes that don't affect plant enzyme activity such as sugar, DMSP, serine, alanine

Sharks have ______ while bony fish have _____.

denticles, which are not uniform around shark; scales are thin and overlap, so they are uniform

fiddler crabs

deposit feeders eating detritus in sediment

biomass declines with...

depth

sea cucumbers

has "crown" of tentacles which consists of highly modified tube feet

animal tree of life (from genomes)

lots of marine worms and worm-like phyla, not all are closely related

small plankton and phytoplankton

low reynold's number (streamlike flow rather than turbulent)

freshwater

low salinity

larvae survival rates

low; 95% of larvae lost in coastal ocean of delaware bay copepod stage-specific mortality

larvae survival rates are _____? what percent of Blue crab larvae are lost?

low; >95% are lost in coastal ocean

coral is found in [high/low] nutrient areas? why?

low; because in nutrient rich water, macro algae (such as Kelp) are much more efficient at absorbing the nutrients and grow much faster. ... But in a Nutrient poor water, macro algae don't have enough food to fuel their rapid growth, so coral can grow using the sunshine that is not blocked by the macro algae growth.

cephalopod ink

made of melanin/mucus; different species have different color ink; ink serves as escape mechanism

ciliary bands

used for locomotion (lecithotrophic) or locomotion/feeding (planktotrophic)

autotroph biomass?

weight, conc., etc... of autotrophic organisms

cephalopod eyes

well-developed and organized like vertebrates

vertically homogeneous estuary

well-mixed (tidal dominated)

where are sandy shores/mudflats?

west coast: localized east coast: south of cape cod

marsh

wetland dominated by nonwoody plants

mobile scavenger

(1.5 months) soft tissue removed by ratfish, hagfish, sharks, etc. that travel for food

enrichment opportunist

(1.5 years) bivalves, gastropods, polychaetes, crustaceans colonize bones and sediment around whale

reef

(10k years+) remaining skeleton colonized by suspension feeders

sulfophilic

(6.8 years) chemolithoautotrophs colonize bones and sediments as sulfide is emitted from the decomposition of bone lipid

what are examples of heterotrophic protists?

***Ciliates: -prey on flagellates and phytoplankton -have cilia -have flagella but cant move horizontally -unicellular ***Amoeboid Forms: -found in pelagic and some benthic areas -calcium carbonate shells -spikes grow and come out, but break easily -they feed via cytoplasmic streaming along the spines (like conveyor belt)-it catches prey and returns it to the body -some have algal symbionts -unicellular

net primary production?

**gross carbon fixation- C respired by phytoplankton **gross O2 production-O2 respired by phytoplankton -significance= carbon available to higher trophic levels

Giant squid vs colossal squid (immature) vs. Colossal squid (mature) in size?

*giant- 30 ft *immature colossal- 18 ft *mature colossal-35 ft

macronutrients? micronutrients?

*macro-N, P, and Si *micro- Fe

vertical zonation: west coast

*upper intertidal (periwinkles, limpets, lichens, encrusting algae) middle intertidal (barnacles, mussels, seaweeds) lower intertidal (seaweeds, surf grass) *extreme high spring tide

Class Gastropoda characteristics?

-"stomach-foot" -examples: snails, limpets, nudibranches -has single coiled shell usually -radula -usually benthic -has a variety of feeding strategies (grazers, deposit feeders, carnivores, and parasitic)

the squid usually has _____ bacterial cells, those of which are ALL _______________. what is odd though, is that the seawater has ______ cells/ml of bacteria, most of which are NOT _______________.

-10^9 -all bioluminescent -300-700 -bioluminescent

astomonema and stilbonematid symbionts

-16S rRNA bacterial phylogeny -all known nematode symbionts cluster together in evolutionary trees that are related to symbionts of marine gutless oligochaete worms

astomonema and stilbonematid nematodes

-18S rRNA nematode phylogeny -relationships with symbiotic bacteria seem to have evolved separately multiple times in nematodes

giant squid

-30 ft -300 to 1000 m deep -eaten by sperm whales

lampreys

-41 species (half parasitic) -adults can live in freshwater or marine -all species breed in freshwater

Within the 3.5% of salts in the ocean, what salts makes up this portion?

-55% chloride -30.6% sodium -7.7% sulfate -3.7% magnesium -1.2% calcium -1.1% potassium -these proportions stay constant throughout the ocean

What birds are in the Tubenoses group? how many species are there?

-Albatross, petrel, shearwater, etc -96 species

What do the grooves for fins help with, regarding fast swimming in Tuna?

-Grooves allow a place for fins retraction (the 1st dorsal and pectoral fins)

Why is the Strong caudal fin swimming style more efficient?

-b/c the tail is doing most of the work instead of the whole body moving, thus less energy is being used -allows faster swimming

Example of Cubozoa?

-Box jellyfish or sea wasp "Hand of death"

red macroalgae

-CaCO3 deposits in cell walls -grow in sheets across reef surfaces -cement into continuous surface -incorporate rubble/sediment

example of class gastropoda?

-Dog Whelk -Knobbed whelk -Pteropod

where do whales typically feed and breed?

-Feeding occurs primarily in high latitude areas where upwelling occurs, so that way there is dense aggregations of food due to all the nutrients coming up from the ocean floor -summer months are spent feeding in order to gain blubber for the winter (mating season) -Breeding occurs primarily in subtropical areas during winter since the food source was depleted during the summer in high latitude areas

Examples of birds that feed on the surface?

-Gulls, albatrosses, petrels feed on surface -some surface seize prey, while others dip down

physical challenges for terrestrial plants

-H2S toxicity -high salt and water balance -low O2 all lead to low plant diversity

Competitive Exclusion Principle?

-If two species attempt to share exactly the same niche, one will out compete the other

micronutrients in the ocean?

-Iron from Fe(OH)2+

what is unique about a Leatherback Turtle? what do they eat?

-It lacks a shell; -these eat jellyfish, specifically the Lion's Mane jellyfish

what are the wind patterns at the equator (North east and south east trade winds)?

-air rises at the equator since it is hotter, and as they cool down, they drop again as they move to the poles. -the cycle repeats

Coral-Zooxanthellae Symbiosis

-algae fixes CO2 to carbohydrates -coral provides CO2 + nutrients -holobiont functions like a plant -coral uses much of the energy to support skeletal growth

Temperature regulation in fish?

-although most fish are cold-blooded, some do increase the temp. in portions of their body -they do this to improve performance of their muscles

Epifaunal organisms?

-animals that live on the ocean floor

Nekton?

-animals that wander wherever since they can swim

whale falls

-appear in fossil records ~34 million years ago -chemosynthesis appeared 23 to 5 million years ago following whale evolution

where are diatoms usually found in high concentrations?

-areas with lots of nutrients present -many found in polar regions with limited iron

Examples of birds that feed by diving/underwater?

-Pelicans plunge dive -penguin feeds underwater -Shearwater bird "pursuit plunges" (meaning it chases prey underwater after diving)

lobe-finned fishes are called? ray finned fishes are called?

-Sarcopterygil -Actinopterygil

Reef fish examples:

-Sohal Surgeonfish -anenome fish (clownfish)

order of symmetry ?

-asymmetrical came first -radial -then bilateral

Autotrophs vs heterotrophs?

-autotrophs: creates organic materials from inorganic matter; photosynthesis, chemosynthesis "self-feeders" and primary producers, they produce more biomass -heterotrophs: "other-feeders" since they eat other organisms for food

Advantages of being big for whales?

-avoid predation -filter feed on larger organisms -maintain internal body temp -efficiences of size (lower mass specific respiration= better able to handle food scarcity, and have more efficient movement)

trunkfish

-awkward swimming with tilting and turning aids its maneuverability and helps it escape from predators -fins are vital in its stabilization -rigid form and shape are not suitable for straight, long-distance swimming

Why is the Undulate elongated body style of swimming inefficient?

-b/c it requires moving of the whole body, which uses alot of energy

How do fish maintain bouyancy to prevent them from sinking?

-Swim bladder that holds or releases gases to allow for sinking and raising -some fish also have fins that cause lift, which raises them upward and allows for forward motion

what is a radula?

-a conveyor belt of teeth -found in gastropods and some cephalopods

What is the traditional way of sampling phytoplankton?

-a plankton net -however, it is biased towards larger forms since the holes in the net can only be so small -bacteria and coccolithophores can pass through the holes of the net still

Roseobacter?

-abundant in coastal waters -associated w/ phytoplankton and high DOM

body plan - flatworm

-acoelomate -body covering from ectoderm -tissue-filled region from mesoderm -digestive tract from endoderm

steady state argument?

-adult population is roughly constant because females release > 1 million larvae per year -even tho lots die, there are still plenty that survive due to how many were released to begin with

Examples of birds that aerial feed?

-aerial piracy or hunting -some birds practice piracy, meaning they steal prey another bird has found ex: Great skus

features of mangroves?

-aerial prop roots for stability and O2 -horizontal roots for O2 -halophytes

what is the wind pattern of the polar easterlies?

-air falls at the poles and then rises when it reaches the 60N line.

what is the wind pattern of the Westerlies ?

-air rises as it moves towards the poles, then falls when it travels back toward the equator

Type IV secretion system?

-bacteria have this system in their membrane -they send a killing agent via the needle-like structure, which injects harmful compounds in the enemy

chemosymbiosis

-bacteria provide chemically-derived energy to host via hydrogen sulfide oxidation -most hosts farm and eat their symbionts -process not sun-reliant and can occur in shallow waters (photic zone) to deep sea (aphotic) -allows hosts to live in habitats that lack organic carbon to support their nutrition (coral reefs, seagrasses)

marine nematodes feeding ecology

-bacterial feeders -selective deposit feeders -epistrate feeders -non-selective deposit feeders -carnivores, predators, scavengers

developing a marsh

-bare sand or mud flat -intertidal -old marsh scraped away by glaciers

capabilties of SAR11?

-basic metabolic processes (TCA cycle, respiration, pentose phosphate cycle) -synthesis of all 20 aa and all but 5 common vitamins and cofactors -transporters for sugars, nutrients, metals, and aa's -response regulators for N and P deficiency -proteorhodopsin **can reproduce, but not much else

viviparous

-bear live embryos and then release juveniles as mini adults -ie. atlantic periwinkle (littorina saxatilis)

Why does the counter-current exchange system work better than a same-direction exchange system?

-because a same-direction exchange system would cause the water and blood to have about equal concentrations of oxygen once they pass by each other -the counter-current system allows more oxygen to be taken from the water. It maximizes the amount of time their blood is exposed to water that has a higher oxygen level, even as the blood takes on more oxygen

why is water a "rare" fluid?

-because it gets less dense as it freezes -it becomes more ordered, and expands when frozen

why cant oxygen be present during nitrogen fixation?

-because oxygen is toxic to nitrogen fixer's cells (like Trichodesmium)

why do birds usually nest in isolated, dense colonies? benefits and costs?

-because seabirds are awkward on land and vulnerable to predators -they benefit from this becasue being isolated protects them from predators -also they have safety in numbers when many birds nest together -However, there is a cost to big groups of birds nesting together, which is there will be competition for food and for nesting sites as well

Why dont we need to worry about sources and sinks for inorganic carbon in seawater?

-because there is a ton of inorganic carbon in the ocean

why dont phytopankton out-compete one another?

-because they absorb different wavelengths of light, meaning there is other wavelengths/colors of light that different phytoplankton species can absorb

Why do blue whales primarily feed in the summer?

-because they want to build up their blubber before winter comes, when they reproduce and their energy comes from their excess fat.

what do fish require to maintain their agility and ability to move quickly?

-being able to generate thrust -maintain bouyancy -acquiring oxygen -temp. regulation

hagfish

-benthic scavengers that live in deep, cold water -eat invertebrates or dead fish (eat from inside out) -43 are exclusively marine -reduced eyes (under skin) -release slime when stressed that clogs gills of potential predators

body plan - nematode

-body covering from ectoderm -tissue-filled region from mesoderm -digestive tract from endoderm -pseudocoelom

osmoconformers

-body osmolarity changes according to environment -most marine invertebrates + HAGFISH and CHONDRICHTHYES -polychaete worm

Osteichthyes: bony fishes

-bony skeleton -fused jaws -single row of teeth -terminal mouth -paired lateral fins -true scales fused w/ skin -28,000 species total ex: tuna, salmon, etc

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

-both free living and parasitic (mollusc/annelid hosts) -muscular pharynx in middle of body protrudes to feed -blind gut has one opening -feed on crustaceans, annelids (or hosts) -eyespots/sensory tentacles -lives on crevices, rocks, bare sediments

minor/trace elements in seawater?

