Mastering Anatomy and Physiology CH 19.9-19.14

What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels? (Module 19.11C) increases CO2 levels decreases CO2 levels It will not affect CO2 levels.

decreases CO2 levels

The fetal dorsal aorta later forms the adult

descending aorta.

All of the following occur after hemorrhage, except mobilization of the venous reserve. increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. peripheral vasoconstriction. decrease in blood volume. increase in blood pressure.

increase in blood pressure.

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems. reduces; increases doubles; decreases decreases; doubles increases; reduces None of the answers is correct.

reduces; increases

Vasculogenesis refers to

the formation of the first vessels.

Angiogenesis refers to

the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels.

Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage. (Module 19.13B)

The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal blood volume

Describe the respiratory pump. (Module 19.12A)

The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart.

Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides. (Module 19.10C)

The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.

Where are chemoreceptors that detect changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or pH levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid located? (Module 19.11A)

They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.

Paul has a horrible chainsaw accident and cuts several major blood vessels in his head and neck. As a result of this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following except an increased secretion of renin by the kidneys. an increased total peripheral resistance. a decrease in cardiac output. cold, clammy skin. an increased heart rate.

a decrease in cardiac output.

All of the following occur during exercise except blood flow to the brain stays relatively constant. both cardiac output and stroke volume increase. venous return increases. vasodilation occurs to the active skeletal muscles. blood flow to skin decreases.

blood flow to skin decreases.

Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function. (Module 19.9B) 1. Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids. 2. Autoregulation involves changing respiratory rates to adjust the pH of blood reaching each tissue or organ. 3. Autoregulation involves altering the oxygen content in the blood reaching each tissue or organ. 4. Autoregulation is the blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients. 5. Autoregulation is the control of blood composition.

1. Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.

Define tissue perfusion. (Module 19.9A) 1. Tissue perfusion is the tissue's response to changes in blood pressure to maintain its blood flow. 2. Tissue perfusion is a measure of the oxygen content in the blood reaching each tissue or organ. 3. Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients. 4. Tissue perfusion is the measure of blood pressure that reaches each individual organ. 5. Tissue perfusion is the control of blood flow to specific capillary beds.

3. Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.

Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased 1. cardiac output. 2. blood volume. 3. parasympathetic innervation. 4. peripheral resistance. 5. force of cardiac contraction.

3. parasympathetic innervation.

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except 1. increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone). 2. increased levels of aldosterone. 3. increased levels of angiotensin II. 4. increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). 5. increased blood volume.

4. increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except 1. decrease in blood volume. 2. reduced thirst. 3. decreased peripheral resistance. 4. release of renin. 5.increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

4. release of renin.

Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume. (Module 19.10A) 1. ADH and aldosterone 2. erythropoietin and thrombopoietin 3. natriuretic peptides 4. aldosterone and cortisol 5. epinephrine and norepinephrine

5. epinephrine and norepinephrine

What are blood islands, and from which cells do they form? (Module 19.14A)

Blood islands are aggregations of embryonic cells scattered within the yolk sac that form blood vessels and blood cells.

In comparing a trained athlete to a non-athlete, which of these comparisons is false? The athlete has a higher exercise stroke volume. Both hearts weigh about the same. The athlete has a higher exercise cardiac output. The athlete has a higher resting stroke volume. The athlete has a lower resting heart rate.

Both hearts weigh about the same.