Mastering A&P: Chapter 1 End of Chapter Review

Which of the following best defines anatomy? A.) It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another. B.) It is the study of all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. C.) It is the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities. D.) It is the study of tissues.

Answer: A.) It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another.

What is the mass number of the helium atom? A.) 2amu B.) 4 amu C.) 6 amu D.) It cannot be determined from this image

B.) 4 amu: The helium atom shown contains two protons and two neutrons, which contribute to a total mass number of 4 amu.

___ is the process of bringing substances into a cell.

Endocytosis

Label diffusion through the plasma membrane with the following terms: osmosis, carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion, channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

From left to right: Simple diffusion, carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, channel-mediated facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Label the diagram from these terms: Mechanical work, chemical work, transport work.

From top to bottom: Transport work, mechanical work, chemical work

T/F: ATP is an unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable.

True: ATP is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells, and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells. Chemically, the triphosphate tail of ATP can be compared to a tightly coiled spring ready to uncoil with tremendous energy when the catch is released. Actually, ATP is a very unstable high-energy molecule because its three negatively charged phosphate groups are closely packed and repel each other.

The prefix ___ means not, without, or upward.

an-

The process of building up large molecules from small components is a(n) ___ process.

anabolic

Which of the following represents the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system? a.) the receptor, the stimulus, and the effector B.) the effector, the stimulus, and the receptor c.) the variable, the receptor, and the set point d.) the receptor, the control center, and the effector

d.) the receptor, the control center, and the effector: Regardless of the factor or event being regulated—the variable—all homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least three components that work together. The first component, the receptor, is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by signaling (providing input to) the control center. The control center compares the input to the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained, and signals the appropriate effector(s). The effector produces the effect (change) that counteracts the initial problem (stimulus).

The prefix ___ means inside, taking in, or within.

endo-

The prefix ___ means out of or away from.

ex-

If energy is released when a molecule is broken apart, it is a(n) ___ reaction.

exergonic

The prefix ___ means sugar.

glyco-

A molecule made primarily of amino acids with carbohydrate side chains would be described as a ___.

glycoproteins

___ is the process of breaking large molecules into smaller ones by adding water.

hydrolysis

The prefix ___ means under, beneath, or less than normal.

hypo-

The body region located beneath the stomach is the ___ region.

hypogastric

The prefix ____ means middle.

medi-

The prefix ____ means abnormally small.

micro-

The prefix ___ means across, beyond, or through.

trans-

A body section that is cut across the body horizontally is a ___ section.

transverse

What plane of the body is this? A.) Median (Midsagittal plane) B.) Frontal plane (coronal plane) C.) Transverse plane

A.) Median (Midsagittal plane)

Which particle is indicated by the arrow? A.) Proton B.) Electron C.) Atom D.) Neutron

A.) Proton: Note how the number of the indicated particles in each of the three atoms defines each as a unique element.

Which of the following statements is correct? A.) The heart is dorsal to the sternum. B.) The heart is posterior to the spine. C.) The sternum is posterior to the spine. D.) The sternum is dorsal to the spine.

A.) The heart is dorsal to the sternum: The heart is dorsal (posterior) to the sternum. In humans, the terms dorsal and posterior are synonymous with one another, meaning "toward or at the back of the body; behind."

Which of the following is the regional term that includes the head? A.) axial B.) superior C.) appendicular D.) coronal

A.) axial: The axial part of the body, which makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.

Bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms (as depicted on the right side of the figure) are generally __________. A.) single covalent bonds B.) hydrogen bonds C.) ionic bonds D.) double covalent bonds

A.) single covalent bonds: Each shared pair of electrons represents a single covalent bond

Which of the following correctly states the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A.) synthesis of cellular membrane components B.) storage of calcium ions C.) lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and synthesis of the lipid components of lipoproteins D.) absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats

A.) synthesis of cellular membrane components: The rough ER synthesizes all proteins secreted from the cell; it also functions as the cell's "membrane factory" because integral proteins and phospholipids that form part of all cellular membranes are manufactured there.

The circular structure at letter C is located within what area of this structure? A.) the matrix B.) the cytosol C.) the intermembrane space D.) the nucleus

A.) the matrix: The matrix is a gel-like fluid within the mitochondrion. It contains many enzymes associated with metabolism.

If the figure were used to represent a heating system in a home, which of the following would be most directly associated with the structure colored grey? A.) thermostat setting B.) thermometer reading C.) burning of fuel D.) cooling of air

A.) thermostat setting: The structure represented by B is the control center of the homeostatic control system. In a home heating system, the control center stores the thermostat temperature setting. When deviations occur in the home temperature compared to that setting, it determines the appropriate response.

What are the 5 interrelationships among body organ systems.

A.) Digestive system B.) Respiratory system C.) Cardiovascular system D.) Integumentary system E.) Urinary system

What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3? A.) buffered solution B.) alkaline solution C.) acidic solution D.) neutral solution

B.) alkaline solution: A pH between 0.0 and 7.0 is acidic. A pH between 7.0 and 14.0 is basic. Therefore, a solution with a pH of 8.3 is an alkaline (or basic) solution. NaOH is an example of a basic compound.

The presence of what group differentiates most amino acids from each other? A.) a phosphate group B.) an R group C.) an acid group D.) an amine group

B.) an R group: The identity of each unique amino acid is determined by the structure of its R group—note differences within the green rectangular area in amino acids (b) through (d).

All living organisms maintain a boundary between their internal environment and the external environment. Which of the following systems functions only within the internal environment of the human organism? A.) integumentary system B.) circulatory system C.) urinary system D.) digestive system E.) respiratory system

B.) circulatory system: The circulatory system carries and delivers nutrients and gases throughout the internal environment via the bloodstream.

How many valence shell electrons does the element carbon have? A.) two B.) four C.) six D.) eight

B.) four: Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and has four electrons in its outermost (valence) electron shell.

What is the most significant factor in the formation of a covalent bond? A.) the transfer of one or more protons from one atom to another B.) the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms C.) the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another D.) the attraction of a hydrogen atom's nucleus to the nucleus of another atom

B.) the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms: Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between two reactive atoms.

One carbon atom can combine with two oxygen atoms to form carbon dioxide. Use the diagram to predict the type of bond that would be necessary to join the oxygens to the carbon to form a stable molecule. A.) two single bonds B.) two double bonds C.) two triple bonds D.) one single bond and one double bond

B.) two double bonds: The formation of a double bond (the sharing of two electron pairs) between each oxygen and the carbon would result in each of the three atoms achieving a full valence shell.

Suppose that the carbon atom pictured here as a reactant had already formed a double bond with another carbon atom. How many hydrogen atoms would now be required to fill the carbon's outer shell? A.) one B.) two C.) three D.) four

B.) two: Carbon requires four bonds to fill its valence shell. Two bonds have been formed in the double bond with another carbon, and two hydrogen atoms will be needed to fulfill the other two.

Based on the information in this figure, what is the atomic number of chlorine? A.) 7 B.) 10 C.) 17 D.) 18

C.) 17: Prior to this reaction, the chlorine atom had 17 electrons. Therefore, chlorine must have 17 protons and an atomic number of 17.

What functional group pairing allows one amino acid to bond with another? A.) bonding of acid group to acid group B.) bonding of amine group to R group C.) bonding of amine group to acid group D.) bonding of amine group to amine group

C.) bonding of amine group to acid group: Peptide bonds form from dehydration synthesis reactions between an amine group and an organic acid group.

Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction? A.) H2 + O2 → H2O B.) 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl C.) MgSO4 + 2NaCl → MgCl2 + Na2SO4 D.) MgO2 → Mg + O2

D.) MgO2 → Mg + O2: A decomposition reaction occurs when a larger molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms.

Which life process generates the raw materials and energy needed to sustain all other life processes? A.) reproduction B.) responsiveness C.) metabolism D.) movement

C.) metabolism: Chemical reactions (metabolism) are essential for cells to function and, thus, for the body as a whole to maintain boundaries, move, respond, digest, excrete, grow, and reproduce--all necessary life functions.

