Mastering A&P: Chapter 8

adduction

toward the body

A movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned from posterior to anterior is supination.

true

Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion.

true

Flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion.

true

Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood.

true

biaxial movement

two planes

hinge joint

uniaxial movement

pivot joint

uniaxial movement

Which of the following is not a factor that stabilizes joints?

Amount of synovial fluid

Which of the following is not a factor that stabilizes joints? Amount of synovial fluid Shapes of the articulating surfaces Number and positioning of ligaments Muscle tone

Amount of synovial fluid

Bones do NOT have a role in ________. support fat storage movement blood cell formation glycogen production

Glycogen production

Using the structural classification, what type of joint is the epiphyseal plate?

cartilaginous joint The epiphyseal plate is a cartilaginous joint-a hyaline cartilage "growth plate" between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone.

synchondroses and symphyses are what kinds of joints?

cartilaginous joints

Joints A, B, C, and D in the figures below are all classified as ______.

cartilaginous joints All these joints are composed primarily of cartilage (hyaline and/or fibro-cartilage).

The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________.

cruciate ligaments

flexion

decreases the angle

Which of the following does NOT represent a structural classification of joints?

diarthrosis Diarthrosis, which refers to a freely movable joint, represents a functional classification.

Which of the following terms describes the functional classification of the illustrated joint with regard to its range of movement?

diarthrotic Synovial joints are considered to be freely movable and therefore described as diarthrotic.

What can cause gouty arthritis?

excessive blood levels of uric acid deposited as crystals in the soft tissue joints

Which movement increases the angle between articulating bones?

extension Extension involves movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones and typically straightens a flexed limb or body part.

All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight.

false

Hinge joints permit movement in only two planes.

false

The origin of a muscle is attached to the movable bone.

false

The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.

feet

sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses are what kind of joints?

fibrous joints

All three joints in the below figure are classified as ______.

fibrous joints In all three joints, bones are directly connected by dense fibrous tissue to form a joint lacking a cavity.

In a sprain, the ______ of a joint are stretched or torn.

ligaments

In a sprain, the ________ of a joint are stretched or torn.

ligaments In a sprain, the ligaments that reinforce a joint are stretched or torn.

Most joints of the body are classified as ________ joints. immovable fibrous cartilaginous synovial

synovial

Using the structural classification, what type of joint is the epiphyseal plate? cartilaginous joint fibrous joint amphiarthrotic joint synarthrotic joint

Cartilaginous joint

Which structure is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?

D Structure D forms the fibrous capsule surrounding the joint cavity.

The origin of a muscle is attached to the movable bone. True False

False

The origin of a muscle is attached to the movable bone.

False The origin is attached to the immovable or less movable bone; the insertion is attached to the movable bone.

Which joint in the figure is capable of multiaxial movement?

A Ball-and-socket joints, as found in the shoulder and hip, are capable of multiaxial movement in all three planes.

The Focus Figure of Synovial Joints has examined a number of types of movement and the joints in which they are located. Review the types you have studied, and select a true statement or characteristic of uniaxial movement in a representative joint.

A person curls his or her fingers and the phalanges flex at the interphalangeal joints. Uniaxial hinge-type joints include those that are interphalangeal (between the fingers or toes), as well as that of the elbow. These exhibit flexion and extension. Another uniaxial joint is a cylindrical bone rotating along one axis in a sleeve-type opening, the pivot joint, as in atlas-axis (also known as atlantoaxial) rotation or the proximal radioulnar joints. Biaxial joints include the condylar joint, as found in the metacarpophalangeal joint; and the saddle joint, as found in the carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs. Congratulations on expanding your knowledge of joint classification by recognizing both movements permitted and the shapes of the articulating bones!

Which of the following is one difference between bursae and tendon sheaths?

Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. Both bursae and tendon sheaths are associated with synovial joints, both reduce friction between adjacent structures, and both contain a thin film of synovial fluid.

A ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint. T F

True

Which of the following does not represent a structural classification of joints?

Diarthroses

Which joint in the above figure is limited to nonaxial gliding movements?

E The intercarpal and carpometacarpal joints of the palm (and equivalents in the foot) form plane joints that allow for only short nonaxial gliding movements.

Which of the following is a hinge joint?

F Interphalangeal joints are hinge joints capable of uniaxial angular movement.

Which of the following is true regarding the structure indicated by the arrow in the joint depicted in A?

It becomes ossified late in adult development. The dense connective tissue that originally forms sutures ossifies to form a synostoses during middle age.

Which of the following represents a correct statement about multiaxial joints?

Movement in more than two axes is permitted in a multiaxial joint. The multiaxial joint has movement in three directions, around all three axes in space, permitting the most movement of any joint type.

Which of these joints would be functionally classified as diarthrotic?

None of the listed responses is correct. Diarthrotic describes freely movable joints such as those formed by synovial joints.