-bromide (Br-) 0.9mM -boric acid 0.4mM -nitrate (NO3-) 30 microM -phosphate 1 microM -iron (Fe)- 1 nM -Cerium (Ce3+) 5 pM

bony fish

-buoyant eggs and sperm spawn into water column -hatched embryos have a prominent yolk sac -larvae feed on zooplankton after yolk is used -fish larvae remain in water for weeks to months, and larvae grow into adults with adult organs

diversity of nematode body plans

-c. elegans is typical nematode -lots of divergence from typical nematode body plan -nematodes closely related to arthropods and tardigrades

What are basic characteristics about turtle grass?

-can be 6 inches to 1 ft high -has small flowers

giant clams

-can grow up to 1 ft in size -gills have symbiotic bacteria

Phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms)

-carnivorous worms which eat annelids, clams, crabs, fish -can contract from 10 m to a few cm -fluid pressure to extend proboscis, stylet punchers prey/injects venom -full gut/circulatory system

what syndrome does the Irukandji jellyfish cause? what happens?

-causes Irukandji syndrome, which causes severe headaches and muscle pain, chest pain, potentially heart attack -can last up tp 4-30 hrs, or up to 2 weeks

vertical zonation

-characteristic of intertidal environments -distribution of three salt marsh species in different marsh regions depends on salt tolerance/competition

mollusca/gastropod and green algae chloroplasts

-chloroplast symbiosis: sequesters functional plastids into animal cells

animal-animal mutualism

-clown fish/anemone -boxer crab/anemone -moray eel/cleaner shrimp

bar-built

-coastal north carolina -pamlico sound

An ecological niche of Giant Kelp would be?

-coastal waters -temp.=5-24 degrees Celcius -rocky substrate for attachment -[nitrate]>5uM -light intensity > 100uEi m^-2 s^-1

body plan - annelid

-coelomate -body covering from ectoderm -tissue-filled region from mesoderm -digestive tract from endoderm -coelom

bioprospecting

-compounds are made for protection from predation -metabolites may come from symbionts or food -sources of marine species used for drugs/medicines: sea squirts, sea hares, sponges

coral reefs

-corals (organization, symbiosis, hypertrophy) -reef distribution/growth -reef zonation -reef types -primary production/food webs -fish

long-term carbon storage

-core through salt marsh -organic carbon in marine sediments stored for 1000s of years

how do gills obtain oxygen?

-counter-current exchange between blood and water -Oxygen diffuses from water to blood

density affects ______ and determines _______?

-currents -stratification (which is when water masses with differing properties-temp, salinity, etc- form layers that act as barriers to water mixing)

what is detritus? POC? DOC?

-dead organic matter; -Particulate organic carbon; -Dissolved organic carbon

how does the bottom water form?

-decrease in temperature of the water, followed by an increase in salinity -that causes an increase in density, making it sink below the lighter, warmer waters.

trench? mid-ocean ridge?

-deep pocket in the ocean floor -abrupt rise in the ocean floors land, somewhat of a rocky, underwater mountain

vampire squid

-deep sea species related to octopuses -bioluminescent sticky ink + glowing lures at tip of each arm -can regenerate arms

what is thermohaline circulation?

-deep water circulation patterns -driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes.

blue crab zoeae (larvae) characteristics

-develop through 7 staages over 3 to 4 weeks on continental shelf -.2 to 1 mm in size -strong swimmers: 1 cm/sec and stay in upper water column -feed on plankton

Zoeae (larvae) characteristics? (blue crab larva)

-develop through 7 stages over 3-4 wks on continental shelf -strong swimmers -stay in upper water column -surface circulation controls their distribution -they feed on plankton

deep-scattering layers

-discovered at depth of 5-1500 m -layers had dense populations of vertically migrating fish and cephalopods that reflected sonar

long distance dispersal of planktotrophic larvae

-dispersal success is strongly controlled by ocean currents -many invertebrate larvae can live in open sea (teleplanic larvae), -many planktonic larvae stay close to stay close to origin

coastal plain

-drowned river valley -elongated estuaries formed by a general rise in sea level that flooded the river valley -susquehanna river

typical descriptions of reptiles (Sauropsida)?

-dry skin -covered w/ scales -eggs have leathery shell -ectotherms (dont regulate their own body temp)

How do salinity differences occur?

-due to evaporation and precipitation of water in certain areas

epifauna

-eating wrack, crustaceans

what is the definition of nutrients?

-elements that are required by organisms but are relatively scarce in the environment

what are nutrients?

-elements that are required by organisms but relatively scarce in the environment

general characteristics of seabirds? what do they look like? what do they eat? where do they nest?

-endotherms -webbed feet -salt glands -drab coloration (black, white, grey) -carnivores but feeding styles vary -nest on land, usually in dense colonies

rocky intertidal where?

-entire west coast -east coast: north of cape cod

intertidal zone of beach

-epifauna, infauna -most species -high tide

what are steady state oligotrophs?

-ex: SAR11 -they rely on diffusion of molecules from bulk seawater -low food -they have limited genomic capabilities due to having few regulators and reduced transporters -they are the most abundant in the environment

Sea Snakes (Order Squamata, suborder serpentes) descriptions? where are they found? what do they eat? give example of a sea snake?

-found in Indian and pacific oceans (tropical areas) -paddle-shaped tail -spends entire life at sea -Ovoviviparous (young develop in eggs w/in mother) -carnivorous (eats fish and fish eggs) -venomous ex: Belcher's sea snake

Copepods?

-found in open ocean -segmented body -swimming legs -mouth -sensory antennae -non-image forming eye -important part of plankton -eats diatoms

where is the hawaiian bobtail squid found? what does it eat? whats its main predator?

-found in shallow coastal waters off hawaii -eats shrimp and worms -main predator is the hawaiian monk seal, which is endangered

Where is eel grass commonly found? what are basic characteristics about it?

-found on cali coast -leaves are continuously being replenished since other things grow on the leaves that kill them -has small flowers

characteristics of the blue crab?

-found throughout eastern coast of US, caribbean, brazil, and argentina -live in estuaries where rivers mix with oceans -omniverous -live on the ocean floor -they become sexually mature a 1 yr old, and they mate in the estuary. -mom lays eggs there, and they hatch to release the larvae to the ocean

phylum nematoda (roundworms)

-free living assemblages in seaweed, sediments, sea ice, and parasites -meiofauna size (45 um - 1 mm) -1 to 100 million estimated nematode species but only 28k described species -eats bacteria, diatoms, algae, and other nematodes -large enough to be physically manipulated but too small for genomic interests

Dinoflagellates can be in a free-living form or a host form, what are the physical differences of both?

-free-living form has flagella, and host form has cellulose plates

how are these symbionts acquired?

-from the environment, via horizontal gene transfer

physoclistous

-gas secreted or absorbed to keep bladder at constant volume as fish changes depth -no muscular control over swim bladder volume

Phylum Annelida: Siboglinidae

-gutless worms that rely on symbiotic bacteria for nutrition -formerly classified as a standalone Phylum but evidence places this with segmented worms

gastrotrichs

-hairybacks -.06 to 3 mm -benthic, live on/between sand grains -detrivores (feed using muscular pharynx to suck up detritus, diatoms, bacteria, protists)

What was the experiment on damselfish?

-half of a reef was removed to test the hypothesis that space is limiting for damselfish -it was found that the density of the fish was not strongly controlled by space availability because many of the fish just moved to the other side of the reef that was left, making the density increase

basic structure of sponges? (3 cell types) what do those cells do?

-has specialized 1. pore cells, 2. collar cells, and 3. wandering cells -pore cells on outside leading to inner cavity -water flows quickly thru collar cells and captures food when it does -wandering cells are in b/w inner and outer cell layers and they secrete spongin (the structural protein)

Description of walrus?

-has tusks -they use these for digging in ocean floor -mainly used for fighting too

pathway of HGT?

-have a host -it gets colonized -hosts associate -host vents out some bacteria in order to prevent bursting of light organ -free-living symbionts exists now ocean with the bioluminescent ability -those free-living forms make contact with the aposymbiotic juvenile, which they will eventually colonize

Barnacles: NOT a mollusk, it is a crustacean

-have hinged shell that opens up to allow its appendages to come out and capture prey

spartinas

-help create ecosystem -spartina alterniflora = lower marsh -spartina patens = higher marsh

estuary opportunities for an organism

-high food availability through production and subsidies -coupled benthic/pelagic habitat

Important thermal properties of water?

-high heat capacity -high latent heat of vaporization ***high thermal inertia

geographic patterns

-high speciation depends on age -low extinction depends on stability -isolated waters can lead to allopatric speciation -global species richness strongly correlates with sea surface temperature -temperature can be related to primary production, metabolic rates, habitat diversity

is Oxygen conc. high in deep waters? what specific areas is it known to be found in?

-higher all over in atlantic ocean and lower parts of pacific ocean -opposite of thermohaline circulation

benefits of symbiosis to host? to symbiont?

-host: additional food resource -symbiont: protection from grazers; gains nutrient source

costs of symbiosis to host? to symbiont?

-host: need to supply nutrients and space for symbiont -symbiont: must supply fixed carbon to host

tube worms (hydrothermal vents)

-hosts provide constant supply of reduced substrates, oxidants, and CO2

Water is primarily made up of what kind of bonding?

-hydrogen bonding

immigration and invasion

-immigration is infrequent/slow and is the natural expansion of a species' range -invasion is frequent/rapid and is human-aided transport of species (canals, ships, aquaculture)

Megalopae prefer to settle in what kind of place?

-in a protected "nursery" habitat like a seagrass meadow or algal bed -they transition to downward swimming in the late megalopae stage since they have to settle before becoming an adult -they respond to chemical cues letting them know seagrasses are around

Class Anthozoa? description?

-includes corals and anemones -medusa stage reduced or abscent -colonial (most corals) or solitary (most anemones) -colonial forms secrete CaCO3 or protein skeletons

Phylum Arthropoda Subclass Crustacea

-infraclass cirripedia (barnacles) -older decapoda (shrimps, crabs, lobster) -isopods, amphipods -subclass copepoda -krill

depth patterns

-intermediate = maximum richness -stability increases with depth, and extinction is reduced -food supply decreases with depth as fewer species are able to handle it

environmental characteristics of both salt marshes and mangroves

-intertidal -low energy (protected from waves) -shallow slope/muddy sediments air temp < 0 C for salt marsh only

Ruegeria pomeroyi?

-isolated w/ DMSP as C-source -first heterotrophic marine bacteria to have genome sequenced!! -has a large genome, which allows for many more metabolic capabilties -opportunistic -living on dinoflagellates

what does a Corselet do for high-speed swimming in the Tuna?

-it is a patch of rough scales that help organize flow and reduce turbulence

Why is CO2 important?

-it is a source of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis -basis for pH buffering system in the ocean

why is the sponge the simplest multicellular animal form?

-it is an aggregation of specialized cells -few cell types and no coordination b/w cells -no symmetry -no well-defined tissues/organs -no circulatory system or real digestive cavity

describe the Lion's Mane jellyfish?

-it is gelatinous goo -does not give turtles alot of energy, so they have to eat ALOT of it

what is special about Sargassum?

-it is the only open ocean macroalgae -likes warm waters (atlantic) -it never attaches to the ground (just floats in ocean) -it initially grows in the gulf of mexico, but then it moves to the sargassum sea (which is beside florida on the right-atlantic ocean)

What is beneficial about the ocean's thermohaline circulation currents?

-it maintains the uniform distribution of salt composition w/in the ocean

Why is the Gray whale unique?

-it will swim to the ocean floor and take gulps of sediment and filters out the food to eat

What is baleen?

-keratin -protein structure that filters out plankton/fish -appears like thick, hair-like structures

sea otter

-keystone species that is source of detritus -mediates storm damage and eroding tips (kelp grows from base)

characteristics of wandering albatross?

-large (wingspan up to 11 ft) -can weigh up to 24 lbs -courtship displays (ways to show strength, ready for mating, etc..)

Endothermy is facilitated by?