How would a small, nonpolar molecule likely diffuse across a cell membrane? A.) carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion B.) channel-mediated facilitated diffusion C.) simple diffusion D.) active transport

C.) simple diffusion: Nonpolar (or lipid-soluble) molecules dissolve into the phospholipid regions of the cell membrane and will pass with no additional protein transporters required.

The mechanism depicted in B would most likely mediate the diffusion of which of the following solutes? A.) a protein B.) an oxygen molecule C.) a fatty acid D.) an amino acid

D.) an amino acid: Mechanism B depicts the selective transport of a polar molecule, such as an amino acid or sugar.

Which of the following organelles is correctly paired with its function? A.) mitochondrion: packaging proteins and lipids B.) lysosome: protein synthesis C.) smooth endoplasmic reticulum: metabolism of lipids D.) Golgi apparatus: produce energy for the cell

C.) smooth endoplasmic reticulum: metabolism of lipids: The smooth ER also plays a role in synthesizing steroid hormones, absorbing and transporting fats, detoxifying toxins, and breaking down glycogen.

What is represented by the chemicals at A? A.) active sites B.) catalysts C.) substrates D.) enzymes

C.) substrates: The substrate is a reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

Which directional term is used to describe the relationship of the skin to the skeletal muscles? A.) deep B.) medial C.) superficial D.) lateral

C.) superficial: The skin covers the outside of the body; thus, it is superficial, or external, to the skeletal muscles.

What level of structural organization is represented by the image numbered 5 in the figure? A.) organ B.) organelle C.) tissue D.) cell

C.) tissue: Image 5 illustrates a type of tissue (in this case, muscle) consisting of a group of cells that work collectively to achieve a certain function.

What is a function of the enzyme indicated by structure A? A.) forming bonds between complementary nucleotides on opposite DNA strands B.) joining nucleotides together to form a new DNA strand C.) breaking the bonds between adjacent nucleotides on the same DNA strand D.) breaking the bonds between complementary base pairs

D.) breaking the bonds between complementary base pairs: Structure A is the enzyme helicase, which untwists the DNA helix and breaks hydrogen bonds between the complementary nucleotides of the two parental ("old") DNA strands.

How many hydrogen atoms will a single carbon atom bond with to form a stable molecule? A.) one B.) two C.) three D.) four

D.) four: Carbon has four electrons in its valence (outermost) electron shell. Therefore, it will form covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms. The four electrons contributed by the hydrogen atoms will fill the valence shell of carbon.

Both molecule A and molecule B are classified as __________. A.) carbohydrates B.) proteins C.) nucleic acids D.) lipids

D.) lipids: Triglycerides and phospholipids are two of the three major types of lipids.

Which level of structural organization is considered to be the highest (most complex) level? A.) cellular B.) chemical C.) organ D.) organismal

D.) organismal: The highest level of organization is the organism, the living human being. Thus, the organismal level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.

Which of the following processes allows cells to concentrate specific material that is present only in very small amounts in the extracellular fluid? A.) transcytosis B.) pinocytosis C.) phagocytosis D.) receptor-mediated endocytosis

D.) receptor-mediated endocytosis: Receptor-mediated endocytosis is the main mechanism for the specific endocytosis and transcytosis of most macromolecules by body cells, and it is exquisitely selective. The mechanism also allows cells to concentrate material that is present only in very small amounts in the extracellular fluid.

Molecule B and molecule C are expected to interact within which of the following cellular structures? A.) nucleus B.) Golgi apparatus C.) nucleolus D.) ribosome

D.) ribosome: The codons within the mRNA (B) are recognized by corresponding tRNA molecules within cytoplasmic ribosomes during protein translation.

What is the structure at A? A.) the nuclear envelope B.) the nucleus C.) a chromosome D.) the nucleolus

D.) the nucleolus: the nucleolus is an area within the nucleus associated with ribosome construction.

The ventral cavity includes which of the indicated subdivisions in the figure? A.) A and B B.) C and D C.) D and E D.) C, D, and E

D.) C, D, and E: The ventral cavity includes the thoracic (C) and abdominopelvic cavities (D and E).

During DNA replication, the covalent bonding of nucleotides into a new strand of DNA is performed by __________. A.) RNA polymerase B.) DNA ligase C.) primase D.) DNA polymerase

D.) DNA polymerase: DNA polymerase is the enzyme that positions complementary nucleotides along the template strand and then covalently links them together into a new strand of DNA.

T/F: When an acid is added to a solution containing a weak base, the weak base will buffer the drop in pH by completely dissociating and accepting all of the hydrogen ions released from the acid.

False: Buffers resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids by releasing hydrogen ions (acting as acids) when the pH begins to rise and by binding hydrogen ions (acting as bases) when the pH drops. Buffers can do this because they consist of a combination of a weak acid and a corresponding weak base. Weak acids and bases dissociate (ionize) partially and reversibly, whereas strong acids and bases dissociate completely and irreversibly.

T/F: Cells within the body work independently of one another and rarely have direct effects on other cells.

False: Cells are interdependent, which creates a division of labor within the body.

Which of the following organ systems are involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life-sustaining processes? I. Digestive system II. Urinary system III. Nervous system IV. Circulatory system V. Reproductive system VI. Respiratory system

I. Digestive system IV. Circulatory system VI. Respiratory system The digestive and respiratory systems bring nutrients required for metabolism to the circulatory system to be transported throughout the body.

The prefix ___ means against or opposite.

anti-

The prefix ___ means self or self-acting.

auto-

The prefix ___means with, together, or shared.

co-

A bond in which valence electrons are shared is called ___

covalent

The prefix ___ means cell.

cyto-

The structural framework of a cell is the ___.

cytoskeleton

T/F: In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential; therefore, all cells are polarized.

True: All cells have a resting membrane potential (RMP), such that the inside (interior surface) of the cell membrane has a net negative charge while the outside (external surface) of the membrane has a net positive charge. Given the different (opposite) charges on either side of the cell membrane, the cell is considered to be polarized. This RMP, which results from separation of charged particles (ions) across the cell membrane, can be measured in millivolts (typically ranging from −50 to −90 mV depending on the cell type).

T/F: The major function of DNA is to provide the genetic instructions for protein synthesis.

True: DNA provides the basic instructions for building every protein in the body. RNA carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA.

The prefix ___ means nucleus or nuclear.

nucle-

The prefix ___ means many, several, or polymer.

poly-

A lipid with four sites lacking hydrogen saturation is a ____ lipid.

polyunsaturated

Which interaction in the figure represents the primary means by which nutrients enter the transport system of the body?

1: Nutrients are absorbed from food and transported into the cardiovascular system for dispersal to body cells.

Which letter is pointing to an mRNA molecule? 1.) A 2.) B 3.) C 4.) D

2.) B: Molecule B is a complement of the DNA template (A) and contains ribonucleotides, as indicated by the presence of uracil (U). This is consistent with molecule B being an mRNA molecule.

What phases does the cell cycle consist of?

- Interphase (G1, S, G2) - Prometaphase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase - Cytokinesis begins in anaphase/telophase

Name the 9 body cavities

1. Dorsal body cavity 2. Cranial cavity 3. vertebral cavity 4. thoracic cavity 5. diaphragm 6. abdominal cavity 7. pelvic cavity 8. abdominopelvic cavity 9. ventral body cavity

Which set of membrane proteins in the figure depicts the transport of solute molecules across the membrane? 1.) A 2.) B 3) C 4.) D

1.) A: Panel A shows both passive and active transport processes of solutes mediated by integral membrane proteins.

By which mechanism would a steroid molecule diffuse into the cell? 1.) A 2.) B 3.) C 4.) none of the listed mechanisms is correct

1.) A: Steroid molecules are nonpolar fat-soluble molecules, which would be expected to diffuse directly across the phospholipid bilayer. Such solutes do not require a membrane protein to facilitate transport.

Which set of membrane proteins in the figure depicts an interaction between two separate cells? 1.) A 2.) B 3) C 4.) D

4.) D: Panel D shows recognition of one cell by another via the glycocalyx.

Which numbered image in the figure would represent the level of organization corresponding to a protein molecule?

2: A protein molecule is formed from the combination of many atoms.

Which numbered arrow represents the net movement of carbon dioxide?

2: Carbon dioxide (CO2), a by-product of cellular respiration, is transported by the cardiovascular system and eliminated from the body by the respiratory system.

