Mastering BIO and Quizzes Exam 1
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles A1 and A2 that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele A2 is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele? 0.49 9.0 0.9 0.09
0.09
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles A1 and A2 that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele A2 is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele? 0.9 0.09 9.0 0.49
0.09
Consider a population of wildflowers in which the frequency of the red allele CR is p = 0.7. What is the frequency of the white allele (CW ) in this population? 0 0.3 0.49 0.7
0.3
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles A1 and A2 that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele A2 is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals that are heterozygous for this allele? 0.16 0.02 0.04 0.32
0.32
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles A1 and A2 that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele A2 is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals that are heterozygous for this allele? 0.32 0.16 0.04 0.02
0.32
The frequency of the brown allele in this beetle population is ___
0.4
What is the frequency of the A1A2 genotype in a population composed of 20 A1A1 individuals, 80 A1A2 individuals, and 100 A2A2 individuals? 0.4 80 0.1 0.5
0.4
Researchers studying a small milkweed population note that some plants produce a toxin and other plants do not. They identify the gene responsible for toxin production. One allele (T1) codes for an enzyme that makes the toxin, and another allele (T2) codes for a nonfunctional enzyme that cannot produce the toxin. Heterozygotes produce an intermediate amount of toxin. The allele frequency of T1 is determined to be 0.6 and the allele frequency of T2 is 0.4. What is the expected frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? 0.65 0.5 0.48 0.25
0.48
Consider a wildflower population with the following allele and genotype frequencies. Frequency of the CR allele: p = 0.6 Frequency of the CW allele: q = 0.4 Frequency of CRCR : 50% Frequency of CRCW : 20% Frequency of CWCW : 30% Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? No, the frequency of genotype CRCR is too low. Yes, the genotype frequencies are what we would expect for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No, the frequency of genotype CRCW is too low. No, the frequency of genotype CWCW is too low.
No, the frequency of genotype CRCW is too low.
Natural selection..
consistently causes a population to become better adapted to its environment a result of differential success in reproduction cannot cause a harmful allele to become more common
In evolutionary terms, an organism's relative fitness is measured by its __________. mutation rate genetic variability contribution to the gene pool of the next generation stability in the face of environmental change health
contribution to the gene pool of the next generation
______________ would probably change _____________ because only few colonists reach new environments, and so the size of the population would be very small initially.
genetic drift; allele frequencies
The original source of all genetic variation is _________ mutation sexual reproduction independent assortment recombination natural selection
mutation
Which of the following are causes of evolutionary change? mutation gene flow genetic drift natural selection
mutation gene flow genetic drift natural selection
Give me one possible reason that a population would NOT be in HW equil?
mutation has occurred
Over time, _________ and ongoing ______________ would introduce __________ into the populations; some of these alleles would be favored by selection.
mutations, gene flow, new alleles
__________would cause evolutionary change in animal populations that colonize a new environment as its conditions differ from those found in their home.
natural selection
Charles Darwin __________. proposed unused parts of the body deteriorate eagerly published his theory before it was well-developed was the first person to conclude that organisms evolve proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was the first to realize that fossils are remains of ancient organisms
proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
According to the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, the frequencies of alleles in a population will remain constant if __________ is the only process acting on the gene pool. sexual selection genetic drift random mating immigration mutation
random mating
Which one of the following conditions would most likely cause allele frequencies to change by chance? small populations gene flow large population mutation
small pop
Which one of the following conditions would most likely cause allele frequencies to change by chance? large population small populations mutation gene flow
small populations
This Punnett square shows allele combinations for all possible genetic crosses in the wildflower population described in Part A. What are the expected genotype frequencies in the offspring generation? 0.09 CRCR (red flowers), 0.21 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.42 CWCW (white flowers) 0.09 CRCR (red flowers), 0.42 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.09 CWCW (white flowers) 0.49 CRCR (red flowers), 0.42 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.09 CWCW (white flowers) 0.49 CRCR (red flowers), 0.21 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.30 CWCW (white flowers)
0.49 CRCR (red flowers), 0.42 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.09 CWCW (white flowers)
A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 25% of the animals display a recessive trait (A2A2), the same percent as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants. What proportion of the population is most likely heterozygous (A1A2) for this trait? 0.50 0.05 0.25 0.75
0.50
The frequency of the green allele in this beetle population is
0.6
In this beetle population, the total number of alleles is ___
20
Suppose 64% of the individuals in a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this gene, what percent of the population must be heterozygous for this trait? 40% 48% 32% 16%
48%
In this beetle population, the number of brown alleles is ___
8
_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition. Paedomorphosis Microevolution Adaptive radiation Genetic drift Gene flow
Adaptive radiation
The universal genetic language of DNA is common to virtually all organisms on Earth, however diverse. What is the best explanation for this fact? All living things share a common genetic language of DNA because they share a common ancestry. The universal genetic language is explained by the chemistry of DNA and proteins. The universal nature of the genetic language of DNA is due to coincidence.
