Mastering A&P Exam #3
What is the correct sequence of events in moving a bolus of food to the stomach?
Bolus is moved to oropharynx; epiglottis folds over glottis; esophageal peristalsis; opening of lower esophageal sphincter.
Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach? - Facilitating protein digestion - Breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides - Activating pepsin - Killing microorganisms
Breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides
Which of the following occurs when an individual loses body water? - Plasma volume increases, and electrolyte concentrations decrease. - Plasma volume decreases, and electrolyte concentrations rise. - Plasma volume increases, and electrolyte concentrations increase. - Plasma volume decreases, and electrolyte concentrations decrease.
Plasma volume decreases, and electrolyte concentrations rise.
What is the combination of a primary oocyte and a single layer of follicle cells called?
Primordial follicle
What hormone does the corpus luteum primarily produce?
Progesterone
In which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult? - Intrinsic factor - HCl - Rennin - Pepsinogen
Rennin
One of the functions of the urinary system is to help in the regulation of pH. How does the nephron correct an acidosis condition in the blood?
Secreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3-
What would happen if you ate a large quantity of salty potato chips without drinking anything?
Secretion of ADH would increase.
Which of the following is NOT a source of water gains? - Metabolism - Food - Sensible perspiration - Liquid
Sensible perspiration
Which two factors play important parts in moving the chyme from the stomach into the small intestine?
Stomach distension and gastrin release
What would be the effect on the osmotic concentration of blood plasma if you were in the desert without water for a day?
The osmotic concentration of your plasma would increase because of water leaving your body.
What female reproductive structure receives the ovum from the ovary during ovulation?
Uterine tube
What is meant by the term metabolic water?
Water generated during oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following is NOT a basic principle for understanding fluid and electrolyte balance?
Water moves into and out of cells by active transport.
All of the following characteristics are true of carrier-mediated transport processes except that _______________. - a specific substrate bind to a carrier protein that facilitates movement across the membrane - the membrane of a single tubular cell contains many types of carrier proteins - the distribution of carrier proteins can vary in different regions of the cell surface - a given carrier protein can typically work in both directions
a given carrier protein can typically work in both directions
The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by __________.
an imbalance between sodium gains and losses
A balanced diet is important to provide the body with all the necessary nutrients to ensure physiological functioning. What is the name of the process where new organic molecules are synthesized?
anabolism
Transport of oocytes toward the utureus occurs in the uterine tubes by a combination of __________.
ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions
The energy produced from aerobic metabolism comes from what two sources?
citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain
Extracellular fluids in the body consist of all of the following except __________. - lymph - cerebrospinal fluid - aqueous humor - cytosol
cytosol
In a 28-day cycle, estrogen levels peak at __________.
day 14
The removal of amino group from a protein to prepare it to enter the citric acid cycle is termed...
deamination
When water losses outpace water gains, __________ occurs.
dehydration
Sodium ions enter the ECF by crossing the digestive epithelium via __________.
diffusion and active transport
The bile duct and the pancreatic duct both enter the duodenum at the _____________.
duodenal papilla
A fluid shift of abnormally large amounts of water from the plasma into the interstitial fluid is called __________.
edema
Whether or not fertilization occurs, the final destination of the ovum is the __________.
endometrium
The histological composition of the uterine wall consists of the __________.
endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium
The esophagus enters the abdominopelvic cavity by passing through the ________________ of the diaphragm.
esophageal hiatus
When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and __________.
glucose appears in the urine
The process of glycogen formation is known as
glycogenesis
Where does beta-oxidation take place?
in the mitochondria
The body content of water will rise if __________.
intake exceeds outflow
To regulate pH, all of the following are secreted into the fluid in the collecting system except __________. - bicarbonate - iron - hydrogen
iron
Whenever the rate of sodium intake or output changes, there is a corresponding gain or loss of water that tends to __________.
keep the sodium concentration constant
An error in swallowing is most likely detected by the __________.
larynx
All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that: - it occurs in the mitochondria. - fatty acids break down into two-carbon fragments. - it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. - it yields large amounts of ATP. - lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.
lipids are converted into glycogen molecules
Which organ produces most of the urea in the body?
liver
In which area do you see most of the cell's ATP generated by aerobic respiration?
mitochondria
During oogenesis, meiosis produces how many functional gametes?
one
The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because
oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.
Chief cells in the gastric glands secrete ________________.
pepsinogen
Lipoproteins are water-soluble because of a superficial coating of
phospholipids and proteins
A balanced diet contains all the ingredients needed to maintain homeostasis. Many important compounds in the body contain nitrogen atoms (N compounds), including amino acids, the bases of RNA and DNA, creatine, and porphyrins. Despite the importance of nitrogen, the body neither stores nitrogen nor maintains reserves of N compounds. The body can synthesize the carbon chains of the N compounds but must obtain nitrogen atoms either by recycling N compounds or by absorbing nitrogen from the diet. Pregnant or lactating women like Justine actively synthesize N compounds. When an individual absorbs more nitrogen than he or she excretes, he or she is said to be in what state?
positive nitrogen balance
Sixty to seventy percent of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed in the __________.
proximal convoluted tubule
The proximal convoluted tubule performs all of the following functions except _______________. - active reabsorption of ions like sodium, potassion, and magnesium - reabsorption of approximately 99 percent of the water - active secretion of hydrogen ions - reabsorption of organic nutrients like glucose and amino acids
reabsorption of approximately 99 percent of the water
What is the function of the urea cycle?