-large size -waterproof feathers (they trap air in feathers) -dense feathering, often down

north pacific giant octopus (enteroctopus dofleini)

-largest octopus species

Macroalgae are what?

-largest primary producer in the sea (seaweeds, kelp)

Megalopae stage ?

-late larval stage -transition stage from planktonic to benthic -strong swimmers -have walking legs -stage only lasts a few days before they become adults

stilbonematidae nematodes (Laxus spp., Robbea spp.)

-layer of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria on nematode cuticle (ectosymbionts) -worms move through oxidized and reduced sediments that provide oxygen and sulfide -known from seagrass meadows and sandy reef sediments

Oxygen concentrations on surface?

-levels of O2 is not very high on surface of water due to it being more soluble in cold waters

limitation on primary production?

-light -nutrients (N, P, and iron)

siliceous ooze

-limited to areas with high biological productivity (polar oceans, upwelling zones) -least common type of sediment

bathymodulus mussels

-live and dead shells -methane seeps out -bacteria reside in gills of mussels

Description of Pinnipedia? where do they live? where do they reproduce? how do they conserve heat since they live in cold waters? what do they eat?

-live mainly in cold seas (north and south) -rest & reproduce on land -conserve heat with blubber, thick fur (traps heat), and a large body size (have a low surface:volume ratio) -carnivorous (eat fish)

macroalgae (+tunicates, etc.)

-lower intertidal -highest species diversity (red/brown algal zones, sub tidal kelp zone)

Order Sirenia description? what do they eat? where do they live? how do they swim? lifespan?

-mainly eat seagrasses and plants -restricted to tropical waters -lost rear pair of limbs -fully aquatic (mate, feed, reproduce in water) -they swim w/ strokes of paddle-shaped tail -only herbivorous marine mammal -lives up to 80 yrs

Description of Class mammalia?

-mammary glands -hair/fur (not required) -large complex brain -warm-blooded -air-breathing -placental development, birth to live young (most) -extended care of young

who lives in conveyor belt of microbes

-many deposit feeders, omnivores, scavengers, few filter feeders (<7%), few herbivores/carnivores

how do diatoms deal with low iron environments?

-many diatoms use a specific protein called proteorhodopsin (PR) that is connected to a light harvesting pigment -it is a light driven H+ pump that doesnt require iron to work

Phylum Arthropoda

-marine and terrestrial (insects) -successful (75% of animal species) -segmented, jointed body plan (higher degree of segment specialization than Annelids) -hard exoskeleton-chitin coated in lipids (has paired muscles allowing movement like as if it had a skeleton) -bilateral symmetry -cephalization (have a head) -simple/compound eyes

nekton

-marine animals capable of swimming against a current -includes cephalopods, fishes, marine mammals, birds, reptiles

patch-mosaic hypothesis

-marine snow falls in clumps and is not evenly distributed -different species assemblages in nearby patches -bacteria/archaea play a role

Typical Cnidarian life cycle?

-medusa releases egg -egg gets fertilized -planula larva -benthic polypoid colony (polyp) -becomes medusa/free-floating

what are dinoflagellates?

-microplankton -motile -2 flagella -cell wall of cellulose plates -diverse lifestyles (autotrophs, heterotrophs, parasites, symbionts) -can create harmful algae blooms

barnacles and mussels

-middle intertidal -can absorb oxygen through tissues (or anaerobic respiration) and tightly close plates

tide pools

-middle intertidal -crabs, sea urchins, etc.

how is the dead zone in the gulf of mexico formed?

-mississippi river brings in nutrient rich material in the ocean -microscopic organisms feed on this, and they bloom (like algae) -then, those organisms die and sink to the bottom, but it depletes the oxygen in that portion of the water because the bacteria that degrade the algae, consume the dissolved O2 in the process of decomposition -fish/mobile sea creatures leave the area since they cant breath w/o O2, and any organisms that cant move die, hence, the Dead Zone

diffusion

-molecular diffusion is slow -enhance through increasing surface area, decreasing membrane width, increasing concentration gradient

Blue crab life cycle?

-mom and dad mate -larvae released at mouth of estuary -they float in ocean -become megalopae and begin to find settlement

sound also plays a role in larval settlement, how so?

-more fish/organisms go to places with sound, just like larvae

why does having more collar cells benefit the sponge? also, what is the most common type of sponge?

-more layers of collar cells means it takes longer for the water to pass through the sponge, That means that there is a greater chance of food to be extracted from it -the most common type of sponge is the leuconoid

nautilius

-more than 90 tentacles; have grooves and ridges that grip food and pass to mouth; beak rips, radula shreds; live up to 20 years -siphuncle: tube of living tissue passing backwards through chambers -it regulates buoyancy by changing gas/water proportions in each chamber -can move into deep waters up till 800 m to avoid predation

calcareous ooze

-most common pelagic sediment type by area -accumulates most rapidly of the 2 sediments -shells dissolve below 4000m

predation

-most competitive and most abundant are preyed upon -too intense makes few species survive -intermediate predation intensity optimal for diversity

temperature regulation

-most fish are cold-blooded -some (tuna, certain sharks) increase body temp. 10 degrees C higher than ambient water temp. -in tuna, red muscles are heated to improve performance -countercurrent heat exchange reduces heat loss (arteries flow opposite to adjacent veins)

blue crab (callinectes sapidus)

-most of lineage 1 is in NA, but lineage 2 is in Central America and lineage 3 is in SA -importance of water currents -interaction between currents and behavior

characteristics of sponges? where are they mainly found? can they move?

-mostly marine -mostly abundant in shallow, tropical waters -the simplest, true, multicellular animal form -benthic/sessile

what is diffusion?

-movement from high to low concentration -passive process that equalizes concentrations

kinorhynchs

-mud dragons that are <1 mm -widespread in mud/sediments (shallow to deep-sea) -prey on diatoms or organic matter

Class Bivalva description?

-mussles, clams, oysters, scallops -hinged two-piece tail -benthic -laterally compressed body/no head -no radula -usually filter feeders by gills filtering food out of water, but some are deposit feeders ***infaunal and epifaunal

increased diversity in low latitudes

-pelagic species have flatter patterns than benthic -stable climates at low latitudes reduce species extinction -larger populations reduce extinction and have a greater chance of speciation

pollution

-natural sources (hydrogen sulfide) -anthropogenic (DDT) -high concentrations lead to low diversity -diversity goes up with distance from downfall but biomass goes down

fish reproduction

-nearly all fish are oviparous and shed eggs into water column (cod, herring, striped bass) -can lay eggs in nests in sediment (salmon) -lay eggs in hard substratum (sticklebacks, garibaldis) -spawning releases thousands of millions of eggs and sperm -nest building fish have more elaborate behaviors with red coloration/jaw change in salmon

what is the current-driven movement of blue crab larvae off the delaware bay?

-newly hatched zoeae are carried south by coastal current -they gradually move offshore where they get picked up by northern counter-current -they metamorphose to magelopae and are transported across the shelf by southward winds that push ocean water to shore -not many crabs actually make it back though

current-driven movement of larvae

-newly hatched zoeae carried southward in coastal current -gradually moved offshore where they are entrained in northward counter-current -metamorphose to megalopae and transported across shelf by periodic southward wind events

macronutrients of the ocean?

-nitrogen from NO3-, NO2-, and NH4+ -phosphate from PO43- -silicon from Si(OH)4

limitations in salt marsh grass?

-nitrogen is limited -the tall form of the marsh grass only grows in well drained, high nutrient soils -the short form grows in poorly drained, salty, anoxic soils

riftia nutrition

-no digestive tract -bacteria inhabit trophosome -carbohydrates released by bacteria -functionally similar to algal-animal symbiosis

Description of True Seals?

-no ears, just holes -short, thick front flippers w/ nails and distinct digits -have hair -short hind limbs are pointed backwards, so they cant be used for walking (they drag themselves) -sensitive vibrissae used for location of food

Anemone/coral life cycle?

-no medusa stage -goes from polyp-releases egg-fertilized by sperm via sexual reproduction-forms embryo-becomes planktonic larvae-finds ground and attaches-multiplies by asexual reproduction-repeat cycle

astomonema

-no mouth, vestigial gut -bacterial symbionts (endosymbionts) live in gut lumen -sulfide-enriched sediment layers; deep sea

How does nutrient distribution relate to depth of ocean?

-nutrients are depleted in the surface but elevated at deeper levels in the ocean (consumption of nutrients in surface waters, then remineralization at depth)

What is the nutrient-type profile?

-nutrients depleted at surface, but elevated at the depth of the ocean (deeper waters) ex: nitrate and phosphate are low at surface of ocean due to consumption by animals, but their levels rise as remineralization occurs towards bottom.

Plate convergence causes what?

-oceanic trenches, which is the destruction of old ocean crust (subduction) -older/denser oceanic plates get pushed under newer/lighter plates, causing the ocean crust to bend and form a depression (trench). This causes the old crust to be burned up by the underground magma, allowing room for new crust to be formed.

Class Cephalopoda

-octopus, squid, cuttlefish, and nautilus (head-foot) -sucker-lined arms -well-developed eyes -nervous system -highly intelligent -predators -reduced or internal or missing shell -jet propulsion -masters of camoflauge -"peak of invertebrate evolution": complex nervous system and behavior

loricifera

-only 37 described species -100 um to 1 mm -interstitial so live between sand grains -found worldwide at all depths -tolerate anoxia using hydrogenosome-like organelles instead of mitochondria

Describe the rosette package of water collection?

-open bottles are sent down into the ocean and are electronically told when to close -they close at certain depths of the ocean in order to collect water at different levels of the ocean

Class Cephalopoda Animals

-open water: squids -demersal: octopus, nautilius, cuttlefish -good swimmers feed on large fish, crustaceans, mollusks, annelids, and other cephalopods

what are major coastal upwelling areas of the world?

-oregon/north cali -east south america (peru) -northwest africa -south africa (benguela)

osmoregulators

-organisms have mechanisms that maintain constant osmolarity of body fluids -most marine vertebrates

chemosynthetic pockets

-patchy areas of reduced sediments -burial of organic matter or seep activity ie: chemosynthetic nematodes in deep-sea canyons

Paradox of phytoplankton?

-pelagic environment is quite homogenous -only a few resources that phytoplankton fight for (like light and nutrients such as N, P, and Fe, and space) -we expect competition to where a single species becomes dominant, but that doesnt happen and the phytoplankton community is pretty diverse

In the top layer of the ocean, what processes are occurring? mid layer of ocean? bottom layer?

-photosynthesis and respiration -respiration in mid-layer since there is not enough light for photosynthesis to occur -in the bottom, there is respiration happening, but less of it since many animals/bacteria ate the organic material in the middle layers of the ocean.

giant tube worm (riftia)

-phylum annelida, class polychaeta -can reach height of >2m -rapid growth

cnidaria and zooxanthellae

-phylum cnidaria, class scyphozoa: cassiopea ~30 cm

the common names of macroalgae are based on _____?

-pigment colors ex: brown algae or Red algae

Infaunal organisms?

-plants living IN the bottom of the ocean floor

Surface levels of nitrate and phosphate?

-practically none at the surface -there are some higher conentrations at the poles where there are upwelling vents -including mid-high concentrations in north pacific and indian oceans

sea stars

-predators -can regenerate limbs/body as long as some part of central disc survives

megalopae settlement

-prefer to settle in protected "nursery" habitat such as seagrass meadow, algal bed -transition to downward swimming into late megalopae -respond to chemical cues from seagrass to settle

biological interactions

-preferences for either larval or adult -competition is worse at lower elevations -predation is worse at lower elevations

Percent of oxygen saturation on surface of ocean?

-pretty much 100% saturation all over, with some parts supersaturated

Phylum: Cnidaria what characteristics does it have?

-primarily marine, but more complex than sponges -has two tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm) -nerve net & muscles -radial symmetry -digestive cavity (central space) -two body plans (medusa and polyp) -colonial often

disturbance

-promotes multiple ecological states -relaxes competition -too intense -intermediate disturbance promotes diversity

benefit of stilbonematid ectosymbionts

-provides nutrition for nematode in the form of dissolved metabolic products (diffusion through cuticle) -bacterial coat functions as a protective layer against hydrogen sulfide

what is Upwelling?