Which of the following is correctly matched? Tendonitis: inflammation of the joint Osteoarthritis: degenerative joint disease Bursitis: uric acid crystals in the joint Gout: inflammation of the tendons

Osteoarthritis: degenerative joint disease

Which ligament would one tap to generate the knee-jerk reflex?

Patellar ligament

Synovial fluid does not: lubricate free surfaces of the joint. strengthen synovial joints. nourish cartilage cells in the joint. reduce friction between the cartilages of a joint.

Strengthen synovial joints

What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called?

abduction

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are

amphiarthroses

Extension is an example of a(n) ______ movement.

angular

Structure C and D collectively form which of the following?

articular capsule The synovial membrane and the fibrous layer that covers it collectively form the articular capsule.

The shoulder and hip are examples of ________.

ball-and-socket joints The shoulder and hip are examples of ball-and-socket joints.

Which of the following is NOT a structural feature of synovial joints?

bone ends united by fibrocartilage In synovial joints, bone ends are covered, but not united with cartilage. Hyaline (articular) cartilage covers the bone ends. The fibrocartilage found in some synovial joints, such as the knee joint, provides additional cushioning between opposing bone ends.

One difference between bursae and tendon sheaths is that

bursae are flattened fibrous sacs, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs

Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________.

hyperextension

multiaxial movement

in and around all three planes

extension

increases the angle

The generalized model for the structural type of joint illustrated shares the LEAST number of features with which of the following?

intervertebral joint The joints between vertebrae lack a joint cavity and are classified as sympheses, not synovial joints.

Which joint in the body is most susceptible to sports injuries?

knee

Which joint in the body is most susceptible to sports injuries?

knee Of all body joints, the knees are most susceptible to sports injuries because of their high reliance on non-articular factors for stability and the fact that they carry the body's weight. The knee can absorb a vertical force equal to nearly seven times body weight. However, it is very vulnerable to horizontal blows, such as those that occur during blocking and tackling in football and in ice hockey.

The synovial membrane ________.

lines the inside of the fibrous joint capsule The synovial membrane lines the inside of the fibrous joint capsule and produces synovial fluid, which serves as a lubricant.

Which inflammatory joint disease is caused by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer?

lyme disease Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by the spirochete bacteria transmitted by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer. It often results in joint pain and arthritis.

Which of the following is CORRECTLY paired?

multiaxial movement: movement in all three planes and around all three axes Multiaxial joints, such as the shoulder and hip, permit movement in all three planes and around all three axes.

plane joint

nonaxial movement

Synovial fluid does NOT ________.

prevent the articulating bones from dislocating Synovial fluid does not contribute to joint stability, and thus does not prevent the articulating bones from dislocating (being pulled apart).

Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called ________.

protraction

Partial dislocation of a joint is called a ________.

subluxation

A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________.

symphysis

Functional classification of joints is based on

the amount of movement allowed by the joint

Which of the joints will eventually develop into a synostosis?

A Endochondral ossification leads to the eventual fusion of the epiphysis and diaphysis to form a synostosis.

Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true about this fluid?

It contains hyaluronic acid

Which of the following is a correct statement about development of joints?

Joints develop in parallel with bones

Which inflammatory disease of joints is caused by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer?

Lyme disease

Farhad begins typing his term paper on his new computer early one morning. After 8 hours of typing, he notices that his wrists are stiff and very sore. The next morning, Farhad begins to finish his paper, but soon finds his wrists hurt worse than last night. What is Farhad suffering from?

Tendonitis

Functional classification of joints is based on: the amount of movement allowed by the joint. whether a joint cavity is present. the location of the joint. the size of the joint.

The Amount of movement allowed by the joing

Which of the following statements regarding the joints between the ribs and sternum is correct?

The joints between the first ribs and sternum are synarthrotic; the joints between the other ribs and sternum are diarthrotic. This joint is labeled B in the figure. The joints formed between the ribs and sternum, with the exception of the first rib, are diarthrotic synovial joints.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability?

amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity The amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity is not a factor that contributes to joint stability. The major role of synovial fluid is to lubricate the joint surfaces of freely movable (synovial) joints.

Extension is an example of a(n) ________ movement.

angular Angular movements increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones. Extension is an angular movement that increases the angle between the articulating bones. Angular movements may occur in any plane of the body and include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

To realign an anteriorly dislocated Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a physician must push the mandible inferiorly and posteriorly in order to move the mandibular condyle past the temporal bone's ________.

articular tubercle A tubercle is a round nodule or bumpy outgrowth from the main body of a bone. This tubercle forms the anterior boundary of the mandibular fossa.

abduction

away from the body

The shoulder and hip are examples of: pivot joints. plane joints. hinge joints. condyloid joints. ball-and-socket joints.

ball-and-socket joints

condylar joint

biaxial movement

saddle joint

biaxial movement

Which of the following is not a muscle of the rotator cuff?

biceps brachii muscle

Which of the following is NOT a muscle of the rotator cuff?

biceps brachii muscle The biceps brachii is not one of the four rotator cuff muscles.