All living things share a common genetic language of DNA because they share a common ancestry.
The theory of evolution through natural selection is considered a scientific theory because __________. it is supported by a massive body of evidence from many disciplines it is general enough to provide many testable hypotheses it is broad enough in scope to explain many observations All of the listed answers are correct. None of the listed answers are correct.
All of the listed answers are correct.
Which of the following statements demonstrates unity in the diversity of life? All organisms, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, use essentially the same genetic code. The forelimbs of all mammals have the same basic structure, modified for different environments. The structure of DNA is the same in all organisms Cilia and flagella in all eukaryotes have the same basic structure. All of the listed statements are correct.
All of the listed statements are correct.
One female lion strategy observed in nature is known as pseudo-estrus which is hypothesized to occur because A. her hormones decrease in response to the presence of a new male B. it serves to encourage copulation from a new male to prevent infanticide C. a pseudo-estrus will increase the attachment of the mother's young D. the female is not healthy enough to experience a true estrus E. it increases the chance that the male will leave the pride
B. it serves to encourage copulation from a new male to prevent infanticide
The Grants witnessed strong selection during droughts in 1977 and 1985. Compare the two droughts. Both droughts events provided strong natural selection on medium ground finch populations. In both droughts, small-beaked medium ground finches had the highest survival rates. In both droughts, large-beaked medium ground finches had the highest survival rates. Both droughts resulted in changes to food sources that favored the survival of some medium ground finches over others.
Both droughts events provided strong natural selection on medium ground finch populations. Both droughts resulted in changes to food sources that favored the survival of some medium ground finches over others.
Different finch species have beaks of different shapes and sizes. What do these beak differences tell us? Different finch beak shapes are evidence that individual birds changed their beaks so that they could feed efficiently. Different finch beak shapes are evidence that several finch species with different beak types came to the Galápagos Islands from the mainland. Different finch beak shapes are evidence that all Galápagos finches share a common ancestor. Different finch beak shapes are evidence that finch species adapted to different environments over many generations.
Different finch beak shapes are evidence that finch species adapted to different environments over many generations.
_______ is the core theme of biology
Evolution
In 1977, medium ground finches on Daphne Major experienced a severe drought. The figure shows the beak depths of the initial population before the drought (red bars) and of the drought survivors (black bars). What do the data show? The most common beak size of the surviving population was 10.3 millimeters. A very small proportion (~5%) of the initial population with this beak size survived. Finches with larger beaks had a survival advantage in the 1977 drought. The most common beak size of the initial population was 8.8 millimeters. A very small proportion (~5%) of the initial population with this beak size survived. More than one-half of the initial population died during the drought.
Finches with larger beaks had a survival advantage in the 1977 drought. The most common beak size of the initial population was 8.8 millimeters. A very small proportion (~5%) of the initial population with this beak size survived. More than one-half of the initial population died during the drought.
Which of the following are basic components of the Hardy-Weinberg model? Allele frequencies in a subset of the population Allele frequencies, number of individuals in the population Allele frequencies, phenotype frequencies Frequencies of two alleles in a gene pool before and after many random matings
Frequencies of two alleles in a gene pool before and after many random matings
Which of the following statements best explains the need for the "2" in the 2pq term in the Hardy-Weinberg equation? Heterozygotes can come about in two ways. The population is doubling in number. Heterozygotes have two alleles. The population is diploid.