-rapid movements of water (1 meter a day instead of the typical 1 cm a day in other parts of the ocean) -brings nutrients from bottom of ocean up to the top

cuttlefish

-related to squid -regulates buoyancy via rigid dorsal structure (cuttlebone) made of calcium carbonate -pumps salt in/out ampullae adjacent to cuttlebone chambers through osmotic pump -causes water to diffuse in/out of cuttlebone

Characteristics of brown algae?

-relatives of diatoms -Kelp -they have gas bladders that fill w/ gas that allows them to orient upright and float upwards -grow very fast and be 100 ft tall -dont live long ex: kelp ex: Sargassum weed

Disadvantages of being big in whales?

-requires lots of food -lower population size so its harder to find mates -increased risk of extinction -some things just dont scale well, like gas exchange and bone strength

clay

-reside in the deepest part of the ocean (below 6000m) -slowest accumulation -eolian dust are small particles carried into ocean by wind

adaptations to low O2

-roots grow closer to surface -air passages in aerenchyma tissue transports O2 from leaves to roots -aerenchyma tissue volume can increase under extreme waterlogged conditions -roots are capable of anaerobic metabolism

salinity zones

-salinities are dynamic -they change according to tides and river flow -high tide has higher salinity in water than low tide

how is ice algae formed?

-salts dont freeze when the ocean freezes, so the salts accumulate in pools (brine) within the ice crystals (microscopic) -very high salinity compared to the regular ocean levels

subtidal zone of beach

-sea cucumber, sand dollar, blue crab -low tide

chloroplast symbiosis ("kleptoplasty") example with sea slug and algae?

-sea slug eats green algae for the chloroplasts -the slug can keep the chloroplasts for awhile and use them to produce chlorophyll, but once the chloroplasts die, the slug cant reproduce them, and has to find more elsewhere

Reptiles (Class Reptilia), includes what types of animals?

-sea turtles -snakes -iguanas -crocodiles

Algal-animal or algal-protist symbiosis? where does it occur?

-shallow waters (photic zone) -common in tropics, not polar regions

Anatomy of Cetacean?

-shaped similar to fish -streamlined -loss of hair (have smooth surface) -flippers -loss of hind limbs -has flukes (horizontal tail fins) -blow holes -dorsal fins -no anal fins -lots of blubber

Sea Turtles (Order Testudines or Chelonia) description? what do they eat? where do they live? how many different species?

-shell is fused to backbone so they cant retract their heads -salt gland for osmoregulation -nest on land -8 species -live primarily in warm seas -herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and jellyfish-eater

acidification of oceans is a major problem for?

-shells -coral skeletons -calcareous plankton -they rely on CO2

what are the benefits to the symbiont for living in the squid?

-shelter -constant supply of nutrients (iron, aa, carbon, electrons, etc..)

filter feeders

arise because of high phytoplankton productivity and shallow water

sea urchins and sand dollars

-short/long spines -aristotle's lantern: five jaws made up of calcium plates

continental shelf? seamount? continental rise? coastal plain?

-slight and continuous deepening of land from the coast of a continent -seamount is a small "bump" of land that is higher than the rest. Similar to a large hill on land -steady rise of the land from the ocean floor, meaning the ocean bottom is about to meet with the coastal land. -coastal plain is when the ocean floor becomes the coastal land of a beach/shore.

little gray barnacles (chthamalus)

-slow growing, small -desiccation resistant -on top of rocks

what is the cost of thermal tolerance?

-slower growth

cost of thermal tolerance

-slower growth -homologous higher than heterologous

angelfish

-slowly generates forward thrust through broad pectoral fins -agile but slow swimming -high maneuverability through disc shaped body

Description of Sea Lions?

-small earflaps -long foreflippers -no hair or nails -large paddle-like hind flippers allow for walking -5 webbed digits

meiofauna

-small size (38 um to 1 mm) -interstitial (live between grains) -permanent (ie. rotifers, nematodes, copepods) -some temporary (juvenile macrofauna)

Sea Otter Description? size? where do they mate? what do they eat? where are they found?

-smallest marine mammal (only 60-70 lbs, 5ft long) -hind feet are modified flippers -can mate and reproduce in water -have lots of hair, but little blubber -eat urchins, crabs, mussles, fish, etc.. -found in the north pacific from CA to AK

Fishing and Natural Selection

-species with low reproductive effort and late first age reproduction affected by intensive fishing -extensive fishing will cause shrinking of fish size to avoid being caught

biogeographic boundaries

-species without planktonic larvae are higher in 2-3 zones, but species with planktonic veliger are higher in 4-5 zones -DNA can help infer boundaries

catadromous

-spend adult lives in fresh water but move to sea to breed (e.g. eels of genus Anguilla) -dominate in low latitudes

anadromous

-spend most time in sea but come to breed in freshwater (e.g. salmon, shad, lamprey) -more common in high latitudes

Phylum Echinodermata

-spiny skinned -exclusively marine -most adults are benthic -CaCO3 exoskeleton -locomotion by water vascular system (internal water canals/tube feet) -no head; oral and aboral sides examples: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins/sand dollars, sea cucumbers (class holothuroidea), sea lillies (class crinoids)

Nematocysts? how do they work?

-stinging cells on jellyfish -they have penetrating filaments -used to capture/poison prey -stimulated by touch or chemicals -These work by sensing something, then a rapid influx of water into the cell causes explosive discharge -radial symmetry

tuna

-strong caudal (tail) fin -very efficient with stiff body -rapid swimming (cruising) minimizes disruptive turbulence at posterior end of fish

surface waters

-strong light and high plankton density -are source of material that sinks to the deep, but plankton are adapted to reduce sinking

characteristics of Tubenoses?

-strong sense of smell enabled by large olfactory cavity (uses it to find food) -can sniff out groups of fish

connell experiment

-study of vertical zonation -rock barnacles and little gray barnacles were studied -larval settlement (cleared rock), physical factors (transplants), biological factors (transplants)

Phylum Chordata (sea squirts + salps)

-subphylum urochordata -sea squirts (benthic) and salps (planktonic) -barrel shaped body with ingoing and outgoing siphons -tadpole like larvae have features similar to vertebrates

seagrass environmental conditions

-subtidal but exception in mild climates -lighted bottom (3-5m usually, but 60m max) -sandy sediments (roots can penetrate) -10 to 45 PSU salinity range -in more protected areas

Phylum Mollusca "soft body" characteristics?

-successful -diverse forms (7 classes) -external CaCO3 shell usually -organs -nervous & circulatory system -cephalization typically -complete gut -specialized organs (Radula, Mantle, and Foot)

Important mechanical properties of water? (on a micro scale)

-surface tension -viscosity

symbiodinium?

-symbionts with corals and other cnidarians

what is algal-animal (or protist) symbiosis

-symbiosis restricted to shallow waters (photic zone) -most common in tropics; not known in polar -cellular symbiosis vs. chloroplast symbiosis

barrier reef

-taha's -great barrier reef: largest structure built by organisms current reef is 6k to 8k years old

what affects production on land? in the ocean?

-temp. and water availability -nutrient availability and light

what is seawater density determined by? how so?

-temperature and salinity -as temp. increases, density decreases (molecules move faster at higher temps) -as salinity increases, density also increases (more "things" in the water make it more dense)

ecosystem characteristics of both salt marshes and mangroves

-terrestrial (salt-tolerant) plants dominate -vertical zonation -common ecosystem services -hybrid marine/terrestrial ecosystems

ecological niche?

-the "sum of species"; the use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment -a species "profession"

What is a gyre? what is the direction of water flow in each hemisphere?

-the circular flow of water on a large scale based on winds -northern hemisphere has clockwise gyres -southern hemisphere has counterclockwise gyres

Emperor penguins parental care?

-the dad "emperor" penguin will hold the egg after the mother lays it -the mother goes to find food while father keeps egg warm and watches it -once mother comes back and the egg is hatched, the mother takes over the child watching while father goes and gets more food -they take turns doing this until the baby is full grown and independent

what is a larva?

-the distinct juvenile phase in an organisms life cycle -it metamorphoses into an adult -important for dispersal in marine organsims

describe the Gentoo penguin's parental care?

-the parents feed the young with krill until the young are several months old and grown large -these penguins are not scared of people due to being isolated away from predators, they likely dont really know what fear is

what is symbiosis?

-the physical association b/w 2 different species

primary production (flux)?

-the rate of new creation of new biomass by autotrophs

Steady state assumption?

-the size of the pool doesnt change over time sources=sinks at steady state

Cnidaria and Zooxanthellae relationship?

-the zooxanthellae live in tentacles of the jellyfish -the tentacles face towards the sun so photosynthesis can occur, which gives both organisms energy/food

organic carbon transporters?

-there are many because each compound is too dilute to specialize

what else is affected by coastal upwelling? (what is there an increase in?)

-there is a significant amount of phytoplankton blooms in upwelling waters due to the amount of nutrients being brought up from the deep waters -can see on images of the coast

Nitrate and Phosphate and high and low in certain areas of the ocean, and they primarily follow the pathway of __________. what areas are they high/low in?

-thermohaline circulation -high in pacific/indian oceans, low in atlantic oceans -high in deep waters

How do Giant Tube worms use bacterial symbionts?

-these worms are located in hydrothermal vents -they use bacteria in order to oxidize sulfur, which not only provides the bacteria with energy, but also the tube worms themselves

what are Diatoms?

-they are 5-200 micometers (um) (micro-plankton) -non-motile -silicate cell wall -"pill-box" shape

Larval feeding?

-they are lecithotrophic -feed on yolk of eggs -they have a limited food supply -they only have a few hours or days before they have to settle and metamorph -they dont have to feed often due to being morphologically simple

what do larger sponges typically do? (regarding water routing)

-they develop a more complicated water routing

Planktotrophic larvae feed on? describe their life?

-they feed on plankton -they have an "unlimited" food supply -they can spend weeks to months in the water for long distance dispersal -they have specialized feeding structures, meaning they are morphologically complex -found all over atlantic ocean

how do filter feeders work?

-they filter plankton, organic matter, etc... using gills -water currents generated by cilia on gills

where do macroalgae typically grow? where are they restricted to? what are they NOT?

-they grow on rocky substrates, so they are usually limited to coastal zones -they are NOT plants since they have no roots or vascular tissues

how is the squid luminescent?

-they have a "light organ" beneath their ink sac -its mainly active at night -to use it, the organ fills up with the symbiont bacteria (they pass through the ciliated appendages) which express light

How do polyps eat? what are they made of? What do polyps do regarding coral reefs?

-they have a mouth surrounded by tentacles -they collect food w/tentacles and brings it to its mouth -coral is an animal with a CaCO3 shell/structure -includes symbiotic algea, giving coral food via photosynthesis -polyps are used at night while photosynthesis is used during daytime when light is available

why do bony fish have more effective breathing?

-they have an Operculum, which is a covering over the gills that enables the one-way flow of water past the gills -operculum allows muscles to pump water across gills -means they don't have to always keep swimming as sharks do

Killer whales interactions w/ other killer whales?

-they have multiple pods (groups of whales) -pods come together to form clans -they have specific sounds they use to locate & recognize one another

What do Keels and Finlets do regarding high speed swimming in Tuna?

-they reduce turbulence (like plane wings)

why do seabirds have a salt gland? what does it do?

-they use it to excrete salt from their nose -since they hunt in the water, salt gets in their system quite frequently, so they have to get rid of it to ensure their salt concentrations are normal in the body -their nostril is connected to the gland

what are opportunistic eutrophs?

-they wait for nutrient/carbon pulses -they have larger genomes due to extracellular proteins and having many transporters -relatively rare but commonly cultured

Ultimate goal of fast swimming in fish?

-to feed and escape predators

what drives vertical zonation?

-tolerance to physical stress -biological interactions

Gross primary production?

-total carbon fixed by RubisCP -total O2 produced by PSII -significance= total local input to the system

where are trenches primarily located? what about ridges?

-trenches are typically located directly off of the coast of a continent due to the denser oceanic plates being pushed under the lighter continental plates. -ridges are located in the middle of the ocean (ex. mid-atlantic ridge). This is when two oceanic plates diverge from one another

Quorum sensing?

-triggers gene expression at high concentration -two of these systems found in Ruegeria pomeroyi -suggests cells reach high density at times and then alter behavior -communication b/w bacteria

what are characteristics of seagrasses?