Which numbered arrow in the figure represents the net movement of nitrogenous wastes and excess ions?

4: Excess nitrogenous waste and excess ions are removed from the blood and eliminated from the body by the excretory system.

Name the 6 levels of structural organization of the human body in order

A. Chemical level B Cellular level C Tissue level D. Organ level E. Organ system level F. Organismal level

Which of the following is formed once the ions in the salt crystal have completely dissociated from one another? A.) a buffer B.) a solution C.) a colloid D.) a suspension

B.) a solution: Once dissociated, the sodium and chloride ions would be expected to disperse uniformly amongst the surrounding water molecules. This homogenous mixture is called a solution.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic steps involved in enzyme activity? A.) The enzyme's active site binds to the substrate(s) on which it acts, temporarily forming an enzyme-substrate complex. B.) The substrate absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to its active site. C.) The enzyme-substrate complex undergoes internal rearrangements that form the product(s). D.) The enzyme releases the product(s) of the reaction.

B.) The substrate absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to its active site: Enzymes do not provide energy to their substrates. In fact, enzymes are completely unchanged by their catalytic role and can act again and again.

Which of the following statements regarding the umbilicus and the chin is true? A.) The chin is caudal to the umbilicus. B.) The umbilicus is caudal to the chin. C.) The umbilicus is superior to the chin. D.) The umbilicus is medial to the chin.

B.) The umbilicus is caudal to the chin: The terms caudal and inferior are synonymous, meaning "away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below." The umbilicus is caudal (inferior) to the chin.

What do these four elements have in common? A.) They would all be likely to form positive ions. B.) They all have an incomplete valence electron shell. C.) They all have the same number of protons in their nuclei. D.) They are all generally unreactive elements.

B.) They all have an incomplete valence electron shell: The valence shell is the outermost electron energy level. Valence shell electrons determine the reactivity of an element.

Which materials are exchanged between blood and cells, as depicted by the set of arrows labeled 5 in the figure? A.) carbon dioxide B.) waste products C.) nutrients D.) oxygen E.) All of the listed responses are correct.

E.) All of the listed responses are correct: The set of arrows labeled 5 represents both the essential materials required for cellular metabolism (nutrients and oxygen) and the waste products generated as a by-product of cellular metabolism (including organic molecules and carbon dioxide).

What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells? A.) Carbohydrates B.) DNA C.) RNA D.) ATP

D.) ATP: When broken (hydrolyzed), the high-energy phosphate bonds in the ATP molecule release the energy used to do cellular work.

Which of these would be an INCORRECT conclusion about the structure shown in image 3 in the diagram? A.) It is a potential component of a living cell. B.) It represents subcellular structures that perform specific functions in a cell. C.) It is composed of several different macromolecular types. D.) It represents a specific type of cell.

D.) It represents a specific type of cell. Image 3 represents a cellular organelle, which is a component of a typical cell.

What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? A.) Kinetic energy may eventually become potential energy, but potential energy cannot become kinetic energy. B.) Kinetic energy and potential energy are synonymous; they are defined as the capacity to do work, actively putting matter into motion. C.) Kinetic energy is stored energy and has the capacity to do work; potential energy is expressed through motion. D.) Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy.

D.) Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy: Kinetic energy is energy in action. We see evidence of kinetic energy in the constant movement of the tiniest particles of matter, as well as in larger objects. Potential energy is stored energy, which has the capacity to do work but is not presently doing so.

Which of the following is NOT a difference between a compound and a mixture? A.) Some mixtures are homogenous, while others are heterogeneous. All compounds are homogeneous. B.) No chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture. The properties of atoms and molecules are not changed when they become part of a mixture. C.) Mixtures can be separated by physical means, such as straining, filtering, or evaporation. Compounds can only be separated into their constituent atoms by breaking chemical bonds. D.) Mixtures are homogeneous while compounds are heterogeneous.

D.) Mixtures are homogeneous while compounds are heterogeneous: Mixtures differ from compounds in several important ways. (1) The chief difference between mixtures and compounds is that no chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture. The properties of atoms and molecules are not changed when they become part of a mixture. (2) Depending on the mixture, its components can be separated by physical means—straining, filtering, evaporation, and so on. Compounds, by contrast, can be separated into their constituent atoms only by breaking chemical bonds. (3) Some mixtures are homogenous, while others are heterogeneous. All compounds are homogeneous.

T/F: A coronal section divides an organ into superior and inferior portions.

False: A transverse section divides an organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.

T/F: Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of active transport.

False: Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of passive, not active, transport. Any type of diffusion results from substances moving down their concentration gradient, a form of kinetic energy. In order to actively move, or pump, substances against their concentration gradient, chemical energy must be used. ATP directly, or indirectly, provides the chemical energy for active transport.

T/F: In a solution, the solute is the substance present in the greatest amount.

False: In a solution, the solute is the substance present in lesser amounts. There may be many solutes.

T/F: Nonpolar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing.

False: Polar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing. Nonpolar molecules are electrically balanced because of the equal sharing of electrons between the atoms of the molecules.

T/F: Lysosomes perform digestive functions within a cell.

True: Born as endosomes that contain inactive enzymes, lysosomes are spherical, membranous organelles containing activated digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are large and abundant within phagocytes, the cells that dispose of invading bacteria and cell debris. Lysosomal enzymes can digest almost all kinds of biological molecules. They work best in acidic conditions and so are called acid hydrolases.

T/F: All salts are ionic compounds, but not all ionic compounds are salts.

True: Salts are ionic compounds that contain a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-.

What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane? A.) Active transport implies that the cell is working with other cells, whereas passive transport implies that the cell does not cooperate with other cells. B.) Active transport means that the cell is aggressively going after substances that it wants to bring into the cell, whereas passive transport means that the cell just waits for the substance to cross the membrane. C.) Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane. D.) Active transport is used to move substances down their concentration gradient, whereas passive transport is used to move substances against their concentration gradient.

C.) Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane: In active transport, the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) needed to move substances across the plasma membrane (against their concentration gradient). In passive transport, substances cross the plasma membrane (down their concentration gradient) using kinetic energy, without any energy input from the cell.

Which of the following statements is true? A.) Exocytosis involves infolding of the plasma membrane. B.) Unlike endocytosis, exocytosis does not rely on protein interactions with the plasma membranes. C.) During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside. D.) Endocytosis and exocytosis are passive transport mechanisms.

C.) During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside: Vesicular transport processes that eject substances from the cell interior into the extracellular fluid are called exocytosis. Exocytosis is a form of active transport; thus, it requires energy, usually in the form of ATP.

Type I diabetes is caused when an individual does not produce insulin. Which of the following statements regarding insulin is TRUE? A.) Insulin is the receptor that triggers the negative feedback mechanism that controls blood sugar. B.) Insulin is the effector that controls blood sugar. C.) Insulin is the chemical messenger released from the pancreas when blood sugar is too high. D.) Insulin is the stimulus for the positive feedback mechanism that controls blood sugar.

C.) Insulin is the chemical messenger released from the pancreas when blood sugar is too high: In type I diabetes, the cells in the pancreas that release insulin are destroyed by the individual's immune system. Insulin is the chemical messenger (hormone) that signals effectors, like the liver, to lower blood glucose when it is too high.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the reaction without an enzyme compared to the one with an enzyme? A.) The reaction in the presence of enzyme will form a larger proportion of product. B.) The reaction in the presence of enzyme releases more energy. C.) Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme. D.) All of the listed responses are true.

C.) Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme: Enzyme-catalyzed reactions require less activation energy and therefore are initiated with a lower input of energy. This activation energy represents the energy necessary for driving the early stages of the reaction: creating contact between properly oriented substrates, breaking original bonds, and so on.

Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position? A.) The body is erect with feet together, palms facing backward, and thumbs pointing toward the body. B.) The body is erect with feet together, palms facing the thighs, and thumbs pointing forward. C.) The body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body. D.) The body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms extending perpendicular to the torso along a straight line with the clavicle.

C.) The body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body: In the anatomical position, the body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms at the sides. This position is easy to remember because it resembles "standing at attention," except that the palms face forward and the thumbs point away from the body.