Using the functional classification, a freely movable joint would be called a ________ joint.

diarthrosis

The joints indicated by the arrows in C and D are distinguished from those indicated in A and B by the presence of which of the following tissues?

fibro-cartilage Fibro-cartilage unites the articular surface of the bones shown in C and D.

If a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is not properly repaired, the consequences could include the inability to prevent ________.

forward sliding of the tibia on the femur The ACL extends from the anterior intercondylar notch of the femur to the anterior intercondylar eminence of the tibia. This ligament prevents the tibia from being pushed too far anterior relative to the femur.

Which type of movement occurs at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints?

gliding movement Gliding movements occur when one flat, or nearly flat, bone surface glides or slips over another without appreciable angulation or rotation; this type of movement occurs at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.

hyaline cartilage

Which of the following is the defining structure of a synovial joint?

joint cavity

Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include ________.

lateral and medial collateral ligaments preventing lateral or medial angular movements

The arrows in B and C point to structures that can both be described as a ______.

ligament The band of fibrous tissue that connects two bones is generally referred to as a ligament. In the case of the gomphoses shown in C, the fibrous connection is specifically termed the periodontal ligament.

Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which of the ligaments is (are) damaged as a result?

medial collateral, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate

The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.

multiaxial

ball and socket joint

multiaxial movement

What is the most important stabilizing factor for most synovial joints?

muscle tone For most synovial joints, especially the knee and shoulder, the muscle tendons that cross the joint are the most important stabilizing factor. These tendons are kept taut at all times by muscle tone, constant, partial contraction of their muscles.

uniaxial movement

one plane

The thumb joint indicated by C mediates which of the following special movements?

opposition Opposition is the movement which allows the touching of the thumb to the tip of each finger.

When a person makes a pinching motion with their thumb and forefinger they are performing a movement called ________.

opposition The saddle joint between metacarpal I of the thumb and the trapezium allows a movement called opposition-the action taken when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand. It is opposition that makes the human hand such a fine tool for grasping and manipulating objects.

Which of the following conditions is generally considered a noninflammatory type of arthritis?

osteoarthritis

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched?

osteoarthritis: chronic degenerative joint disease Osteoarthritis is a common, chronic degenerative joint disease often called "wear-and-tear arthritis."

Which ligament would one tap to generate the knee-jerk reflex?

patellar ligament By tapping the patellar ligament, which connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia, one can test the knee-jerk reflex. Stretching the patellar ligament in turn stretches the quadriceps tendon and muscle, triggering the stretch reflex that results in contraction of the quadriceps and extension (jerking) of the knee.

supination

radius and ulna are parallel

pronation

radius rotates over ulna

Which type of joint allows opposition?

saddle joint The saddle joint between metacarpal I and the trapezium allows a movement called opposition of the thumb-the action taken when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand. It is opposition that makes the human hand such a fine tool for grasping and manipulating objects.

What are menisci?

semilunar cartilage pads

Which joint has sacrificed stability to provide freedom of movement?

shoulder

Which joint has sacrificed stability to provide great freedom of movement?

shoulder In the shoulder joint, stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint in the body. The articulating bones provide minimal joint stability because of the size and "fit" of the articulating surfaces. The major stabilizing forces are soft tissue, in particular the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles (via muscle tone).

Which of the following refers to a joint that is immovable?

synarthrosis

Which of the following are CORRECTLY paired?

synchondrosis: a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones A synchondrosis is a plate of hyaline cartilage that unites the bones. Epiphyseal plates are examples of synchondroses.

On the basis of structural classification, which joint is fibrous connective tissue?

syndesmosis

Most joints of the body are classified as_______ joints.

synovial

People who grind their teeth are likely to damage their ________.

temporomandibular joints Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders often afflict people who grind their teeth, but can also result from jaw trauma or poor occlusion of the teeth. The TMJ is formed by the articulation between the temporal bone and mandible.

Functional classification of joints is based on ________.

the amount of movement allowed by the joint Functional classification is based on the amount of movement allowed by a joint. Structural classification focuses on the material binding the bones together, and whether a joint cavity is present.

The MAIN contributors to hip joint stability are __________.

the deep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments The main contributor to hip joint stability is the deep socket of the joint and the strong capsular ligaments. Joints that have shallow sockets, such as the shoulder and jaw (temporomandibular) joints, are relatively unstable and more easily dislocated.

Synovial joints are classified into six main categories based on ________.

the shape of their articular surfaces Based on the shape of their articular surfaces, which in turn determine the movements allowed, synovial joints can be classified into six major categories: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar (or ellipsoid), saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.