Mastering A & P Chapter 7

the anterior pituitary

A blood sample is found to have low levels of GHRH and excessive levels of GH and IGFs. Where would the pathology be located in this example?

a drug that breaks down the antibodies produced

A friend of yours is working in a pharmaceutical development lab where they are working on a drug to cure Graves' disease. He poses the following four ideas listed below. Which would be the best solution? -a drug that breaks down the antibodies produced -a drug that stimulates the release of TRH from the hypothalamus -a drug that stimulates the production of TSH from the anterior pituitary. -a drug that acts as an agonist to TSH

a steroid

A new hormone is discovered. Analysis suggests that it is synthesized on demand and has a long half-life in the bloodstream once it is released. It seems to activate gene transcription in its target cells though no cell surface receptors can be identified. Which type of hormone is this most likely to be?

transportation in the blood at the same time

Different hormones may interact with each other at a target cell. Which is NOT considered to be a type of hormone interaction?

An increase in metabolism, energy availability, and blood volume

Exercise causes a general stimulation of the hypothalamus resulting in the release of most hypothalamic neurohormones. What would the general effect of this stimulation be?

peptides or proteins

Hormones that are polymers of amino acids are classified as __________.

neurohormone

How would you classify the type of chemical released by the posterior pituitary (e.g., classic hormone, neurotransmitter, etc.)?

Synergism

Hypophysectomized rats (those that have had their pituitary glands removed) grow fastest when given both GH and testosterone together than either separately. What is this phenomenon called?

Increase and Increase

If TRH levels increase, what will directly happen to the levels of TSH and thyroid hormone?

Decrease and decrease

If glucose levels are low, how would you predict activation of the beta cell and insulin release to change?

Type 2

If you give a patient who recently developed diabetes a shot of insulin and blood glucose levels do not change, what type of diabetes does he or she most likely have?

the hypothalamus

In the long loop negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone (TH), where would TH have an inhibitory action?

GH (growth hormone)

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

No. Blood glucose normally spikes after a meal

Is Marvin's high blood glucose level the direct cause for concern expressed by the nurse?

The neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus are damaged.

Mrs. Johnson goes to visit her doctor because of some health issues that she has been having, and one of the many tests that were run on Mrs. Johnson revealed that she had no circulating concentrations of vasopressin. The doctor does a further analysis of her hypothalamus and posterior pituitary to see what might be causing this problem. Predict which of the following might explain Mrs. Johnson's condition.

they are produced by neurons

Neurohormones are classified as such because __________.

permissiveness

Norepinephrine and epinephrine cause an increase in heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), which is the amount of blood pumped out during each heartbeat. This effect is enhanced when thyroid hormone (TH) is also present. TH has little effect on HR and SV alone. What is the effect of TH on HR and SV called?

Down-regulation

Patients that suffer from hyperinsulinemia may have a decreased number of insulin receptors on their cell membranes. This is an example of which phenomenon?

2, 4, 3, 1

Put the following events associated with thyroid hormone production and release in the correct sequential order. (1) Metabolism is regulated. (2) Iodine is concentrated by the thyroid gland. (3) Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are produced. (4) Iodine is combined with the amino acid tyrosine.

Hypo secretion

Secretion of a lower than normal amount of a hormone, causing target cells to function improperly, is called __________.

They bind to intracellular receptors.

Steroid hormones are lipophilic. This allows which of the following?

The target cell must have a receptor that specifically binds to that hormone.

What determines whether or not a particular cell will respond to a particular hormone?

Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream.

What distinguishes a hormone from other signaling molecules such as cytokines or paracrine or autocrine signaling molecules?

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Submit

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

negative feedback

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

to release trophic hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary

What is the role of the hypothalamus with regard to hormone release and endocrine function?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

The levels of TRH should be low because thyroid hormone is on a negative feedback loop.

What would the levels of TRH be in a person that has Graves' disease? Why?

in the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus

Where are the neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary produced?

hypothalamus

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

Growth hormone and prolactin

Which anterior pituitary hormone has non-endocrine cells as its target?

epinephrine

Which hormone is classified as an amino acid derivative?

The anterior pituitary would not release hormones in response to trophic hormone stimulation.

Which loss of function would occur if you were to sever the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

oxytocin and vasopressin

Which of the following are released by the posterior pituitary?

oxytocin

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?

Hormones control the size and shape of target cells.

Which of the following is NOT a typical way that hormones function?

Oxytocin

Which of the following is a neurohormone?

A portal system

Which of the following is a specialized region of the circulatory system consisting of a capillary bed followed by a larger blood vessel followed by another capillary bed?

Type 1 diabetes occurs when cells of the pancreas stop making insulin while type 2 diabetes occurs when the cells are no longer sensitive to insulin.

Which of the following statements makes an accurate distinction between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Anterior pituitary is composed of endocrine tissue while the posterior pituitary is composed of neural tissue.

Which of the following statements regarding the anterior and posterior pituitary is correct?

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Which two organs of the body release hormones that lead to the release of thyroid hormone?