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a body cavity with its contents? A.) The cavity at E contains most of the digestive organs. B.) The cavity at D contains the urinary bladder. C.) The cavity at C contains the lungs. D.) The cavity at D contains the reproductive organs.

C.) The cavity at C contains the lungs: The cavity at C contains the pleural cavities, which surround the lungs.

Which of the following solutions may be infused intravenously to help rehydrate a severely dehydrated patient (i.e., a patient suffering from cellular dehydration)? A.) 0.45% saline B.) 5% saline C.) 5% glucose D.) 0.9% NaCl

A.) 0.45% saline: This solution is hypotonic (lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than in the cytoplasm) and will induce water to move into cells.

The region of molecule B that encodes a polypeptide is 24 nucleotides in length. Consider another such molecule with a coding region of 300 nucleotides. What is a reasonable estimate for the length of the corresponding polypeptide that will be produced during protein synthesis? A.) 30 amino acids B.) 100 amino acids C.) 300 amino acids D.) 900 amino acids

B.) 100 amino acids: Each amino acid corresponds to a codon of 3 nucleotides. Therefore, a coding region of 300 nucleotides contains 100 codons and will produce a polypeptide of 100 amino acids in length.

Except for elements with atomic number 1 and 2, all other elements are stable with how many electrons in their outermost (valence) energy level? A.) 2 B.) 8 C.) 18 D.) 32

B.) 8: Elements 1 and 2 are stable with a maximum of two electrons in their outermost (valence) energy level (electron shell). All other elements are stable with eight electrons in their valence shell.

What is the genetic material at B? A.) Histones only B.) DNA wound around histone proteins C.) molecular DNA only D.) chromosomes

B.) DNA wound around histone proteins: DNA forms chromatin by wrapping around nucleosomes formed by histone proteins and therefore becomes more condensed.

What plane of the body is this? A.) Median (Midsagittal plane) B.) Frontal plane (coronal plane) C.) Transverse plane

B.) Frontal plane (coronal plane)

The prefix ____ means nature or physical.

phys-

___ is the study of the nature of the body and how it functions.

physiology

What is the mediastinum? A.) A subdivision of the cavity indicated by the letter C. B.) The structure that separates the cavities indicated by the letters C and D. C.) The cavity formed by the combination of subdivisions indicated by the letters D and E. D.) The structure that connects cavities A and B.

A.) A subdivision of the cavity indicated by the letter C: The mediastinum is a cavity contained within the thoracic cavity.

Each number above molecule B refers to a codon. What sequence of DNA nitrogen bases would produce the mRNA codon UAG? A.) ATC B.) UAG C.) CTA D.) AUC

A.) ATC: Respectively, uracil, adenine, and guanine in RNA (UAG) are complementary to adenine, thymine, and cytosine (ATC) in DNA.

Which of the following best demonstrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function? A.) Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. B.) Atoms, the tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins. C.) The heart and blood vessels circulate blood continuously to carry oxygen and nutrients to all body cells. D.) The liver, brain, blood vessels, and stomach are each responsible for a necessary activity that no other organ can perform.

A.) Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the reactions shown? A.) Both reactions are exergonic. B.) Both reactions are endergonic. C.) The left reaction is endergonic, and the right reaction is exergonic. D.) The left reaction is exergonic, and the right reaction is endergonic.

A.) Both reactions are exergonic: Both of the illustrated reactions are exergonic and release the same amount of energy during product formation. The difference is the amount of energy input (activation energy) required to initiate the reactions depending on the presence or absence of enzyme.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the characteristics of either compounds or mixtures? A.) Compounds are formed by chemical bonds between different kinds of atoms. B.) Mixtures are all heterogeneous. C.) Compounds can be separated by physical means. D.) Mixtures consist of chemical bonds between the components.

A.) Compounds are formed by chemical bonds between different kinds of atoms: Compounds, not mixtures, are formed by chemical bonds between components.

The three atoms shown represent three unique __________. A.) Elements B.) Cells C.) Molecules D.) Isotopes

A.) Elements: The three atoms each contain different numbers of protons and are therefore unique elements.

Why is it necessary for glucose to be pumped into the cell rather than diffusing in? A.) Glucose may have to be moved against a concentration gradient. B.) Glucose is charged and therefore repelled by the polar heads of the membrane phospholipid molecules. C.) Glucose is too big for a facilitated diffusion protein channel. D.) Glucose passes through a phospholipid bilayer by simple diffusion and is only pumped when sodium is present.

A.) Glucose may have to be moved against a concentration gradient: Glucose may in some cases be able to follow a concentration gradient into the cell, but in many cases it needs to be pumped against its concentration gradient and requires secondary active transport.

Label the diagram of red blood cells out of the following terms: hypotonic solutions isotonic solutions, hypertonic solutions

A.) Isotonic solutions B.) Hypertonic solutions C.) Hypotonic solutions

Which of the following statements about the polarity of covalent bonds is correct? A.) Small atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons tend to be electronegative. B.) Polar covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons from electropositive atoms to electronegative atoms. C.) The atoms of a polar molecule share electrons equally. D.) Nonpolar molecules have partial charges which can lead to hydrogen bonding.

A.) Small atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons tend to be electronegative: In general, small atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and chlorine, are electron-hungry. They attract electrons very strongly, a capability called electronegativity.

What are the interactions among the elements of a homeostatic control system to maintain stable internal conditions?

A.) Stimulus B.) Receptor C.) Input D.) Control center E.) Output F.) Response G.) Balance

Which of the following statements regarding atoms is true? A.) The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in its outer valance shell. B.) Atomic weight is determined by the number of protons in an atom of a given element. C.) The chemical reactivity of an atom is based on the overall number of electrons in the atom. D.) Atomic weight is determined by the number of electrons in an atom of a given element.

A.) The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in its outer valance shell: Yes, you can predict whether an atom will be chemically inert or reactive based on the number of electrons in its outermost energy level (valence shell).

Which of the following is true about lipids? A.) Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water. B.) Lipids that serve as hormones are derived from glycolipids. C.) Lipids found in the cell membrane are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains and are called phospholipids. D.) Lipids used as energy reserves in the body are stored as molecules of phospholipids.

A.) Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water: This is true. The long-term stability of triglycerides makes them important energy storage molecules.

Which of the following is not considered a form of matter? A.) X-rays B.) Oxygen gas C.) bone D.) blood

A.) X-rays: X rays are a type of energy.

What does the small circular structure indicated by the letter C represent? A.) a DNA molecule B.) a ribosome C.) a centriole D.) a secretory vesicle

A.) a DNA molecule: The mitochondria each have a small circular DNA chromosome that contains genes for several mitochondrial proteins. These proteins are translated within the mitochondria (on the ribosomes indicated by the small red dots). Most of the DNA in a cell is found in the nuclear chromosomes. Several muscular and nervous system diseases are associated with defects in mitochondrial DNA.

If the figure were used to represent the regulation of body temperature, the structures represented by the color red could include __________. A.) hot and cold sensors in the skin B.) temperature regulators in the brain C.) sweat glands in the skin D.) temperature sensors in the brain

C.) sweat glands in the skin: Effectors in the homeostatic control of body temperature include sweat glands and skeletal muscles.

The chloride ion (Cl−) indicated by the arrow is interacting most closely with which of the following? A.) a hydrogen atom within a water molecule B.) a sodium ion C.) an oxygen atom within a water molecule D.) another chloride ion

A.) a hydrogen atom within a water molecule: The negatively charged chloride anion has dissociated from the salt crystal and formed an interaction with the slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms of several water molecules.

Which of the following best describes an isotope? A.) a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons B.) a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of electrons C.) an atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons D.) a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of protons

A.) a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons: Nearly all known elements have two or more structural variations called isotopes, which have the same number of protons and electrons but differ in the number of neutrons they contain.

What is a membrane potential? A.) a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane B.) cooperation between cells involving membrane interactions C.) the possibility of a membrane based cell activity D.) the types of integral membrane proteins associated with a particular cell membrane

A.) a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane: The membrane potential is the electrical potential energy (measured in millivolts) resulting from the separation of oppositely charged ions across the plasma membrane. At rest, membrane potentials are typically negative, ranging from − 50 to minus 100 mV, with more anions (than cations) concentrated along the internal surface of the membrane, and more cations (than anions) concentrated along the external surface.

