Mastering A&P Chapter 7

Which of the following is a peptide hormone? A) Calcitonin B) Melatonin C) Epinephrine D) Aldosterone

A) Calcitonin

Patients that suffer from hyperinsulinemia may have a decreased number of insulin receptors on their cell membranes. This is an example of which phenomenon? A) Down-regulation B) Hyposecretion C) Permissiveness D) Receptor inactivation

A) Down-regulation

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal A) cortex. B) capsule. C) medulla. D) shell.

A) cortex.

The classic steps for identifying an endocrine gland include removing the suspected gland, replacing the hormone, and which other step? A) creating a state of hormone excess B) blocking the hormone receptor C) blocking hormone action D) imaging the suspected area

A) creating a state of hormone excess

Which hormone is classified as an amino acid derivative? A) epinephrine B) cortisol C) oxytocin D) erythropoietin

A) epinephrine

Hormones acting through signal transduction pathways elicit a ________ response compared to hormones that produce genomic effects. A) faster B) slower C) equal

A) faster

Hormones that are polymers of amino acids are classified as __________. A) peptides or proteins B) peptides, but not proteins C) proteins, but not peptides D) amino-acid derivatives

A) peptides or proteins

Norepinephrine and epinephrine cause an increase in heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), which is the amount of blood pumped out during each heartbeat. This effect is enhanced when thyroid hormone (TH) is also present. TH has little effect on HR and SV alone. What is the effect of TH on HR and SV called? A) permissiveness B) synergism C) cooperation D) hypersecretion

A) permissiveness

In the simplest endocrine reflexes, which structure contains the sensor cells that trigger hormone release? A) the endocrine gland B) the target organ C) the central nervous system D) specialized cells in the bloodstream

A) the endocrine gland

The term for any hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone is a A) trophic hormone. B) permissive hormone. C) neurohormone. D) antagonistic hormone.

A) trophic hormone.

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? Select the best answer. A) Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells. B) Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. C) Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells. D) Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells. E) Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells.

B) Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

What is the most common type of hormone? A) Steroids B) Peptides C) Thyroid hormones D) Catecholamines

B) Peptides

What determines whether or not a particular cell will respond to a particular hormone? A) The target cell must have access to the bloodstream. B) The target cell must have a receptor that specifically binds to that hormone. C) The target cell must be near the source of the hormone. D) The target cell must lack enzymes that can destroy the hormone.

B) The target cell must have a receptor that specifically binds to that hormone.

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, A) the cell becomes inactive. B) a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. C) the hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. D) the cell membrane becomes less permeable. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

When adenylyl cyclase is activated, A) calcium ions are released from intracellular stores. B) cAMP is formed. C) protein kinases are metabolized. D) cAMP is broken down. E) steroids are produced.

B) cAMP is formed.

The sex hormones from the anterior pituitary that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called A) somatotropins. B) gonadotropins. C) corticotropins. D) androgens.

B) gonadotropins.

Each of the following statements concerning peptide hormones is true except one. Identify the exception. A) Peptide hormones remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. B) Peptide hormones are first synthesized as prohormones. C) Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins. D) Prohormones can be activated before their release via post-translational modification. E) Peptide hormones interact with receptors on the surface of their target cells.

C) Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins.

The pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is A) LH. B) FSH. C) TSH. D) ACTH. E) STH.

C) TSH.

How can elevated TSH be involved in hypothyroidism? A) Low thyroid hormone prevents the hypothalamus from inhibiting the anterior pituitary. B) The high TSH causes thyroid exhaustion, leading to decreased thyroid hormone release. C) There is a lack of feedback inhibition by thyroid hormone on the anterior pituitary. D) There is no known mechanism involving elevated TSH in hypothyroidism.

C) There is a lack of feedback inhibition by thyroid hormone on the anterior pituitary.

Steroid hormones are lipophilic. This allows which of the following? A) They dissolve in the extracellular fluid and plasma. B) They have short half-lives in the bloodstream. C) They bind to intracellular receptors. D) They bind to receptors only found on the cell surface.

C) They bind to intracellular receptors.

A new hormone is discovered. Analysis suggests that it is synthesized on demand and has a long half-life in the bloodstream once it is released. It seems to activate gene transcription in its target cells though no cell surface receptors can be identified. Which type of hormone is this most likely to be? A) a peptide B) a catecholamine C) a steroid D) a thyroid hormone

C) a steroid

The adrenal cortex produces a steroid hormone called ________ that controls Na+ and K+ homeostasis and another steroid hormone called ________ that controls blood glucose levels. A) vasopressin, adrenal androgen B) epinephrine, cortisol C) aldosterone, cortisol D) aldosterone, insulin

C) aldosterone, cortisol

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______. A) adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane B) plasma membrane receptors C) cAMP in the cytoplasm D) water-soluble hormone in the blood E) phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm

C) cAMP in the cytoplasm

Synergism occurs when A) one hormone inhibits the release of a second hormone. B) one hormone triggers the secretion of a second hormone. C) hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted. D) hormones working together produce a smaller effect than predicted. E) a hormone can exert its full effects only in the presence of another hormone.

C) hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted.

After a hormone has exerted its effects, it typically A) is absorbed by its target cell. B) continues to act until an opposing hormone is secreted. C) is inactivated or removed from the blood. D) spontaneously degrades. E) is absorbed by the gland that secreted it.

C) is inactivated or removed from the blood.

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________. A) protein kinases B) cAMP C) plasma membrane receptors D) cytoplasmic receptors E) adenylate cyclase

C) plasma membrane receptors

A blood sample is found to have low levels of GHRH and excessive levels of GH and IGFs. Where would the pathology be located in this example? A) the liver B) the hypothalamus C) the anterior pituitary D) the posterior pituitary

C) the anterior pituitary

Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes. It decreases hunger and feeding behaviors. Leptin is released relative to the size of adipose cells. The greater the adipocyte size, the more leptin they release. Leptin then acts at the hypothalamus to cause the release of αMSH, an appetite suppressant. In this reflex pathway, what is the response? A) the adipocytes B) αMSH C) the appetite sensation D) the hypothalamus

C) the appetite sensation

Neurohormones are classified as such because __________. A) they act upon neurons B) they are delivered to their targets by neurons C) they are produced by neurons D) they are very similar in structure to neurotransmitters

C) they are produced by neurons

When might negative feedback fail to regulate hormone production, and how would this affect hormone secretion? A) Negative feedback may cause down-regulation of receptors in the target cells, resulting in hyposecretion. B) Negative feedback may disable the receptors in the target cells, decreasing their response to hormones and causing even more hormone to be secreted. C) A pathology in the endocrine gland could prevent negative feedback from working, resulting in hyposecretion. D) A pathology in the endocrine gland could prevent negative feedback from working, resulting in hypersecretion.

D) A pathology in the endocrine gland could prevent negative feedback from working, resulting in hypersecretion.

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is A) FSH. B) STH. C) TSH. D) ACTH. E) LH.

D) ACTH.

Which of the following is a neurohormone? A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone B) Growth hormone C) Cortisol D) Oxytocin

D) Oxytocin

What is the role of activated protein kinases? Select the best answer. A) Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation. B) Phosphorylate ADP to ATP. C) Activate adenylate cyclase. D) Phosphorylate proteins. E) Degrade cAMP to AMP.

D) Phosphorylate proteins.

Most amine hormones are derived from which source? A) An iodinated peptide B) Freely circulating amine groups C) Cholesterol D) Tyrosine

D) Tyrosine

When stimulated by a particular hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably A) testosterone. B) a steroid. C) aldosterone. D) a peptide. E) estrogen.

D) a peptide.

The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney. A) pancreas B) thyroid C) thymus D) adrenal

D) adrenal

A cell's or tissue's response to a hormone primarily depends on the A) cell's receptors. B) signal transduction pathway used by the cell C) hormone present. D) cell's receptors and the signal transduction pathway used by the cell.

D) cell's receptors and the signal transduction pathway used by the cell.

Secretion of a lower than normal amount of a hormone, causing target cells to function improperly, is called __________. A) negative feedback B) atrophy C) hypersecretion D) hyposecretion

D) hyposecretion

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal A) core. B) cortex. C) nucleus. D) medulla.

D) medulla.

The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the A) adenohypophysis. B) tropic gland. C) portal gland. D) neurohypophysis.

D) neurohypophysis.

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________. A) adenylate cyclase B) G proteins C) AMP D) phosphodiesterase E) protein kinase

D) phosphodiesterase

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) growth hormone. B) FSH. C) ACTH. D) prolactin. E) TSH.

D) prolactin.

In the long loop negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone (TH), where would TH have an inhibitory action? A) the parathyroid gland B) the posterior pituitary C) the thyroid gland D) the hypothalamus

D) the hypothalamus

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except one. Identify the exception. A) thyroid hormone B) epinephrine C) melatonin D) thyroid-stimulating hormone E) norepinephrine

D) thyroid-stimulating hormone

The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) TSH. B) FSH. C) MSH. D) ACTH. E) ADH (Vasopressin).

E) ADH (Vasopressin).

Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors, A) adenylyl cyclase is activated. B) protein kinases are activated. C) cyclic nucleotides are formed. D) G proteins are inhibited. E) gene transcription may increase or decrease.

E) gene transcription may increase or decrease.