Heterozygotes can come about in two ways.
Which of the following statements best explains the need for the "2" in the 2pq term in the Hardy-Weinberg equation? The population is diploid. Heterozygotes can come about in two ways. The population is doubling in number. Heterozygotes have two alleles.
Heterozygotes can come about in two ways.
In some jacana species, males take care of the eggs and young, and females compete among themselves for territories that contain one to several males. Female jacanas are significantly larger than males. Which of these statements would you predict to be true of this bird species? A. Females are better at protecting the eggs compared to males B. These birds live in very safe environment in which many eggs will survive to hatchling C. Females have evolved characteristics that increase nestling/chick survival D. In environments where egg survival is low, multiple broods should be favored E. None of the above
In environments where egg survival is low, multiple broods should be favored
The head-butting behavior of male bighorn sheep to establish a mating hierarchy is an example of ________. A) mate-choice copying B) Intersexual selection C) polygamy D) Intrasexual selection
Intrasexual selection
Which of the following statements is true regarding the complexity of biological systems? a) An understanding of the interactions between different components within a living system is an approach towards understanding reductionism b) Knowing the function of a component of a living system can provide insights into the structure and organization of the living system c) Understanding the chemical structure of DNA reveals how it directs the functioning of a living cell d) An ecosystem displays complex properties of the biotic component only e) Most biological systems do not have complex structures, but are not random
Knowing the function of a component of a living system can provide insights into the structure and organization of the living system
Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____. gliding courtship extended hops flight all of these
all of these
The film defines species as populations whose members don't interbreed. What keeps different Galápagos finch species from mating? Males only court females that have a similar beak and similar size. Geographic isolation and different environments led to changes in traits that affected mating. Individuals recognize and only respond to songs of their own species. One population eats mostly small, soft seeds and the other population eats mostly large, hard seeds.
Males only court females that have a similar beak and similar size. Geographic isolation and different environments led to changes in traits that affected mating.
Genetic evidence supports which of the following explanations for the presence of 13 different finch species on the Galápagos islands? Many years ago, more than 13 different species of birds migrated to the islands. The current 13 finch species are the only species that survived. Each of the 13 species migrated to the islands at different times over the years. The 13 species have existed on the Galápagos islands since the islands first formed. Many years ago, a small population of a single finch species migrated to the islands and evolved into the current 13 species.
Many years ago, a small population of a single finch species migrated to the islands and evolved into the current 13 species.
Which of the following evolutionary forces could create new genetic information in a population? Mutation Nonrandom mating Genetic drift Selection
Mutation
You've done a jungle expedition to the amazon forest for years, and you discover a population of lizards that are only female. As far as you know, males have never existed in this population. What type of reproduction does this lizard most likely use? A) sexual reproduction B) budding C) cloning D) sperm storage E) parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis
A researcher does DNA test on a brood of fish in a nearby lake. The researcher has identified the dominant male and the females in the territory. According to DNA results, only 80% of the offspring were sired by the dominant male. Give two possibilities learned in class to explain the results.
Satellite males - male fish that mimic females to avoid dominant male aggression Sneaker males - males that sneak in quickly to mate with female before getting caught.Usually much smaller
Which of the following evolutionary forces consistently results in adaptive changes in allele frequencies? Mutation Selection Inbreeding There is no evolutionary force that results in adaptive changes in allele frequencies.
Selection
What genotype frequencies are expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a population with allele frequencies of p = 0.8 and q = 0.2 for a particular gene? The expected genotype frequencies are 0.33, 0.33, and 0.33 for A1A1, A1A2 , and A2A2 , respectively. The expected genotype frequencies are 0.32, 0.64, and 0.04 for A1A1, A1A2 , and A2A2 , respectively. The expected genotype frequencies are 0.64, 0.32, and 0.04 for A1A1, A1A2 , and A2A2 , respectively. The expected genotype frequencies are 0.25, 0.5, and 0.25 for A1A1, A1A2 , and A2A2 , respectively.