Using the anatomical terminology, how would you describe the location of a bruise on the front right lower leg? A.) anterior, distal to knee B.) anterior, proximal to knee C.) posterior, distal to hip D.) posterior, proximal to hip

A.) anterior, distal to knee

Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight? A.) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. B.) carbon, oxygen, potassium, and sodium. C.) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and potassium. D.) carbon, oxygen, iron, and potassium

A.) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen: The four elements carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up about 96% of our body weight; 20 others are present in the body, some in trace amounts.

Ions are transported across plasma membranes using __________, which requires __________. A.) channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy B.) carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion; chemical energy from ATP C.) channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; chemical energy from ATP D.) simple diffusion; kinetic energy

A.) channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy: Ions travel through aqueous channels down their concentration gradients. Kinetic energy drives this process.

Which of the following is LEAST like the other three? A.) cytosol B.) plasma C.) interstitial fluid D.) cerebrospinal fluid

A.) cytosol: Cytosol, the fluid component of cytoplasm, is an intracellular fluid (located inside of cells). The other choices listed are all extracellular fluids (found outside of cells).

What is the force driving all of these transport mechanisms? A.) diffusion down a concentration gradient B.) active transport C.) diffusion against a concentration gradient D.) endocytosis

A.) diffusion down a concentration gradient: Transport by diffusion of a molecule down its concentration gradient is a spontaneous process that requires no energy input.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions? A.) hyperbolic B.) exchange C.) decomposition D.) synthesis

A.) hyperbolic: Most chemical reactions exhibit one of three recognizable patterns. They are either synthesis, decomposition, or exchange reactions.

Sodium has one valence electron, while chlorine has seven. What type of chemical bond is most likely to occur between sodium and chlorine? A.) ionic B.) nonpolar covalent C.) hydrogen D.) polar covalent

A.) ionic: Sodium and chlorine are joined by an ionic bond. Sodium gives up its valence shell electron (becoming a cation) to drop back to a stable valence shell, and chlorine gains one electron (becoming an anion) to fill its valence shell and become stable.

What does this figure depict? A.) ionization, followed by formation of an ionic bond B.) formation of a hydrogen bond C.) formation of a nonpolar covalent bond D.) formation of a polar covalent bond

A.) ionization, followed by formation of an ionic bond: An ionic bond is formed following the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.

The nucleolus __________. A.) is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell B.) is a dark-staining spherical body found within the mitochondria C.) is the site of lipid production in a cell D.) is the primary site of protein synthesis

A.) is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell: Nucleoli ("little nuclei") are the dark-staining spherical bodies found within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are assembled. They are not membrane bounded. Typically, there are one or two nucleoli per nucleus, but there may be more. Nucleoli are usually large in growing cells that are making large amounts of tissue proteins.

Which of the following regional anatomy terms matches the anatomical description "anterior and most distal?" A.) metatarsal B.) popliteal C.) femoral D.) crural

A.) metatarsal: The metatarsal region is the most distal region on this list and is seen from an anterior view. From a posterior view, the metatarsal region is not visible (instead you would see the plantar region).

Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle? A.) molecule B.) electron C.) proton D.) neutron

A.) molecule: Atoms are comprised of subatomic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. Most atoms do not exist in the free state but instead are chemically combined with other atoms. Such a combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds is called a molecule.

What is the purpose of the energy extracted from ATP in this figure? A.) to transport glucose across the membrane B.) to transport sodium across the membrane C.) to power a chemical reaction between sodium and potassium D.) to power a chemical reaction between sodium and glucose

B.) to transport sodium across the membrane: The energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to transport sodium and potassium ions across the membrane and thereby establish concentration gradients for each of those ions.

After DNA replication is completed, what does each DNA double helix consist of? A.) one old template strand and one new daughter strand B.) two newly synthesized strands that replace the old template strands C.) either two old strands or two new strands D.) strands that are mixtures of old and new nucleotides

A.) one old template strand and one new daughter strand: This mechanism is called semiconservative replication and is based on the ability of each strand of the DNA double helix to function as a template for the synthesis of the opposite strand.

Which of the following is not a compound? A.) oxygen gas B.) carbon dioxide C.) water D.) methane (natural gas)

A.) oxygen gas: Oxygen is a molecule, but not a molecular compound, because it consists of the element oxygen only. The other choices are molecules of compounds, because they contain two or more different kinds of elements.

Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. Sulfur will form chemical bonds in a similar manner as __________. A.) oxygen B.) carbon C.) hydrogen D.) nitrogen

A.) oxygen: Oxygen and sulfur both have six electrons in their valence (outermost) electron shells. Therefore, they will form similar types and numbers of bonds with other atoms.

Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane that creates a physical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell? A.) phospholipids B.) proteins C.) cholesterol D.) water

A.) phospholipids: The plasma (cell) membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, composed of two parallel sheets of phospholipid molecules lying tail to tail, with their polar heads exposed to water on either side of the membrane. This allows the plasma membrane to separate the intracellular fluid (the ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF).

What directional term would be used to indicate sunburn on a patient's back? A.) posterior B.) proximal C.) anterior D.) distal

A.) posterior

Which of the following is NOT an example of the same level of structural organization as that represented by image 6? A.) smooth muscle B.) skin C.) stomach D.) blood vessel

A.) smooth muscle: Image 6 corresponds to the organ level of structural organization. Smooth muscle is a type of tissue and is shown in image 5.

Which of these terms would best classify the enzyme represented in the figure? A.) synthase B.) hydrolase C.) oxidase D.) isomerase

A.) synthase: This figure shows a dehydration synthesis reaction between two monomers forming, resulting in a larger molecule. Such reactions are synthesis reactions.

This figure on the right illustrates which of the following descriptions? A.) the use of a sodium concentration gradient to power the pumping of glucose into the cell B.) the reaction between sodium and glucose catalyzed by a membrane-bound enzyme C.) the use of the energy derived from glucose to transport sodium into the cell D.) the facilitated diffusion of both sodium and glucose through the same carrier protein

A.) the use of a sodium concentration gradient to power the pumping of glucose into the cell: The sodium ion gradient is generated by the Na+-K+ pump at the left. Diffusion of sodium ions through the Na+-glucose symport transporter (shown at the right) provides the energy necessary to transport glucose into the cell. Such a mechanism is used by intestinal cells (to absorb nutrients) and kidney cells (to recover glucose from urine prior to excretion).

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the complementarity of anatomy and physiology? A.) Anatomy describes the form of the body, which is more concrete than physiology because we can see the anatomical structure. B.) Functions occur because of the anatomy that exists within the body. C.) Physiology is more concrete than anatomy because it describes structures that can be seen. D.) Anatomy can be described only by the underlying physiology.

B.) Functions occur because of the anatomy that exists within the body.

Drinking alcohol can cause dehydration, which makes the blood hypertonic. Which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood? A.) Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells. B.) Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells. C.) Hypertonic blood will lose water to the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, causes water to move into the cells. D.) Hypertonic blood forces water into the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells

B.) Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells: If the blood is hypertonic compared to the interstitial fluid (IF), the IF has a greater concentration of water. This means water will move out of the IF and into the blood. As water leaves the IF, it becomes hypertonic compared to the cells. This causes cells to lose water to the IF and shrivel, or crenate.

Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary active transport? A.) Primary active transport is driven by secondary active trans B.) In primary active transport, the transport protein gets phosphorylated; in secondary active transport, the transport protein is not phosphorylated. C.) Primary active transport moves solutes in opposite directions while secondary transport moves solutes in the same direction D.) Energy is required for primary active transport, but not secondary active transport.

B.) In primary active transport, the transport protein gets phosphorylated; in secondary active transport, the transport protein is not phosphorylated: In primary active transport, energy comes directly from the hydrolysis of ATP and the subsequent phosphorylation of the primary active transporter. In secondary active transport, the solute (usually Na+) concentration gradient produced by primary active transport provides the (kinetic) energy to move other solutes, such as ions and glucose, against their concentration gradients. For example, glucose can be transported against its concentration gradient through a Na+-glucose symporter as Na+ moves down its concentration gradient (a gradient produced by the Na+-K+ pump).