-true flowering plants -found in shallow & clear habitats -allow for feeding and nursery grounds for many animal species ex: turtle grass and eel grass

Class Scyphozoa example? description?

-true jellyfish -polyp stage reduced or absent -up to 2 meters in diameter -some ability to swim by contracting bell ex: Pacific Sea Nettle -Moon jellyfish -cannonball jellyfish

seagrasses characteristics

-true plants (kingdom: plantae) and truly marine -roots for anchoring and nutrient absorption -around 50 species with thin leaves and thick rhizomes (mediate asexual reproduction) -up to 4000 blades per square meter -tiny flowers

zooxanthellae

-type of dinoflagellate -genus symbiodinium -"coccoid" stage is within host cell's vacuole -free-living stage is attracted to corals that lack symbionts

Moray eel

-undulate body in nearly equal waves -relatively inefficient swimming

generating thrust (moving forward)

-undulatory waves -thrust is generated tangential to body -normal force causes forward propulsion -side force wastes energy

sandy shores/mudflats

-unvegitated intertidal environments classified by sediment deposition and detritus accumulation -desiccation less of a factor as sediments stay wet even under low tide -sediments ALWAYS shifting due to wave action

limpets

-upper intertidal -have taller shell to increase mantle cavity for storing water and decreasing area for evaporation

periwinkle

-upper intertidal -can absorb oxygen directly through mantle cavity and excrete concentrated uric acid

diel vertical migration

-upward migration of zooplankton towards the surface at night and the downward movement of the zooplankton to the deeper water s in the daytime -controlled by biological clock reinforced by environmental light cues

Phosphorus dynamics in the pelagic photic zone ocean?

-upwelling causes source of P -uptake of P by phytoplankton -grazing by organisms -either excretion of P by organisms OR organisms die leaving sinks of particles

Remineralization explained using nitrate?

-upwelling of nitrate by ocean currents -algae consumes nitrate -algae sinks after eating -inside of the algae, the nitrate is converted into nitrogen -once the algae is in the deeper waters, bacteria degrade the algae and the nitrogen within it, converting it back to nitrate -nitrate stays in the deep waters until oceanic currents move it back to the surface again.

how can you create energy from deep water?

-use temperature differences between surface and deep water

What is another example of how bacteria is used as a symbiont?

-used in light production

Echolocation?

-used to find and hunt prey -it is the act of sending out waves of sounds (since light waves would dissipate in water quickly) -if the waves hit something in the water, the wave bounces back and alerts the dolphin -waves increase in frequency the closer to the prey the dolphin gets

symbionts in algal-animal symbiosis

-usually dinoflagellates -sometimes can be diatoms, cryptophytes, haptophytes

Benthic diatoms?

-usually motile by secreting mucous which propels them forward -found in mud flats, salt marshes, and coral reefs -can form algal mats

hosts in algal-animal symbiosis

-usually protists and cnidaria -Porifera, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca also seen

Marine Iguana description? (Order Squamata, suborder iguania)

-vegetarian (eats seaweed) -good swimmer, but spends most time on land -nests on land -endemic to Galapagos Islands -threatened and/or vulnerable

Ocean is ______-_______ due to density changes? what type of mixing is really slow?

-vertically-stratified -vertical mixing is slow

brittle stars

-very flexible arms -five arms, but can be sub-branched -tube feet trap zooplankton

minor groups of animals

-very little DNA data and few species formally described -priapulids -kinorhynchs -gastrotrichs -tardigrades -loricifera

poecilogonic species

-very rare -both planktotrophic and lecithotrophic larvae development modes ie. streblospio benedicti - small mud-dwelling polychaete in NA mudflats; larval type depends on local population

Marine heterotrophic bacteria/archaea are?

-very small (<1 um) -very abundant (~10^6 cells/ml) -have specific roles in ecosystem (food web, symbiosis, and chemical transformations)

How are the sound waves produced?

-via air sacs under blowhole -they are vibrated, generating sound -there is also an oil-filled sac (melon) that may specifiy direction and help receive returning sound waves -sound is likely propogated from the jawbone

tardigrades

-water bears -.5 mm -eat bacteria or carnivorous -shallow water to deep-sea -high tolerance to pressure, dehydration, radiation

Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)

-well described group -tube dwelling or free living lifestyles; carnivores/deposit feeders -polychaetes, oligochaetes, leeches (hirudinea) -segmented worms with tubular gut -"hydrostatic skeleton" allows local contraction of muscles in each segment for crawling/swimming

manatee in seagrass bed

-west indian manatee (trichechus manatus) -known to consume all species of seagrass found in florida including manatee grass, turtle grass, shoal grass

Euphausids (Krill)

-whales eat these -"pelagic shrimp" -6cm -found in polar regions -they form swarms, which is why whales go to antarctic, to eat them.

what is counter-current exchange?

-when 2 fluids flow in opposite directions in adjacent vessels; allowing gas transport

Neutral bouyancy occurs when?

-when the total weight of the fish equals the weight of the water displaced by the fish -more related to density, not weight

estuary challenges for an organism

-wide ranging and dynamic salinity (0 to 35 PSU) -rapid water flow

what are coccolithophores?

-within the phylogeny of Haptophytes; Prymnesiophyceae -eukaryotic 5-20um -calcifiers (CaCO3 ) -common off the coast of england and in the Bering sea -fossil record of them off the White Cliffs of Dover, England

what does "invertabrates" mean?

-without vertabrae -does not include autotrophs, bacteria or archaea

Sipuncula (peanut worms)

-wormlike but not segmented -soft sediments, crevices, snail shells in mud -feed on organic matter in sediment using branched tentacles -use fluid pressure to extend proboscis/feed

how can you see upwelling exists on a map of water temperature differences near the equator?

-you can see that upwelling exists because there is cold water surrounding the equator, when one would think it would be warmer -this proves that water upwells at the equator, bringing the deep, cold water up the the surface

oviparous

-young hatch from egg cases -ie. dog whelk (nucella sp.)

Coral reefs account for less than ___% of ocean surface area.

1%; meaning they are rare and dynamic

immigration and invasion examples

1) Indo-Pacific Lionfish are species introduced into Florida waters in 1990s. They lack native predators and feed on native fish. 2) Asian Green Mussel are native to tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. They were introduced to Tampa Bay in 1999 by ship and lack local predators while also outcompeting oysters.

reef contributors

1) corals 2) coralline algae (red macroalgae) 3) organisms with CaCO3 shells (bivalves, gastropods, urchins, sponges)

what are the ecosystem services of marshes?

1) flood, runoff buffer 2) carbon sink 3) nursery grounds for commercial and recreational fish and shellfish 4) erosion control by binding sediments

what are different types of chemosynthetic environments?

1) hydrothermal vents 2) whale falls 3) wood falls 4) oil/gas 5) methane seeps 6) brine pools 7) pockmarks 8) mud volcanoes

global factors

1) increased diversity in low latitudes 2) geographic patterns 3) depth patterns 4) diversity in Pacific > Atlantic (ocean basin)

inundation types in physical stress

1) near constant inundation excludes spartina 2) more frequent inundation contained in well-drained sediment: -better flushing -moderate O2, salinity, H2S 3) less frequent inundation contained in poorly-drained sediment: -poor flushing -lower O2 -higher salinity, H2S

blue crab larval transport

1) newly hatched zoeae carried south in coastal current 2) zoeae moved offshore to then mingle with a northward counter-current 3) metamorphose to megalopae before going southward again

response to salinity changes

1) osmoregulators 2) osmoconformers

two types of swim bladders

1) physostomus: directly connected to gut; "gulp" air to inflate (ie. herring) 2) physoclistous: no connection to gut; diffuse gas via blood to inflate/collapse (ie. most bony fish) 5% of total body volume in marine fishes; 7% of total body volume in freshwater fishes

coral heterotrophy

1) polyp capture: heterotrophy vital for N/P but not C/energy 2) mesenterial filaments: coiled tubes attached to gut wall extrude through mouth and excrete digestive enzymes for feeding and defense

local factors

1) predation 2) disturbance (physical) 3) habitat availability 4) pollution, toxic substances 5) immigration and invasion

halophytes adaptations to high salt

1) retain water (succulents) 2) export salts (grasses)

adaptive explanations for diel vertical migration

1) strong light hypothesis: UV radiation during day makes zooplankton inclined to leave surfaces during day 2) phytoplankton recovery hypothesis: zooplankton feed on phytoplankton but dive down to allow them to recover 3) predation hypothesis: dive to avoid line of sight of predators such as fish and birds during day 4) energy conservation hypothesis: lower metabolic rate when spending time in cold water 5) surface mixing hypothesis: mixed surface waters from another region carried by wind can provide new supply of phytoplankton

wood falls

1-2 months: wood colonization by specialist bacteria 3-6 months: production/dispersal of wood 6-12 months: development of sulfidic niches due to enhanced respiration

3 main groups of fishes?

1. Agnatha-jawless fishes 2. Chondrichthyes-cartilaginous fishes 3. Osteichthyes-bony fishes

3 types of water routing in large sponges?

1. Asconoid-small; thin layer of collar cells 2. Syconoid- slightly more complicated due to bigger and more collar cells 3. Leuconoid- has many layers of collar cells;

what are the Toothed whales (predators)?

1. Bottlenose Dolphin 2. Porpoise 3. Killer whale 4. Pilot whale 5. Sperm whale

what are the 2 types of diatoms?

1. Centric- 2 layers fit tightly together; has pores and chloroplasts; some have long glass spines 2. Pennate- elongated; have 2 large choloroplasts; "ice-algae"

Larval settlement cues?

1. Chemical-cassiopea jellyfish sense bacteria on mangrove leaves 2. Physical- barnacles use water speed -larvae integrate multiple signals

light harvesting pigments in algae?

1. Chlorophylls= green 2. Chlorophylls + carotenoids = brown 3. Chlorophylls + Phycobilins= red

Within Phylum Cnidaria, there are many Classes: (4)

1. Class Cubozoa (box jellyfish) 2. Class Hydrozoa 3. Class Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) 4. Class Anthozoa (corals, anemones)

3 main classes within Phylum Molusca?

1. Class Gastropoda 2. Class Bivalva 3. Class Cephalopoda

2 types of upwelling?

1. Coastal upwelling- along the shore, winds push water offshore, which pulls up water from below into the surface waters 2. Equatorial upwelling- this is generated by the divergence of water flow across the equator

Zooxanthellae is a dinoflagellate, but what 2 stages exist?

1. Coccoid stage: exists within a vacuole in a host cell 2. Free-living stage: can be found in environment; they have flagella so they can move around

What occurs during gas retention (preventing diffusive loss of O2)?

1. Counter-current exchange in the Rete Mirable ("wonderful net") -Guanine crystals lining swim bladder

2 types of counts to determine # of bacteria and archaea?

1. Direct counts by fluorescent DNA stain (more accurate) 2. traditional plate counts (less

3 main types of feeding styles?

1. Diving and underwater feeding 2. Surface feeding 3. Aerial feeding

How is sound used by Cetaceans?

1. Echolocation to find/hunt prey 2. Social Interactions-to find friends/ feeding 3. Prey Immobilization-sound can stun prey, loud sounds may disorient prey

symbiont acquisition? 2 types

1. Environmental (horizontal) acquisition- -parents releases egg -fertilization occurs -symbiodinium acquisition -settlement -development -cycle repeats 2. Acquisition from parents- parents passing their symbiont to offspring

Types of Baleen Whales? (filter feeders or plankton feeders)

1. Right whale 2. Fin whale 3. Blue whale 4. Gray whale

two types of marine plants?

1. Salt-tolerant (marsh grass and mangroves) 2. True marine plants (seagrasses-4 groups)

What happens during gas production?

1. Gas gland in fish secretes lactic acid 2. pH drop from lactic acid release causes hemoglobin to release O2 3. O2 concentration increases in swim bladder

5 major marine habitats?

1. Intertidal-between high and low tides 2. Coastal (neritic)-shallow water close to land 3. Oceanic-open ocean (very top layer) 4. Pelagic-surface, open waters 5. Benthic-deep water/floor

Types of reproduction in macroalgae?

1. Isomorphic- alternates b/w similar sized and structure of diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations 2. Heteromorphic- alternates between large diploid sporophyte and microscopic haploid gametophyte generations

Pelagic zone has 2 subparts?