reduce the concentration of ammonia
The plasma concentration at which a specific substance or ion begins to appear in the urine is called the ________________.
renal threshold
The carbon dioxide released by the lungs into the atmosphere was very likely produced within __________.
the citric acid cycle
When referring to reabsorption of molecules in the kidney, Tm is the abbreviation for __________.
transport maximum, the number of available carrier proteins in the renal tubules
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces
urea
Which of the following represents the largest volume of water lost each day under normal physiological conditions?
urine
Adequate nutrition is necessary to prevent deficiency disorders and ensure physiological functioning. Justine's diet is lacking vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin. What are the other fat-soluble vitamins?
vitamins D, E, and K
Following a protein-rich meal, which of the following conditions may be noticed?
Aminoaciduria
Which of the following is correct concerning the net movement of ions?
Ammonia is secreted.
Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus?
Pharynx
Glycolysis produces how many pyruvate molecules and how many ATP molecules?
2 pyruvate molecules with a NET GAIN of 2 ATP molecules
The amount of kilocalories (Cal; food calories) in a gram of carbohydrates is closest to:
4 kCal / g
The amount of kilocalories (Cal; food calories) in a gram of protein is closest to:
4 kCal / g
The amount of kilocalories (Cal; food calories) in a gram of lipids & fats is closest to:
9 kCal / g
What effect does prolonged sweating have on sodium ion levels?
A loss of sodium ions from the ECF
Cause of a fluid shift? - Excessive sweating - All of the listed choices are causes of a fluid shift. - Diarrhea - Drinking a large volume of water
All of the listed choices are causes of a fluid shift.
What would be the response of the body to an increase in ECF volume if you were to drink a large quantity of a sports drink? - All of the listed choices are correct. - Decreased thirst - Natriuretic peptides would be released by cardiac muscle cells. - Increased water and sodium loss in the urine
All of the listed choices are correct.
What is the benefit of the stomach having rugae?
Allowing the expansion of the lumen
The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired if the stomach were removed?
B12
An abnormally high level of which electrolyte could be caused by hyperparathyroidism and would result in kidney stones, confusion, muscle pain, and cardiac arrhythmias?
Calcium
Put the regions of the stomach in the order through which food and chyme would pass.
Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part
The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal glands are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones?
Cholecystokinin and secretin
What type of transport occurs when two chemical substances cross the membrane in the same direction, bound to the same carrier, in the process of reabsorption?
Cotransport
Which of the following would not be associated with a sensation of increased thirst? - Increase in renin secretion - Increase in the production of angiotensin II - Increase in the production of ADH - Decrease in the production of ADH
Decrease in the production of ADH
Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyperkalemia? - Chronically low blood pH - Some diuretics - Kidney damage or disease - Decreased blood volume
Decreased blood volume
Which of the following is the term for swallowing?
Deglutition
What is the primary site of the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid?
Distal convoluted tubule
Which portion of the nephron is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?
Distal convoluted tubule
In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions?
Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
What is the benefit of the large folds of the lining of the esophagus?
Expansion for swallowing
Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the tubular fluid are relatively high?
Facilitated transport
Which part of the uterus is lost during menses?
Functional zone
Which of the following causes an immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine?
Gastroenteric reflex
Which of the following cranial nerves is involved in both initiating the swallowing reflex as food passes by the uvula and helping to coordinate the peristalitic waves of the esophagus?
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
What is the term for an abnormally high concentration of sodium in the ECF?
Hypernatremia
What is the term for an abnormally low concentration of potassium in the blood?
Hypokalemia
Which of the following is the result of prolonged aldosterone stimulation?
Hypokalemia
What is the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct?
Increased conservation of sodium ions and water
What is the effect of taking a diuretic?
Increased water loss in the urine
Potassium ions are found in the highest concentrations in which of the following fluid compartments?
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Which process is NOT involved in the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach? - CO2 reacts with H2O. - Active transport of H+ and diffusion of Cl- - Movement of Cl- from the intestinal lumen to the interstitial fluid. - Countertransport of Cl- and HCO3
Movement of Cl- from the intestinal lumen to the interstitial fluid.
The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are
NAD and FAD.
Which of the following parts of the nephron has two limbs with thick segments and thin segments?
Nephron loop
What is/are the primary site(s) in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?
Nephron loop and collecting duct
Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment, composed of our body fluids. Which of the following is NOT one of the processes for stabilizing body fluid volumes?
Nutrient balance
Which cells secrete intrinsic factor?
Parietal cells
All of the following occur during glycolysis, except: - a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. - two molecules of ATP are consumed. - a molecule of carbon dioxide is produced. - hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules. - four molecules of ATP are produced.
a molecule of carbon dioxide is produced.
Lipogenesis generally begins with
acetyl-CoA
Synthesis of fatty acids starts with __________.
acetyl-CoA
Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the extracellular fluid volume by all of the following mechanisms except __________.
causing the release of ADH
What is the lowest, or most distal, part of the uterus?
cervix
The collecting ducts perform all of the following functions except _________________. - reabsorption of urea through diffusion - water reabsorption under the control of atrial naturetic peptide - sodium ion reabsorption by aldosterone-sensitive ion pumps that exchange sodium ions for potassium ions - bicarbonate ion reabsorption in exchange for chloride ions
water reabsorption under the control of atrial naturetic peptide