The three atoms shown represent different __________. A.) Cells B.) Isotopes C.) Molecules D.) Elements

B.) Isotopes: These three atoms have the same number of protons and are therefore different variations of the same element. They vary because each contains a different number of neutrons; therefore, they are different isotopes of the element hydrogen (atomic number = 1).

What is the function of serous fluid? A.) It prevents the organs from drying out when in contact with air. B.) It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction. C.) It aids in the repair of damaged organs. D.) It helps the stomach and other organs maintain neutral buoyancy within body cavities, even during fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, or when gases, such as oxygen or methane, are present in varying ratios.

B.) It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction: The slippery serous fluid allows the organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions. This freedom of movement is especially important for mobile organs, such as the pumping heart and the churning stomach.

What must happen before a body cell can begin mitotic cell division? A.) The DNA is expelled from the cell so that it will not be affected by the division process. B.) Its DNA must be replicated exactly so that identical copies of the cell's genes can be passed on to each of its offspring. C.) Its DNA must be divided in half so that half can go to one daughter cell and half can go to the other daughter cell. D.) The DNA undergoes mutation in order to produce genetically specialized cells.

B.) Its DNA must be replicated exactly so that identical copies of the cell's genes can be passed on to each of its offspring: Before a body cell begins mitosis, it must replicate its DNA so that each daughter cell will have the same DNA as the parent cell.

Assume that Na+ is being transported across a membrane via facilitated diffusion. Which of the following conditions would allow for the most transport of Na+ across that membrane? A.) Na+ diffusing toward the side of the membrane with K+ and 50% less Na+ B.) Na+ diffusing toward the side of the membrane with Cl− and 50% less Na+ C.) Na+ diffusing toward the side of the membrane with K+ and 5% less Na+ D.) Na+ diffusing toward the side of the membrane with Cl− and 5% less Na+

B.) Na+ diffusing toward the side of the membrane with Cl− and 50% less Na+: A larger concentration gradient will provide greater kinetic energy to drive diffusion and Na+ will be electrically attracted to the Cl−; this will create a large electrochemical gradient.

What explains the negative charge on the oxygen atom within the water molecule? A.) Hydrogen atoms have a stronger pull on the electrons shared within a covalent bond formed between oxygen and hydrogen. B.) Oxygen atoms have a stronger pull on the electrons shared within a covalent bond formed between oxygen and hydrogen. C.) Protons are transferred from oxygen to hydrogen during the formation of an ionic bond. D.) Electrons are transferred from hydrogen to oxygen during the formation of an ionic bond.

B.) Oxygen atoms have a stronger pull on the electrons shared within a covalent bond formed between oxygen and hydrogen: Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative and pull electrons away from the electropositive hydrogen atom. Also, the nonbonding (lone) electron pairs on the oxygen, which are responsible for bending the molecule, are negative.

What can we infer if we see a large number of mitochondria in a cell? A.) The cell produces a great deal of protein. B.) The cell has a great metabolic demand. C.) The cell builds a lot of cholesterol. D.) The cell packages a great deal of proteins for secretion.

B.) The cell has a great metabolic demand: Mitochondria are threadlike or lozenge-shaped membranous organelles. In living cells they squirm, elongate, and change shape almost continuously. They are the power plants of a cell, providing most of its ATP supply.

Why is the figure considered to be an example of a negative feedback system, as opposed to a positive feedback system? A.) The figure includes an efferent pathway. B.) The figure illustrates the correction of an imbalance back to a baseline. C.) A central nervous system regulator is regulating the response. D.) The figure shows the detection of an imbalance.

B.) The figure illustrates the correction of an imbalance back to a baseline: Negative feedback, even though it sounds like a bad thing, is what keeps your body systems within a proper working range by reversing trends that move the body away from a set point.

What holds the sodium and chloride ions together in a chemical bond? A.) the sharing of a pair of electrons B.) an electrical attraction between opposite charges C.) the sharing of a pair of protons D.) the attraction between their respective nuclei

B.) an electrical attraction between opposite charges: The transfer of an electron results in ions with opposite charges that are electrically attracted to each other.

Water is an important molecule because it __________. A.) is a poor solvent since few things dissolve in it B.) can form hydrogen bonds C.) is non-polar D.) has a low heat capacity

B.) can form hydrogen bonds: Because of its polar nature, water is able to form hydrogen bonds. In fact, many of the special properties of water derive from its extensive hydrogen bonding capacity. In addition, water has a high heat capacity and is considered a universal solvent since it dissolves more substances than any other known solvent.

What process is indicated by C? A.) exocytosis of RNA from the cell B.) exocytosis of secretory proteins C.) exocytosis of ribosomes from the cell D.) digestion of food particles

B.) exocytosis of secretory proteins: The event indicated by C includes the fusion of a secretory vesicle with the plasma membrane and the subsequent release of the vesicle contents to the extracellular space.

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback? A.) shivering to warm your body up in cold weather B.) forming a platelet plug during blood clotting C.) withdrawing your hand from a painful stimulus, like a broken glass D.) reducing of blood sugar by the hormone insulin

B.) forming a platelet plug during blood clotting: In order to prevent blood loss, the body needs a mechanism that amplifies the action that leads to clotting in a short period of time. This cascade or enhancement of a process is a positive feedback mechanism. Provide Feedback

Which of the following would NOT diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion? A.) oxygen B.) glucose C.) a lipid-soluble vitamin D.) a steroid hormone

B.) glucose: Glucose, a small polar solute, uses a membrane transporter (a protein carrier) to cross the plasma membrane via facilitated diffusion. In simple diffusion, small nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances (including gases) diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer.

The membrane-bound compartment indicated by structure D contains which of the following? A.) oxidases and catalases B.) hydrolytic enzymes C.) nucleic acids D.) ribosomes

B.) hydrolytic enzymes: Structure D is a lysosome, which stores enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis (digestion) of organic cellular materials.

Kidneys play a major role in helping to maintain proper levels of Na+ and K+ ions in the blood. If the kidneys fail to function properly, one of the direct consequences would be_________. A.) salt deposits in many regions of the bod B.) impaired nerve impulse transmission C.) the blood becoming too acidic. D.) all of the above

B.) impaired nerve impulse transmission: Salts are ionic compounds that contribute to the ability of nerves to conduct an electrical current.

What is the function of the organelle indicated by B? A.) catabolism of fats and sugars B.) modification and packaging of proteins C.) synthesis of proteins from amino acids D.) cellular division

B.) modification and packaging of proteins: This function is handled by the Golgi apparatus within the endomembrane system; it functions in the sorting and modifying of membrane-bound proteins being transported to various cellular locations.

What is represented by the chemical at B? A.) product B.) protein C.) buffer D.) substrate

B.) protein: Structure B is an enzyme, which is typically primarily composed of protein.

Which of the following cuts could cross the umbilical, pelvic, and nasal regions? A.) coronal section B.) sagittal section C.) transverse section D.) oblique section

B.) sagittal section: A sagittal section is a cut made through the sagittal plane—a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. A midsagittal section would cross the nasal, umbilical, and pelvic regions.

What major function occurs on the specific membranes indicated by A? A.) digestion of ingested food B.) synthesis of proteins C.) replication of DNA D.) production of most of the cell's ATP

B.) synthesis of proteins: Structure A is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The figure illustrates how proteins are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the rough ER before being modified and secreted or packaged.

__________ is a molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation. A.) mRNA B.) t-RNA C.) rRNA D.) DNA

B.) t-RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA) are small, roughly L-shaped molecules that ferry amino acids to the ribosomes. There they decode mRNA's message for the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide to be built, a process called translation.

What is the source of the activation energy in these reactions? A.) the formation of chemical bonds between the reactants B.) the kinetic energy of the reactants C.) the breaking of chemical bonds within the reactants D.) the enzyme

B.) the kinetic energy of the reactants: Kinetic energy pushes the reactants to an energy level that encourages their interaction and the rearrangement of their chemical bonds. This is why chemical reactions (with or without enzyme) occur faster at higher temperatures.