The expected genotype frequencies are 0.64, 0.32, and 0.04 for A1A1, A1A2 , and A2A2 , respectively.
What is the frequency of the A1 allele in a population composed of 20 A1A1 individuals, 80 A1A2 individuals, and 100 A2A2 individuals? The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.7. The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.5. The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.1. The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.3.
The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.3.
Which of the following statements is not a part of the Hardy-Weinberg principle? Even if allele A1 is dominant to allele A2 , it does not increase in frequency. If allele frequencies in a population are given by p and q, then genotype frequencies will be given by p 2, 2pq, and q 2 for generation after generation. When alleles are transmitted according to the rules of Mendelian inheritance, their frequencies do not change over time. The genotype frequencies in the offspring generation must add up to two.
The genotype frequencies in the offspring generation must add up to two.
The top figure shows beak sizes of the 1976 finch population before the drought of 1977 (red bars) and after the drought (black bars). The lower figure shows the beak sizes of the offspring of the drought survivors in 1978. What do these figures tell us? The finches that survived the drought (black bars) had offspring with much larger beaks. The offspring had a smaller range of beak depths--from smallest to largest--than their parents (black bars). In 1978, the offspring population is larger than the initial 1976 population before the drought. The overall beak depths of the 1978 offspring population are larger the original 1976 population.
The overall beak depths of the 1978 offspring population are larger the original 1976 population.
A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10 are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population? The ratios will not change. In two generations, all the fish will be mottled. There is no way to predict the result. As the mottled fish are eaten, more will be produced to fill the gap. The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.
The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.
Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin __________. developed in response to the use of methicillin already existed in the population before methicillin was developedal ways have an advantage in every environment were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections The second and fourth answers are correct.
The second and fourth answers are correct.
A female duck has a vagina that makes forcible entry nearly impossible. According to the video, besides the cork screw shape of the vagina, what other characteristics make it difficult for the male to force its sperm into the female vagina? What happens to the duck's penis after each mating season?
The vagina has pockets and dead ends that help to prevent forceful injection of sperm. The penis falls off and grows back in proportion to the successful matings of the male.
How did the Grants test their hypothesis that differences in birds' songs can keep different species of finches from breeding with one another? They observed which birds were mating with each other and listened for the songs the birds were singing. They placed stuffed female finches onto branches to see if males would respond. They played the songs of medium ground finches and cactus finches through a loudspeaker to see which species responded to each song. They recorded birds singing on the island of Daphne Major to see which type of song was sung more often by each species.
They played the songs of medium ground finches and cactus finches through a loudspeaker to see which species responded to each song.
An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population has broader stripes, on average, than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, which of the following processes most likely caused the change? a bottleneck effect disruptive selection founder effect directional selection
a bottleneck effect
There are the five assumption of Hardy Weinberg. List two
a mutation has not occurred, gene flow has not occurred
An adaptation is __________. a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment an individual's attempt to conform to its environment the cause of natural selection a trait that gives rise to a new species All of the listed answers are correct.
a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment
Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____. adaptive radiation paedomorphosis gene flow genetic drift microevolution
adaptive radiation
The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____. mutation gene flow mass extinction adaptive radiation paedomorphosis
adaptive radiation
The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____. adaptive radiation artificial selection paedomorphosis gene flow mass extinctios
adaptive radiation
To calculate the frequency of the brown allele, count the number of _____________ and divide by the total number of alleles in this population.
brown alleles
gene flow
can introduce new alleles into a population's gene pool a result of the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes
genetic drift....