1. Photic zone-sufficient light is available still to support photosynthetic organisms; top part of the ocean w/more activity 2. Aphotic zone- less activity; not much light

2 basic types of swim bladders?

1. Physostomus- bladder has a duct connecting to the mouth -more rare 2. Physoclistous- the bladder is entirely closed, like a bag of air in the body -isolated

3 main orders of Class Mammalia?

1. Pinnipedia 2. Sirenia 3. Cetacea -Sea Otter does not really fall into these, it would be classified as Order Carnivora

Adaptations for high-speed cruising (yellow fin tuna)

1. Reduced drag with a streamlined shape 2. More O2 storage in red muscle (myoglobin) 3. High percent of aerobic (red) muscle 4. increased muscle temperatures

Baleen whale feeding styles? (3) describe them

1. Skimmers (14ft)- fine-fringed baleen 2. Gulpers (40 in)- they look for dense aggregations of prey and take huge gulps of water, then filter out water while food gets caught in "teeth" 3. Bottom-feeders- grabs mud and sediment on ocean floor, then filters it out while keeping food inside

2 Dominant lifestyles?

1. Steady-state oligotrophs 2. Opportunistic eutrophs

4 groups of seabirds?

1. Tubenoses 2. Penguins 3. Pelicans & Kin 4. Gulls and kin

What are the 4 main swimming styles? give an example of a fish that does each of them?

1. Undulate elongated body ex: Moray Eel 2. Strong Caudal fin ex: Tuna 3. Pectoral Fins ex: angelfish 4. Tail motion ex: trunkfishes

What are the 4 living species of Sirenia? where are they found? are they marine and/or freshwater animals?

1. West Indian Manatee- found in caribbean, and on coast of mexico, florida, and northern south america -mostly marine, but they do need to drink some freshwater periodically 2. Amazonian Manatee-solely freshwater; found in south america 3. African manatee-found on western coast of Africa 4. Dugong- found all over eastern coast of africa and northern coast of australia, and southern coast of asia

2 types of mutualism?

1. algal-animal 2. animal-animal

2 types of symbiosis?

1. cellular-animal lives inside another or with another 2. chloroplast-animal eats algae and holds the chloroplasts for awhile in order to gain photosynthetic capacity

light harvesting pigments?

1. chlorophyll a 2. carotenoids (fucozanthin)

origin of estuaries

1. coastal plain 2. bar-built 3. fjord 4. tectonic

modes of dispersal in ocean

1. direct development (offspring brooded or released as small adults) 2. lecithotrophic (offspring dispersed short distances by means of short-lived, yolk-dependent larvae) 3. planktotrophic (offspring dispersed great distances by longer-lived, plankton-feeding larvae

Adaptations for rapid acceleration in fish?

1. elongated body 2. strong 3. flexible tail fin ex: Barracuda

process of using genes to figure out what the organisms are?

1. extract DNA 2. PCR-amplify rRNA genes 3. Sequence rRNA genes 4. hang sequences on the tree of life to see where it fits

What are the 2 main important functions of venting?

1. helps control population size of symbiont in light organ 2. seeds environment for Horizontal transfer of symbiont

Description of Three-spot Damselfish? what do they eat? do they enjoy being around other fish? are they common, and if so, where at?

1. highly territorial 2. aggressively defends a patch of algae form most other fish/organisms 3. often creates algal mats by killing corals 4. eats algal patch and some invertebrates 5. large for a Damselfish (4 inches for this type) 6. Common on caribbean reefs (about 1 per every square meter)

How do you enhance diffusion?

1. increase area 2. decrease Length 3. increase concentration gradient **memorizing formula will help with this

successional stages

1. mobile scavenger 2. opportunist 3. sulfophilic 4. reef

Most marine systems are well-oxygenated and shallow, except?

1. oxygen minimum zone 2. isolated areas 3. organic-rich sediments

larvae have 2 swimming behaviors they alternate between, what are they?

1. photopositive-swims to sun/light 2. photonegative-swim towards ground

once they hit the ground (randomnly), how do they decide if the surface is suitable for them to settle there? (they look for 3 things)

1. pits and grooves-they attach 2. contact w/ a substance on the surface of another species-they attach 3. Contact with adults of the same specie-likely wont settle due to competition, but might since they know they could survive there since there are others of its kind living there

2 factors affecting food supply

1. productivity (export) in surface waters 2. depth of benthos

two types of pigment differences?

1. red/orange absorber 2. green absorber -if a phytoplankton absorb green, then they will appear red since that red light is reflected

what factors might limit population size?

1. space 2. food 3. predators 4. environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, etc...)

what forces are included in the process of thrust?

1. thrust force 2. normal force 3. side force

Physical characteristics of water can cause larvae to settle in that area or not. what are the 2 main water types larvae look for?

1. wavy and unsheltered 2. non-wavy and sheltered

Marine primary producers?

1.Phytoplankton: photosynthetic plankton 2. Macro-algae: seaweed 3. True plants: flowering plants (seagrasses)

a typical human's bacterial cell # = ?

10 x #human cells

oil seeps and brine pools found at what depths?

100s to > 3000m

ecologists view of autotrophy? normal photosynthesis?

106 CO2 + 16 NO3- + 1PO4^3- + light -> C106N16P1 + 120 O2 CO2 + H2O + 8 photons -> CH2O + O2

of the 31 animal phyla, how many are exclusively marine? how many are marine representative?

12; 30

How many species of penguins are there?

16 species

A gastropods body is twisted up to ____ degrees in its shell?

180 degrees

how many species of True Seals? Sea Lions ("eared-seals)? Walrus?

18; 15; 1

biomass of deep-sea taxa vs. depth

2000m to 7500m (-->) sea cucumbers < sea stars < anemones < polychaetes < echinoderms < molluscs < crustacea

Light reaction of photosynthesis?

2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi + 8 photons --> O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATP + 2H+

thiosulfate oxidation?

2S2O3^2- + H2O + 0.5 O2 -> S4O6^2- + 2OH- + energy

salinity of brine pools

3-8 times greater than surrounding water

Giant squid?

30 ft long

how many animal phyla are there?

31

"Full-strength" seawater has what salinity?

35 PSU (35g of salt per 1 liter of seawater)

how many different species of bacteria and archaea are in the ocean?

37,470

how many species of Sirenia are there worldwide?

4, and they are all threatened or endangered -a 5th specie is called the Stellar's Sea Cow, and was found near Alaskan waters, but it is extinct now

Whale shark is about ______ long.

50 feet

Oceans account for ____% of global photosynthesis?

50%

prokaryotes provide ___% of all living C on earth, and ___% of all living N

50%; 90%

early jawless fish was ______ years old?

530 million years old

the oldest Layson Albatross is ____ years old.

66; they live a long time

what percent of the earth is covered by oceans?

71%

the pH of seawater remains at an ___?

8

Seawater composition?

96.5% water 3.5% salts (in one liter or kg of seawater)

what percent of all species are invertabrates?

97%

pico= ? nano= ? micro=? **all classify plankton (ex: picoplankton)

<2 um 2-20 um 20-200 um

Hydrothermal vent?

=occurs when oceanic water reacts w/ magma coming up from soon-to-be-formed oceanic ridges

factors for coral reef distribution

> 20 C 32-37 salinity of seawater high pH light

fringing reef

A reef attached to the shore of a continent or island. 2500 miles

Spatial heterogeneity? (A, B, and C clades)

A= high light on top B= intermediate light, middle C= lower light, side

(T/F) Surface and deep waters are isolated from each other

false

example of a filter feeder shark?

Basking shark -has gill rakers that it collects food with as water passes thru them

example of epifaunal Class Bivalva? what do these secrete? why

Blue mussels; they secrete byssal threads that helps them stick to rocks

another animal-animal mutualism example? give benefits to each.

Boxer crab and anemone (lives on crabs claws) -benefits to crab: steals food captured by anemone; defense via stinging tentacles -benefits to anemone: space to grow; access to food

Respiration? done by?

CH2O + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + 8 photons -heterotrophs

carbon monoxide oxidation equation?

CO + 0.5 O2 -> CO2 + energy

Dark reactions of photosynthesis?

CO2 + 2NADPH + 3ATP + 2H+ --> CH2O + H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3 Pi

Chemoautrophs

CO2 --> carbohydrate same rxns to fix carbon as photosynthetic primary producers but hydrogen sulfide is prioritized

Photosynthesis? done by?

Co2 + H2O + 8 photons -> Ch2O + O2 -autotrophs

Transformations from dissolved to particulate by uptake in phytopankton occur, but what are the properties of dissolved verses particulate matter?

Dissolved: -doesnt sink -diffuses -moves w/ water Particulate: -sinks -doesnt diffuse -may/may not move w/ water

Why is seawater salty?

Due to many reasons: -volcanoes release hydrogen sulfide and chloride deposits into the air, which falls to the ocean when it rains -sodium, potassium, magnesium, etc.. are poured into the ocean by rivers that picked up those deposits from land

Phytoplankton types: eukarytoes and prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes: diatoms (micro), dinoflagellates (micro), and coccolithophores (nano) Prokaryotes (bacteria): cyanobacteria (pico)

Demersal (benthic) fish examples? description?

Flounder and Haddock and Cod -spend most of time on bottom -will swim up into the water to feed -can be abundant in shallow, productive waters

equation for flux?

Flux= A x (D/L) x change in C A= area D= diffusivity L= length of passage C=concentration gradient

What are the "expandable pleats" in blue whale?

HUGE mouth for a whale that can expand when trying to capture food -they intake lots of waters and then filter it all out while the food gets caught in their baleen

Phylum Cnidaria: Class Anthozoa example?

Gorgonian Coral/ "Sea Fan"

What birds are in the gull group? how many species?

Gull, tern, auk, skua, and puffin -118 species

sulfide oxidation formula?

H2S -> SO4

hydrogen sulfide problem

H2S outcompetes O2 for binding and therefore is toxic in most organisms

Agnatha: Jawless fishes

Hagfishes and Lampreys -Pacific hagfish is 2-3 ft long -cartilage skeleton -lack jaws (feed by suction using muscular mouth and teeth) -eel like bodies -lack scales -lack paired fins -100 species total -no eyes -smooth body due to mucous glands -deep-sea fishes ***Lampreys has an image forming eye

what is the most likley explanation for why whales are bigger?

Intensification of coastal upwelling is the most compelling because it leads to more food availability, which is advantageous to the mammals. The emergence of predators isn't as likely the best explanation because we dont know what caused those animals to get bigger either? It just leads to more questions. -also, data has shown that animals that live in upwelling areas increase in size, whereas as land animals saty the same size

What is the Seabird syndrome hypothesis?

It is a hypothesis to explain why seabirds nest on land but feed at sea: -seabirds are larger and longer-lived than land birds -smaller clutches, but have larger eggs -eggs have long incubation times -reduced reproductive rate per year -extended parental care by both parents -mate choice -monogamy -ground nests -dense nesting colonies -there is food scarcity around isolated nesting sites, so the birds go out to sea to hunt where prey density is increased

Vertical gradient? horizontal gradient?

K2= 10m^2/s K2= 1 x 10^-4 m^2/s

how does CO2 get into land plants? into seagrasses?

Land Plants: -CO2 diffuses into leaves through the stomata of the leaves -happens quickly Seagrasses: -Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates HCO3- into CO2, allowing CO2 to get into the stomata (since CO2 is not very plentiful in the ocean-can limit photosynthesis) -this helps deal w/ the fact that diffusion of CO2 is slower in water.

what is the name of the local turtle? where are they found? where do they find food?

Loggerhead (a carnivore); found in the GA Barrier Islands -they have to come to the surface to breath, but they hunt in the ocean for food

last example of an animal-animal mutualism? give benefits to each

Moray eel and cleaner shrimp -benefits to eel: gets cleaned and can eat shrimp when hungry -benefits to shrimp: food

nitrogen fixation?

N2 + H+ + energy -> NH4+

formula for nitrification (ammonia oxidation)?

NH4 -> NO3

formula for denitrification?

NO3 -> N2 (gas)

denitrification?

NO3- + organic C -> CO2 + N2

some bacteria use NO3- as an oxidizer of organic carbon instead of ____ in low ____ areas.

O2; O2

Photosynthetic adaptation of cyanobacteria?

PTOX-Plastoquinol terminal Oxidase -cyanobacteria often capture too much light energy in nutrient limited surface waters, so they can dissipate it with this PTOX, which takes electrons out of plastoquinone and uses them to reduce oxygen to water.