What is the function of the structures at D? A.) they are enzymes for the replication of DNA B.) to allow large molecules, with the exception of DNA, to pass through the envelope C.) to act as attachment points for spindle fibers during cell division D.) to act as an assembly point for ribosomes

B.) to allow large molecules, with the exception of DNA, to pass through the envelope: Nuclear pores allow ribosomes, mRNA, and many other large molecules, but not the DNA, to pass out of the nuclear membrane.

As you look under a microscope you see a nucleus with a large density of nucleolus. What inference can you make about that cell? A.) The cell is entering mitosis. B.) The cell is preparing for autophagy. C.) The cell is producing a large amount of proteins. D.) The cell has a large energy demand.

C.) The cell is producing a large amount of proteins: The nucleolus is the site where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and combined with proteins to form ribosomal. These subunits enter the cytoplasm where they form functional ribosomes used for protein synthesis.

Which response provides the best explanation as to why ionic compounds easily dissociate in water? A.) Nonpolar organic molecules such as fats and waxes dissolve well in water. B.) The polarity of water allows it to easily dissociate most covalently bound compounds. C.) The polarity of water easily breaks the charges between the oppositely charged ions in the compound. D.) As a polar molecule, water cannot easily dissociate inorganic compounds.

C.) The polarity of water easily breaks the charges between the oppositely charged ions in the compound: The polarity of water easily breaks the charges between the oppositely charged ions in the compound.

Which of the following is characteristic of cilia? A.) They are substantially longer than flagella, and are less common than flagella in humans. B.) They increase the surface area of absorptive cells in the kidneys and intestines. C.) They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells. D.) They are used for cellular adhesion.

C.) They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells: Cilia are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur, typically in large numbers, on the exposed surfaces of certain cells. Ciliary action moves substances in one direction across cell surfaces. Centrioles forming the bases of cilia and flagella are commonly referred to as basal bodies.

What plane of the body is this? A.) Median (Midsagittal plane) B.) Frontal plane (coronal plane) C.) Transverse plane

C.) Transverse plane

If the molecules indicated by (A) are amino acids, then the line in the figure indicated by (D) is __________. A.) an R group B.) an active site C.) a peptide bond D.) a hydrogen bond

C.) a peptide bond: Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form peptides.

Which of the following names the three main parts of a human cell? A.) cytosol, nucleus, and membrane B.) mitochondria, lysosome, and centriole C.) cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus D.) plasma membrane, mitochondria, and nucleus

C.) cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus: Human cells have three main parts: the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus.

What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule? A.) nonpolar covalent bond B.) polar covalent bond C.) hydrogen bond D.) ionic bond

C.) hydrogen bond: The attraction between the slightly negative oxygen atom of one molecule and the slightly positively charged hydrogen atom within a separate water molecule is the basis of hydrogen bond formation. It is a form of dipole-dipole interaction.

What is the specific role of the enzyme indicated by B during the formation of the new DNA strands? A.) producing an RNA primer that will be extended into the new DNA strand B.) joining the fragments of DNA that are formed during lagging-strand synthesis C.) joining the nucleotides that form the new DNA strand D.) transferring nucleotides from the old DNA strand to the new DNA strand

C.) joining the nucleotides that form the new DNA strand: DNA polymerase catalyzes formation of bonds between sugar groups and phosphate groups that link the DNA nucleotides together.

Which organ systems function as control systems, communicating with other cells and organs to regulate their activities? A.) cardiovascular and digestive systems B.) cardiovascular and endocrine systems C.) nervous and endocrine systems D.) nervous and cardiovascular systems

C.) nervous and endocrine systems: Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis. Communication is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems, the body's control systems. Both of these systems are used to respond to internal and external changes by activating appropriate effectors.

Which of the following is not a fundamental subatomic particle that forms elements? A.) electrons B.) neutrons C.) nucleus D.) protons

C.) nucleus: The nucleus is a subatomic location, but it is comprised of a collection of the fundamental particles neutrons and protons.

Molecule A is a __________. A.) triglyceride B.) nucleotide C.) phospholipid D.) steroid

C.) phospholipid: Phospholipids consist of a glycerol backbone linked to two fatty acid chains and a phosphorus-containing group.

Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body? A.) carbohydrates B.) lipids C.) proteins D.) calcium salts in bones

C.) proteins: Proteins form the major structural materials of the body. Because fibrous proteins are the chief building materials of the body, they are also known as structural proteins. However, not all proteins are construction materials. Many play vital roles in cell function.

In a homeostatic control mechanism, which component monitors the environment? A.) control center B.) effector C.) receptor D.) stimulus

C.) receptor: Homeostasis refers to maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously. Receptors monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body and send this information (called input) to control centers for processing.

With regards to a set point or normal limit, negative feedback always __________ a physiological value to the set point or normal limit. A.) decreases B.) increases C.) returns D.) There is not enough information to answer this question.

C.) returns: Regardless of the direction of the initial disturbance, returning to the original set point or normal limit is negative feedback.

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins? A.) Golgi apparatus B.) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C.) ribosomes D.) rough endoplasmic reticulum

C.) ribosomes: Proteins are synthesized at ribosomes. Free ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm and produce soluble proteins that function in the cytosol, as well as those imported into mitochondria and some other organelles. Fixed ribosomes, which stud the rough endoplasmic reticulum, synthesize proteins destined either for incorporation into the cell membrane or lysosomes, or for export from the cell.

Which of the following would be an example of the process taking place at B? A.) the conversion of a chemical messenger molecule into a specific product B.) the movement of a specific protein from the membrane to the cytoplasm C.) the binding of a chemical messenger activating a cytoplasmic enzyme, such as kinase, that leads to specific cellular responses D.) the transport of a specific chemical messenger into the cell

C.) the binding of a chemical messenger activating a cytoplasmic enzyme, such as kinase, that leads to specific cellular responses: Once activated by the binding of a specific chemical messenger, such as a hormone, the receptor protein initiates cellular responses by activating specific signal transduction pathways.

The dorsal body cavity is divided into which of the following subdivisions? A.) the vertebral/spinal, cranial, and pleural cavities B.) the thoracic, pleural, and abdominopelvic cavities C.) the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities D.) the vertebral/spinal and thoracic cavities

C.) the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities: The dorsal body cavity, which protects the fragile central nervous system organs, has two subdivisions: the cranial cavity and the vertebral, or spinal, cavity.

What process allows for the production of molecule B from a template consisting of molecule A? A.) translation B.) replication C.) transcription D.) transport

C.) transcription: Transcription is the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template.

Which of these elements would be MOST likely to be radioactive? A.) deuterium B.) hydrogen C.) tritium D.) It is not likely that any of these are radioactive.

C.) tritium: Tritium is the heaviest isotope and is the most likely of the three to be radioactive.

Which of the following organs is least likely to be damaged in an automobile accident? A.) stomach B.) intestines C.) urinary bladder D.) liver

C.) urinary bladder: The urinary bladder is very well protected in the pelvic cavity by the two hip bones.

Would water still be a polar molecule if it were NOT in the form of a V but rather were linear like carbon dioxide? A.) No, because there would no longer be a difference in electronegativity between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. B.) Yes, because the oxygen would not bond equally to the two hydrogen atoms. C.) Yes, because the electronegativity difference between hydrogen and oxygen would still be present. D.) No, because the molecule would be linear and symmetrical.

D.) No, because the molecule would be linear and symmetrical. Like in carbon dioxide, the difference in electronegativity of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms would be offset in a linear and symmetrical molecule.

Which of the following is true of protein structure? A.) Peptide bonds are formed by hydrolysis. B.) Peptide bonds join the amine group on one amino acid with the R group of another amino acid. C.) Tertiary protein structure emerges when there is more than one peptide chain in a protein. D.) Secondary protein structures involve hydrogen bonding between amine and carboxyl groups.

D.) Secondary protein structures involve hydrogen bonding between amine and carboxyl groups: Hydrogen bonding between certain amine and carboxyl groups creates alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.

Under a microscope you view a cell with an extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum present. What could this indicate? A.) The cell has a high energy demand. B.) The cell is making a large amount of protein. C.) The cell is about to divide. D.) The cell is involved in detoxifying drugs.

D.) The cell is involved in detoxifying drugs: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the detoxification of drugs, certain pesticides, and cancer-causing chemicals (in liver and kidney cells).