causes allele frequencies to fluctuate randomly can result from the bottleneck effect can result from the founder effect
Use the following figure to answer the question A is ________. B is _________ a) the most recent species to evolve on Earth; an ancestor of group A b) the most recent species to evolve on Earth; the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya c) the common ancestor of all life; the common ancestor of Bacteria and Archaea d) the common ancestor of all life; the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya
d) the common ancestor of all life; the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya
Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should _____. a) test whether other traits in these males are also adaptive b) look for evidence of hair in ancestors of tamarins c)determine if hair length is heritable d) test whether males with shafved heads are still able to mate
determine if hair length is heritable
Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____. mutation macroevolution genetic drift microevolution natural selection
microevolution
Blue poppies native to China were grown at a plant-breeding center in California. The plants with the thickest leaves were most likely to survive and reproduce in the drier climate. After several generations, the percentage of thick-leaved plants had increased by 42%. This adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to __________. disruptive selection genetic drift neutral variation directional selection stabilizing selection
directional selection
Which of the following processes best describes the cause of a bottleneck effect? drastic decrease in the size of the population transfer of alleles in and out of a population due to movement of fertile individuals chance events that change allele frequency transfer of alleles to the next generation in proportions that differ from the current generation
drastic decrease in the size of the population
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in humans where the person has two homozygous recessive alleles for the gene. If the disease is left untreated, it causes severe health problems in the individual. If 9 in 10,000 newborn babies have the disease, what are the expected frequencies of the dominant (A1) and recessive (A2) alleles according to the Hardy-Weinberg equation? f(A1) = 0.9700, f(A2) = 0.0300 f(A1) = 0.9997, f(A2) = 0.0003 f(A1) = 0.9604, f(A2) = 0.0392 f(A1) = 0.9800, f(A2) = 0.0200
f(A1) = 0.9700, f(A2) = 0.0300
The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that ________. A) genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes B) companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other C) critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection D) natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants
genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes
Allele frequencies in a gene pool may shift randomly and by chance. What is this random shift called? genetic drift gene flow directional selection
genetic drift
The effect of which Hardy-Weinberg condition is affected by population size? gene flow genetic drift selection mutation
genetic drift
Mating between close relatives more often than expected under random mating is kn
inbreeding
Which of the following is true of a scientific theory? it is only accepted after the person who came up with it has died it must demonstrate the effect of one variable by testing control groups and experimental group sit is a method or device that applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose it generates testable hypotheses, is supported by a large body of evidence, and is broad in scope it is formulated by many scientists over drinks at a scientific convention
it generates testable hypotheses, is supported by a large body of evidence, and is broad in scope
Which of the following is true of microevolution? it is evolution that influences only a small subset of the populations that comprise a species it is evolution that involves only tiny changes to DNA, such as point mutations, producing only small (if any) changes to phenotype it is evolution that results in the origin of small numbers of new species it is evolution that is restricted to individual organisms it is the kind of evolution that can change the relative abundance of a particular allele in a gene pool over the course of generations
it is the kind of evolution that can change the relative abundance of a particular allele in a gene pool over the course of generations
Following a scientific method, which of the following is the correct order of steps? a) observation -> analysis -> hypothesis -> conclusion -> communicate results b) observation -> hypothesis -> experiment -> communicate results -> analysis -> conclusion c) experiment ->hypothesis -> observation -> analysis -> conclusion -> communicate results d) observation -> hypothesis -> experiment -> analysis -> conclusion -> communicate results
observation -> hypothesis -> experiment -> analysis -> conclusion -> communicate results
Competition is central to the theory of natural selection. Why does competition occur? females must choose among possible mates organisms typically produce too many offspring and resources are limited organisms are naturally antagonisticmales must defend their territories all of the listed responses are correct
organisms typically produce too many offspring and resources are limited
Two researchers measured the snout-to-vent (anus) length of Galapagos marine iguanas (lizards) and observed the percent survival of different-sized animals, all of the same age. The graph shows the log snout-vent length (SVL, a measure of overall body size) plotted against the percent survival of these different size classes for males and females. Based on the data in the figure, what type of selection for body size appears to be occurring in these marine iguanas? disruptive selection You cannot determine the type of selection from the above information directional selection stabilizing selection
stabilizing selection
The evolutionary effects of genetic drift are greatest when __________. sexual selection occurs intraspecific competition is intense the population size is large the population size is small intraspecific competition is weak
the population size is small
Cilia of paramecium and cilia of human windpipes are virtually identical. What does this suggest?
there might be a common ancestor
True or false? The Hardy-Weinberg model makes the following assumptions: no selection at the gene in question; no genetic drift; no gene flow; no mutation; random mating. True False
true