What birds are in the Pelican group? how many species?

Pelican, cormorant, frigate bird, gannet, and booby -42 species

Cyanobacteria?

Picoplankton: -very abundant in open ocean, low productivity, and nutrient limited regions -ex: Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus -picocyanobacteria are the most abundant phytoplankton in the ocean Filamentous forms: -macroscopic chains of cells ex: Trichodesmium 50-100 microns long -nitrogen fixers -can form large, visable blooms on surface of water

Basic organization of polyp? Medusa?

Polyp: -tentacles on top -connected to ground -tentacles sting Medusa: -flipped polyp -floats thru water (not connected) -free-living form

Example of class hydrozoa?

Portuguese man o' war

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are:

what is the most abundant photosynthetic organism in the ocean/on earth?

Prochlorococcus

What type of sponge covers rocks?

Red encrusting sponge

what is the solution of competition?

Resource partitioning, which is when species divide up resources so their niches do not overlap substantially (reduces direct competition)

RubisCO reaction?

RuBP + CO2 --> 2 PGA -rxn is slow and often limits the rate of CO2 fixation

2 types of Damselfish (S. Dorsopunicans and M. Chrysurus) have different sized territories. Which fish has the larger territories and which has smaller ones? do they overlap?

S. Dorsopunicans have smaller territories that do overlap with the much bigger territories of M. Chrysurus

what is the most abundant bacteria?

SAR11 (pelagibacter ubique) -it has the smallest genome of any free-living organism

anaerobic transformation equation?

SO4 + organic C -> CO2 + ATP + H2S (gas)

What main animals are included in sub-order Pinnipedia? What land animal are they similar to?

Seals Seal Lions Walrus -similar to bears & dogs

Chondrichthyes: cartilaginous fishes

Sharks, rays, and skates -cartilage skeleton -movable jaws -multiple rows of teeth -ventral mouth -paired lateral fins -scales (denticles) -1,000 species total

cold seep

methane and sulfide produced in organic rich sediments

what is proteorhodopsin?

a light driven pump that produces energy from light -its an example of mixotrophy in marine microbes -SAR11 have it

What is true regarding time and whale size? What are possible reasons as to why this is happening?

They are getting bigger over time -Maybe occurring because: 1. emergence of mega predators 2. colder waters making it more difficult to maintain body temp -also reduces stratification, allowing more food to be present 3. intensification of coastal upwelling leading to high prey densities necessary to support large body size

example of ciliates? example of an amoeboid form?

Tintinnids; Forams

True or False. Many species (e.g. herring, cod, plaice) feed and breed near the oceanic coast or in the open sea, although they can migrate between different localities.

True

what is the symbiont of the hawaiian bobtail squid? give a description of it

Vibrio fischeri -bioluminescent marine bacterium -gram negative -gammaproteobacteria -motile -found in a planktonic, free-living state, or in a symbiotic relationship with a host

Animals in Order Cetacea? what land animal are they similar to ?

Whale and dolphins -similar to hippos

what symbiont do coral polyp tentacles have?

Zooxanthellae -they live inside the tentacles (1-2 algae per cell)

delta

a region where the mixing between freshwater and seawater occurs out in the ocean rather than in a semi-enclosed zone

reefs

a ridge of jagged rock, coral, or sand just above or below the surface of the sea. rocky or oyster

swamp

a wetland dominated by trees

steady-state argument

adult population is roughly constant, females often release >1 million larvae per year, most must die

kelp holdfasts - thoracostoma trachygaster

able to disperse at scales >100 km

what is the total circulation time of the ocean?

about 1000 years

most of the ocean bottom is _______, at around ______ meters deep.

abyssal plain; 4000 meters

brackish-water

adapted for intermediate salinity

Seabirds feed where?

exclusively in the ocean

Fishes, crustaceans, turtles, marine mammals migration between spawning and feeding grounds

adult stock --> or <-- spawning area spawning are --> or <-- adult stock spawning area --> nursery nursery --> adult stock

Parasitism?

advantage to one, detrimental to the other (+,-)

morphology

advantages: detailed/visual species record (drawings done via microscopy disadvantages: subjective, morphological studies not directly comparable, light microscopy is limited so SEM/TEM needed for some structures

DNA sequencing

advantages: objective data, gives evolutionary history of species disadvantages: no visual information about morphology, dependent of database matches, best used in conjunction with morphology

Fishes' evolutionary advantage?

agility/rapid movement

What did the fat of the extinct Steller's sea cow taste like? the meat? What did these animals eat back when they were alive? How big did they get? How long were they alive once they were discovered?

almonds; corn beef -they ate algae -they could be 35ft long and weigh about 13,000 lbs -they were alive for only 27 yrs after discovery

phytoplankton must reduce NO3- to ______ in order to use in proteins, DNA, etc..

ammonia (NH4+)

atoll

an island consisting of a circular coral reef surrounding a lagoon volcanic island --> subsidence --> atoll

larvae provide info about

animal evolution, food webs (in plankton), genetic regulation of development

penguins are primarily located where?

antarctica and surrounding waters & islands

where salt marsh growth stops

as marsh grows taller: -it floods less frequently so sediment deposition decreases -plant growth decreases so organic matter input decreases

lucinid clams in seagrass

associated with seagrass roots

whre are the deepest seawater sinks located?

at the poles

kelp ecosystem distribution

atlantic, pacific, indian oceans and arabian sea

Are chemosynthetic bacteria autotrophs or heterotrophs?

autotrophs except during aerobic use of methane

turnover time? (TT)

avg time an element spends in a pool system/flux=TT

what is chemosynthesis carried out by

bacteria/archaea in sediments/water or through symbiosis

what type of whales are the biggest? how big are they?

baleen whales -blue, fin, right, and gray whales -they are bigger than 10m

chemosynthesis of bathymodulus mussels is based on?

based on methane

what is the main color birds are described as? why are they colored this way?

battleship gray (white on bottom, grey on sides) -they use it for camoflauge

colossal squid

beaks regularly found in sperm whale stomachs

why are elemental cycles often coupled?

because processes like upwelling, feeding, sinking, etc... affect multiple elements at the same time

moray eel/cleaner shrimp

benefit to moray: cleaned benefit to shrimp: food

clown fish/anemone

benefits to clownfish: predator protection, food source benefits to anemone: cleaning, better water circulation

boxer crab/anemone

benefits to crab: steals food captured by anemone, defense (tentacles sting) benefits to anemone: space to grow, food access

Biogeochemistry?

biogeochemistry is the study of the cycles of chemical elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, and their interactions with and incorporation into living things transported through earth-scale biological systems in space through time

vertical zonation of mangroves

biological control: white mangrove physical control: red and black mangroves

Comparing terrestrial and marine life: compare the autotroph biomass, primary production and average lifespan in both types of species

biomass, production and lifespan are all is larger, higher, and longer in terrestrial species

morphology of macroalgae?

blade (leaf) stipe (stem) Holdfast (roots)

example of marine reliance on estuaries

blue crabs

what is the biggest creature to ever exist?

blue whale

What else do fishes have thats advantageous?

bony fish: swim bladder -helpful because it controls if they sink or float, depending if it's full or not cartilaginous fish: myomeres (muscle bundles that allow side-to-side movement) and large fatty liver that also provides buoyancy

on a map, typically in the southern hemisphere, the cold currents are represented by the [top/bottom] arrows?

bottom blue arrows

on a map, typically in the northern hemisphere, the warm currents are represented by the [top/bottom] arrows?

bottom red arrows

hard corals

branched (fast growth, susceptible to wave dmg) massive (slow growth, resistant to dmg)

How do fish generate thrust?

by pushing vortices (donut-shaped water) of water behind them, which causes forward motion

corallivores

consume corals and zooxanthellae

herbivores

consume seaweeds, coralline algae, photosynthetic bacteria

chemosynthesis

conversion of inorganic molecules or CO2/methane into organic matter

trades between coral host and algal symbionts

coral gives: glycerol, sugars, amino acids symbionts give: CO2, NH4, space

primary production in marine ecosystems

coral reefs > salt marshes > seagrasss > rocky shores > mangrove forests > coastal upwelling > open ocean > benthic deep sea

thermal bleaching

corals can return back to normal if temperatures reverse

yeti crab

crabs hold bristles over vent fluid to perhaps feed bacteria

pockmarks

craters on sea floor formed by salt dome dissolution

reef zones

crest: high stress, high productivity front: low stress, but shallow larger branching and massive corals deep: low light, slow growing plating and massive corals lagoon: patch reef

bacteria have a major role in food webs as ______________?

decomposers

sampling deep benthos

deep sea dredge, grab sampler, box corer

connectivity

degree of interchange between populations (along a coastline) galapagos islands have only a few species with planktonic larvae

mangrove food web

detritus based food web

salt marshes food web

detritus based food web high tide = aquatic low tide = terrestrial

kelp food web characteristics

detritus-based food web where 90% of primary production found in detritus pool

what symbionts do forums have?

dinoflagellates

macroalgae have a complex life cycle with _____ and ______ stages.

diploid and haploid

evenness

distribution of individuals among species

diadromous

divide their lives between living in estuaries and open sea

photosynthesis productivity on land is _______ that of ocean.

double

skates and stingrays

eat benthic invertebrates or filter feeders

zoeae ride...

ebb tides out of estuary to continental shelf -currents are stronger in surface waters

sandy beach

epifauna: low macroinfauna: suspension feeders (no permanent burrows) meiofauna: low sediment size: sand oxygen/detritus concentration: more O2, less detritus type of animals: suspension feeders

mudflat

epifauna: moderate macroinfauna: deposit feeders (permanent burrows) meiofauna: high sediment size: mud oxygen/detritus concentration: less O2, more detritus type of animals: deposit feeders

mud volcanoes

eruption of mud/slurries, water, and gases either on land or in water

Characteristics of green algae?

example: Dead mans fingers example 2: Enteromorpha -very thin -1-2 cell layers -found in muddy regions

Charcteristics of Red algae?

example: Irish Moss -a source of carrageenan, which is used for gelling and thickening example 2: Corralline Red algae -rocky and hardened w/ calcium carbonate -see them mainly in coral reefs -grows on sides of tanks

larval survival

fertilization must be maximized predation can hinder success tidal environments (ebb tide/high tide, dawn/dusk) specific to some species

decapods

fiddler crabs - sexually dimorphic claws

dolphins primarily eat? how do they find food?

fish and squid -they have eyes, but typically use echolocation to hunt due to waters being muddy where they live

megalopae ride...

flood tides into estuary -currents are stronger in surface waters

extensive seagrass coverage is in?

florida bay

there is extensive sea grass coverage where?

florida bay

food scarcity in deep sea

food is scarce but organisms have more time to eat

species richness vs. salinity

for salinity: marine/stenohaline > euryhaline/brackish-water > freshwater freshwater species (2-15 PSU; oligo/mesohaline is minimum richness)

where are mangroves found?

found along 2/3 of tropical coastlines at highest elevations

blue carbon in vegetated coastal ecosystems

found in salt marshes, sea grasses, mangroves

why do we care about marine biodiversity?

fundamental ecology, productivity, resilience, bio-prospecting, moral/aesthetic reasons

gas supply to bladder

gas production: 1) gas secretes lactic acid 2) pH drop causes hemoglobin to release O2 3) O2 concentration increases gas retention: 1) counter-current exchange prevents diffusive loss of O2 2) guanine crystals line swim bladder

how do fish acquire oxygen?

gills

marsh periwinkle

graze on spartina, fungus, algae

what type of feeder are rays usually? what about a manta ray?

grazers; manta ray (pelagic) is the only filter feeder

sharks

has multiple rows of teeth (shortfin mako, sandtiger shark) has moveable jaws (shortfin mako) whale shark is at 50 ft, spiny pygmy shark is <10 risk of shark attacks is low

riftia's solution for hydrogen sulfide

has special hemoglobin that binds sulfide at a different site -prevents O2 interference -protects cytochrome c oxidase

stingrays

have modified dermal denticle which can be clipped; venomous

commensalism?

helps one specie, the other is unaffected (+,0)

mangrove global distribution

high in central america, southeast Asia

seagrass value in food web?