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about carbohydrates? A.) Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate formed by dehydration synthesis of glucose molecules. B.) Dietary glucose is primarily used to drive our metabolic pathways that produce energy. C.) Carbohydrates consist of monomers called simple sugars. D.) The chemical composition of carbohydrates includes two oxygens and one hydrogen for every carbon present.

D.) The chemical composition of carbohydrates includes two oxygens and one hydrogen for every carbon present: The correct ratio is two hydrogens and one oxygen for every carbon.

Which of the following statements is not one of the four major concepts of the cell theory? A.) The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. B.) Cells only arise from other cells. C.) The activity of an organism emerges from the individual combined activities of the different cell types within an organism. D.) The function of a cell dictates the chemical structure and organelles of the cells.

D.) The function of a cell dictates the chemical structure and organelles of the cells: This statement is false. The function of cell is instead dictated by the shape of the cell and the organelles inside the cell. Structure determines function, not vice versa.

Which of the following statements best explains the difference between the leading and lagging strands? A.) The leading strand is an exact duplicate of the lagging strand but formed in the opposite direction. B.) The completed leading strand consists of RNA, while the completed lagging strand consists of DNA. C.) The leading strand is formed first, and the lagging strand is formed shortly thereafter. D.) The leading complimentary strand is formed continuously, while the lagging strand is formed in fragments that must be linked by ligase.

D.) The leading complimentary strand is formed continuously, while the lagging strand is formed in fragments that must be linked by ligase: DNA polymerase can only work in one direction along a strand of DNA, so it must work in opposite directions on each parent strand. The lagging strand is being formed by DNA polymerase as it moves away from the replication fork.

Which of the following statements regarding matter is FALSE? A.) Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states. B.) The mass of matter remains constant wherever it is located. C.) With some exceptions, matter can be seen, smelled, and felt. D.) The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located.

D.) The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located: The mass of an object is equal to the actual amount of matter in the object, and it remains constant wherever the object is. In contrast, weight varies with gravity. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. With some exceptions, it can be seen, smelled and felt. Matter exists in solid, liquid, or gaseous states.

After the transfer of the electron, sodium will form an ion with __________. A.) an atomic number of 18 B.) a charge of −1 C.) an atomic number of 10 D.) a charge of +1

D.) a charge of +1: If sodium loses an electron, it will be positively charged. Although not shown explicitly in the figure, the element sodium contains 11 protons within its nucleus. If sodium forms a cation containing 10 electrons, it will have a charge of +1.

Which cellular organelle is seen in this figure? A.) a lysosome B.) the nucleus C.) the Golgi apparatus D.) a mitochondrion

D.) a mitochondrion: Mitochondria are characterized by an oblong shape with inner and outer membranes.

All amino acids, such as the four represented in the figure, contain __________. A.) a nitrogen-containing base and a pentose sugar B.) phosphorus and nitrogen C.) an amine group and a fatty acid D.) an amine group and an acid group

D.) an amine group and an acid group: The oval area shown in each of the amino acids highlights the amine group, acid group, and central carbon found in all amino acids.

What cellular process occurs on the infolded membranes shown at B? A.) intracellular digestion B.) anabolism of carbohydrates C.) endocytosis D.) cellular respiration

D.) cellular respiration: The folded membranes that comprise the cristae and the gel-like fluid between them (the matrix) are the locations of cellular respiration.

Which of the following is a primary function of molecule B? A.) act as biological catalyst B.) formation of cell membranes C.) storage of genetic information D.) energy storage

D.) energy storage: The hydrocarbon groups that dominate the structure of triglycerides are the basis for the efficient and compact energy storage by fat.

The pH scale __________. A.) The pH scale __________. ranges from 1 to 7 B.) is based on the salinity of a solution C.) is linear D.) is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

D.) is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution: The pH scale, which ranges from 0 to 14, is a logarithmic scale based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Which of the following describes tight junctions? A.) junctions within electrically excitable tissues, such as the heart and smooth muscle B.) junctions where cells are held together by cadherins C.) cell junctions in areas that are subjected to great mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart muscles D.) junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract

D.) junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract: In a tight junction, a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together, forming an impermeable junction that encircles the cell. Tight junctions help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells. For example, tight junctions between epithelial cells lining the digestive tract keep digestive enzymes and microorganisms in the intestine from seeping into the bloodstream.

Which subdivision of anatomy would include the study of individual cells? A.) developmental anatomy B.) gross anatomy C.) systemic anatomy D.) microscopic anatomy

D.) microscopic anatomy; is the study of cells, which cannot be seen by the naked eye.

Suppose the following compounds were all dissolved in separate beakers of water in the same manner as the salt in the figure. Which of the resulting solutions would NOT conduct electricity? A.) hydrochloric acid (HCl) B.) potassium chloride (KCl) C.) ammonia (NH3) D.) table sugar, or sucrose (C12H22O11)

D.) table sugar, or sucrose (C12H22O11): Sucrose is a molecule that dissolves in water but does not release ions, which are required for a solution to conduct electricity.

The superscript preceding each hydrogen atomic symbol (H) represents which of the following? A.) the number of protons in the corresponding atom B.) the number of neutrons in the corresponding atom C.) the atomic number of the corresponding atom D.) the mass number of the corresponding atom

D.) the mass number of the corresponding atom: Note how the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the corresponding atomic structures is equal to the indicated atomic mass.

Which body cavity is further separated into other cavities? A.) pelvic B.) pleural C.) pericardial D.) thoracic

D.) thoracic: The thoracic cavity contains the pericardial and pleural cavities, which in turn house the heart and lungs, respectively.

What is the role of the serous membranes covering some organs? A.) to serve as extra tissue for blood flow to the organ B.) to provide a protective outer covering for the organ C.) to provide passage of nutrients for the organ tissues D.) to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall

D.) to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall: The two serous membrane layers are separated by a cavity containing serous fluid. This fluid allows organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions.

What additional molecule is produced when fatty acids are bonded to glycerol to make a triglyceride? A.) hydrogen B.) carbon dioxide C.) oxygen D.) water

D.) water: The reaction is called a dehydration synthesis, in which the H from the glycerol's alcohol group and the OH from the fatty acid's acid group are removed as water. The valence electrons are then made up by the forming of an ester bond.

T/F: Prophase has a series of checkpoints that determine whether a cell will undergo all stages of mitosis.

False: Prophase is a phase of mitosis. The checkpoints have to occur before mitosis begins. Interphase is the phase of the cell life cycle in which the cell grows and carries on its usual activities. It has a series of checkpoints that determine whether the cell will undergo mitosis.

T/F: Phospholipids provide the cell-specific functions of the plasma membrane.

False: Proteins, not phospholipids, carry out most of the specific functions provided by the plasma membrane.

T/F: The knee is proximal to the thigh.

False: Proximal means "closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk." Distal means "farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk." In this case, because the thigh is closer to the body trunk than the knee, the knee is distal (not proximal) to the thigh.

T/F: Atomic weight is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

False: The mass number of an atom is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. Atomic weight is a weighted average of the isotopes that exists for an element.

T/F: The serous membrane is a double-layered membrane created by two separate membranes.

False: The serous membrane is a double-layered membrane that has folded back on itself.

T/F: Digestion includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP.

False: This is the definition of metabolism (not digestion). Metabolism is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (e.g., breaking down glycogen into molecules of glucose), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances (e.g., building a protein from amino acids), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP. Digestion is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest. I. Ionic II. Covalent III. Hydrogen

III < I < II: Covalent bonds are the strongest because they involve sharing electrons. Ionic bonds are weaker and involve attractions between oppositely charged ions. Hydrogen bonds are the weakest and involve attractions between partial charges.

The sequence on tRNA that is opposite to the codon on mRNA is the ___.

anticodon

The process during which a cell eats itself is referred to as ___.

autophagy

The prefix ___ means water, hydrogen, or accumulation of fluid.

hydr-

The area where the heart is located is the ___, which lies between the two lungs.

mediastinum

The study of the cells in gastric pits is an example of ___ anatomy.

microscopic

Small structures in the nucleus of cells responsible for producing ribosomal subunits are called ___.

nucleoli