high in primary production and contribute large quantities of detritus primary production: 800 gC/m2/y or 16 apples/m2/y

salt marsh global distribution

high in southeast US, west Europe

black smokers

high levels of sulfur-bearing minerals (sulfides) common

swimming mechanics

high maneuverability: disk/diamond shape, flexible body, fins refine movement rapid acceleration: elongated body, strong/flexible tail fin efficient cruising: streamlined, stiff tail

anoxic mud

high organic content with low irrigation decreases oxygen levels increased conversion of SO4 to H2S by sulfate-reducing bacteria

physical control (tolerance)

high salinity tolerance so less frequent inundation, pneumatophores for O2 (black mangrove) exposure to tides and wind prop roots provide stability and O2 (red mangrove)

what tide does a marsh build to?

high tide

environmental acquisition

horizontal

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata

horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, arachnids

cost/benefit of algal-animal symbiosis

host benefit: additional food resource host cost: need to supply space and nutrients for symbiont symbiont benefit: protection from grazers, nutrient source symbiont cost: must supply fixed carbon to host

sea otter role in kelp food webs

if otters decline, then urchins increase --> overgrazed kelp forests if otters increase, then urchins delcine --> healthy kelp forests

where is anoxic mud found?

in seawater looking like black metal sulfides and being smelly

cephalopod camouflage

induced by chromatophores (pigmented, light-reflecting cells) controlled by nervous system but enlarged by attached muscles

juncus (biological control)

infrequent inundation, lower salt stress, lower H2S

sources?

inputs of nutrients to the system ex: mixing w/ deep water, rivers, etc...

biological control of mangroves (competition)

intolerant of harsh conditions (white mangrove)

laminaria

kelp beds (low)

macrocystis

kelp forests (tall)

turbulent vs. laminar drag?

laminar drag= V turbulent drag= V^2 -turbulence refers to the unsteady movement of water -laminar refers to the steady movement of water

higher energy waves have...

larger sized particles such as gravel (>2 mm) and sand (.062 - 2 mm)

what are the least productive waters in the ocean? most productive?

least= tropical waters because there is not alot of nutrient mixing, and that combined with stratified waters means nutrients typically stay on the bottom most= coastal regions and 40 degrees N and S -coastal upwelling in those places

environmental characteristics of both sub-tidal ecosystems

lighted bottom: -growth of rooted plants/seaweeds -light penetrates at ~40m depth moderate environmental variability

white smokers

lighter colored minerals (calcium, barium, silicon)

habitat availability

limited critical resources results in fewer species

sinks?

loss of nutrients from the system ex: sinking of phytoplankton, burial in sediment, denitrification

Order Sirenia includes what animals? what land animal is similar to it?

manatees and dugongs -elephants and cows

per unit area carbon storage by ecosystem

mangroves > salt marshes > seagrasses

stock?

mass or moles of elements in particular pool (dissolved nutrient pool, phytoplankton biomass, etc..)

do not calcify

medusozoa, anthozoa, ciliates

Most activity of bacteria in the open ocean is _________.

microbial

sources of plume microorganisms

microbial communities in seawater, vent chimneys, near-vent animal symbioses, subsurface environments, near-bottom waters, recirculation of aged plumes

where are methane seeps found?

mid-atlantic

calcified test or skeleton

mollusks, anthozoa, sponges, radiolarians, foraminifera

intertidal ecosystems

mud (salt marshes, mangroves, mudflats) sand (beaches) rocks (rocky intertidal)

gas hydrate

naturally occurring ice-like form of methane and water stable in a given temp

Turbulence is high where?

near the shore; downward motion of turbulence causes settlement

countercurrent exchange mechanism (fish gills)

new supply of deoxygenated blood is exposed to oxygenated blood

is primary production a detritus based system?

no

is the light organ of the squid only colonized by one clonal population?

no, there are multiple different types/strains of the symbiont population -some squids have 2 of the strains, some 3, 4 etc...

do nematodes have fossil records?

no, they have soft body so without bones they cannot fossilize

the blowhole is essentially a whale's ______?

nostrils

is space limiting for Damselfish?

not really, they just become more dense if space becomes tight

richness

number of different species

Upwelling does not cause a net vertical movement of water, but it can cause a net vertical transport of ______ if a vertical gradient is present.

nutrients

system?

object of study; pelagic photic zone, salt marsh, coral reef etc...

limited exposure

occurs in lower intertidal as species are not as tolerant and have fewer adaptations

best camouflage species?

octopus

Sperm whales are valued for what?

oil

where are salt marshes usually found?

on fringe of estuary at mean sea level and above

moderately stratified estuary

partially mixed

Limitation in seagrasses in florida bay?

phosphorus is limiting

reef-building corals

phylum cnidaria, class anthozoa order scleractinia (stony corals) -colonial -deposit calcium carbonate -symbiotic zooxanthellae

more than 95% of primary production is by ________________? however, 1/3 of their production is limited by what nutrient?

phytoplankton; iron

pico? nano? micro?

pico- <2 um nano- 2-20 um micro- 20-200 um

Most sharks are _________, but some are _______ feeders.

predators; filter

build up of the salt marsh

presence of spartina causes: -reduced erosion due to roots which helps bind mud -increased sediment deposition as stems impact water flow -input of organic matter to sediment

bony fish in freshwater

problem: water gain, low salt does not drink, salt absorbed by gills, large volume of dilute urine

bony fish in seawater

problem: water loss, excess salt drinks seawater, salt excreted by gills, small volume of salty urine

mixotrophy?

provides additional energy to the organisms

Sulfur reacts with iron to form ______ in sediment cores of marshes, mud, etc...

pyrite

cold seep community

quill worms, anemones, microbial mat (white patches) bathymodulus mussels and lamellibranchia

flux?

rate of transformation b/w 2 pools or into/out of a system

mutualism?

relationship to the advantage of both species (+,+)

branchial plume

respiratory organ in riftia that deals with H2S, CO2, O2

stenohaline

restricted to high salinity

cycling?

reuse and transformation of element w/in the system

common mangrove forests

rhizophora (red mangrove) avicennia (black mangrove) laguncularia (white mangrove)

adaptations of rhizophora and avicennia to high salt, low O2

rhizophora: aerial prop roots avicennia: salt-secreting glands on leaves, air roots (pneumatophores)

tropical rivers and oceans

rivers have high productivity than the oceans

freshwater rivers and oceans

rivers have lower productivity than the oceans

diversity in pacific > atlantic

rocky intertidal invertebrates and coral reef fishes have greater diversity in pacific

pelagic fish?

salmon and sardines and anchovies and tuna

highly stratified estuary

salt-wedge (river dominated)

vegetated sub-tidal ecosystems

seagrass beds and kelp forests

difference between seagrass beds and kelp ecosystems

seagrass beds: -sandy/muddy bottom -nutrient poor water -low energy kelp ecosystems: -rocky bottom -nutrient rich water -high energy

total carbon storage

seagrasses > tropical forests > temperate forests > boreal forests > salt marshes > mangroves

why are seagrasses found in more protected areas

sediment mobility from currents and waves causes burial and erosion

estimate marine snow flux with

sediment trap

sediments vs. clay

sediments: -derived from sinking detritus -moderate organic content -moderate accumulation rate (1-6 cm per 1000 years) clay: -derived from continental sources -very low organic matter -slow accumulation rate (.2 cm per 1000 years) -deepest ocean floors

benthic deep-sea sediments

sediments: calcareous ooze (48%), siliceous ooze (14%) clay (38%)

estuary

semi-enclosed body of water with a free connection to the sea and where the seawater is diluted with freshwater from a river source

Larva disperse before they ____________? then, once they settle, they __________?

settle; metamorph into an adult

molecule diffusion is [slow/fast]?

slow

lower energy waves have...

smaller sized particles such as silt and clay (<.062 mm)

methanotrophic bacteria in bathymodulus mussels

source of oxidation of methane to CO2 and can assimilate methane

where are seagrasses not found?

south atlantic bight (coast GA, SC, NC)

where are cold seeps found?

south coast of US

niche

species niche dictates its role

species richness in hydrothermal vent communities

species rich but lower total biodiversity than background abyssal plains; ~600 new species endemic to vents

Phylum Porifera is what?

sponges

hydrothermal vents

spots on the ocean floor where hot gases and minerals escape from earth's interior into the water

sperm whales primarily eat? how do they go about feeding?

squid found in deep waters -they can dive down 15,000 meters, and can spend 2 hrs down there at a time -they reduce blood flow to unnecessary body parts (moving hemoglobin) -they dont take a breath before going down b/c that would collapse their lungs that deep down

sea lillies

sticky tube feet catch zooplankton

Metagenomics?

study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples -DNA fragments recovered from seawater, which are sequenced and analyzed

orbicella annularis

symbiont assemblages more heterogenous at shallow sites

symbiodinium diversity

symbionts diversified ~160 million years ago during adaptive radiation of shallow-water stony corals each glade on graph is a genus

What are zooxanthellae?

symbionts in corals

ectosymbionts

symbionts in slime film produced by sensory organs

lamellibranchia

symbionts: H2S oxidizers and H2S from sediment not water

what is one photosynthetic adaptation to symbiotic lifestyle?

synthesis of glycerol for delivery to host

seagrass habitats

temperate north atlantic is most shallow tropical atlantic and mediterranean have equal depths

the common ancestor of all tetrapod groups was _______?

terrestrial

seagrass examples

thalassia (found in tropical florida, caribbean) zostera (found in temperate eastern N. america, mediterranean)

resilience

the ability of one species to fill another species niche

what is the coral (host)/ algal (symbiont) trade-off?

the algae give food to coral (like glyceral, aa, and sugars), while the coral give algae space, food, protection, etc.. -food for algae is CO2, NH4+

coelom

the body cavity located between the intestinal canal and the body wall and lined with a mesodermal epithelium

plates diverging cause what?

the formation of new ocean crust -forms mid-oceanic ridges due to the magma rising and forming submarine mountain ranges called ridges

chemosynthesis?

the synthesis of organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using energy derived from reactions involving inorganic chemicals, typically in the absence of sunlight. ex: sulfur oxidizers

most sharks stay in what part of the water?

the top 100 meters (shallow) -most abundant in tropical, coastal waters -except Great White is found in colder waters so they can hunt seals

causes to coral reef damage

thermal bleaching ocean acidification loss of grazers (algae overgrowth) nutrient inputs (fertilizers) disease

acropora palmtata

thermally tolerant symbiont

what body part on rays allows them to feed on the ground even though their gills are also on the ground?

they have spiracles on top which allow them to breathe that way while they are feeding; dirt/sand will get into their gills if they breath through their gills while feeding

Copepods ____at each stage of their life cycle, why?

they molt, because the exoskeleton cant grow with them, so they shed their old one and grow a new one

what is blubber?

thick layer of fat beneath skin -allows insulation and energy storage

euryhaline

tolerate a range of salinity

typically, hot water is on the ____ of the ocean while cold water is on the _____.

top; bottom

90% of ocean is > 1000m deep

true

There is spectrum of webbed feet [T/F]?

true

in order to have the fastest speed, what needs to be reduced?

turbulence

osedax worms

type of polychaete worm (annelida) that feed on collagen and lipids in whale bones -rely on symbiotic bacteria to digest bones

polychaetes most abundant in?

upper continental slope (350m)

biodiversity

variety of life from genes to ecosystems (evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes)

parental acquisition

vertical

salicornia (physical control)

very high salinity (low flushing, high evaporation) includes both: -short form spartina -long form spartina

direct development

viviparous and oviparous

Plankton?

wander throughout the waters; they can somewhat control vertical movements, but not horizontal

krill is _____ food? why?

whale food; it is common in polar regions, which is where whales and penguins are found

what defines a cycle?

when an element is not created or destroyed, but transformed and moved around in a cycle

wind-event driven delivery of megalopae

wind events greatly increase megalops capturing

Surface water circulation is mainly driven by?

wind patterns

Do box jellies have a polyp phase?

yes

Is photosynthetic rate equal in terrestial environment and in aquatic?

yes

are both forms of spartina genetically identical?

yes

scleractinian corals appear in fossil record

~240 million years ago

The typical swim bladder accounts for what percent of the total body volume of the fish?

~5% of total body volume in marine fishes ~7% of total body volume in freshwater fishes

phytoplankton are responsible for ____% of photosynthesis on the planet, and responsible for ___% of photosynthesis in the ocean.

~50% >95%