Mastering Bio Ch. 43 & HW

16) Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? -The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. -Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. -Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers. -Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers.

Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.

Which of the following statements reflects a concern about the effects of global climate change on tree species? The acid precipitation that currently kills many trees is likely to become more prevalent. All of the listed responses are correct. Increased ozone levels may damage leaf cells, reducing photosynthetic rates. Trees may not be able to disperse fast enough to reach new habitats that meet their climatic requirements. Warmer temperatures will speed tree growth, producing trees that are too tall and spindly.

Trees may not be able to disperse fast enough to reach new habitats that meet their climatic requirements.

Which of the following countries has the highest human population growth rate? Uganda Japan United States United Kingdom Canada

Uganda

How much higher is the current extinction rate relative to that prior to the past few centuries? 10 times higher Up to 1,000 times higher There is no way to tell. 4 times higher Double

Up to 1,000 times higher

About what percentage of our prescription drugs are derived from naturally occurring substances produced by plants? Almost none 50% 90% 5% 25%

25%

Which of the following characteristics is typical of biodiversity hot spots? A large land or aquatic area A large number of endemic species Protection from human exploitation A lack of habitat degradation Little species diversity

A large number of endemic species

Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity, which one is not correct? It is especially important to protect biodiversity hot spots. About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected. National parks are one of many types of protected areas. Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area. Most protected areas are too small to protect species.

About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected.

Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity, which one is not correct? National parks are one of many types of protected areas. About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected. It is especially important to protect biodiversity hot spots. Most protected areas are too small to protect species. Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area.

About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected.

Which of the following terms includes all the others? Community diversity Biodiversity Species diversity Ecosystem diversity Genetic diversity

Biodiversity

Which of the following is a correct statement concerning the number of species on Earth? The rate of discovery of new species has steadily declined over the past 50 years. Insect numbers are difficult to determine, but the exact number of vertebrate species is well known. We are currently losing species at a faster rate than they are being discovered. Biologists estimate that there are multiple times more species yet to be discovered than those already described. There are now less than a million species left on Earth.

Biologists estimate that there are multiple times more species yet to be discovered than those already described.

10) Which of the following is true about the current research regarding forest fragmentation? ~Fragmented forests support a greater biodiversity because they result in the combination of forest-edge species and forest-interior species. ~The disturbance of timber extraction causes species diversity to increase because of the new habitats created. ~Fragmented forests support a lesser biodiversity because the forest-adapted species disappear, and only the edge and open-field species can occupy fragmented forests. ~Harvesting timber that results in forest fragmentation results in less soil erosion. ~Fragmented forests are the goal of conservation biologists who design wildlife preserves.

Fragmented forests support a lesser biodiversity because the forest-adapted species disappear, and only the edge and open-field species can occupy fragmented forests.

7) What is the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations? ~Diseases and parasites are not spread between separated populations. ~Genes for adaptive traits to local conditions make microevolution possible. ~The population that is most fit would survive by competitive exclusion. ~Genetic diversity allows for species stability by preventing speciation. ~Isolated populations become more fit.

Genes for adaptive traits to local conditions make microevolution possible.

What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity? Pollution of Earth's air, water, and soil Disruption of trophic relationships as more and more prey species become extinct Introduced species that compete with native species Overharvesting of commercially important species Habitat alteration and habitat loss

Habitat alteration and habitat loss

Which of the following is a correct statement concerning the supply of nitrogen? Humans have increased the total nitrogen available to plants. It is estimated that we could run out of nitrogen in the next 50 years. Increasing available nitrogen in an ecosystem is the best way to increase species diversity. The amount of available nitrogen has a major effect on terrestrial ecosystems but not marine ecosystems. Nitrogen is the one nutrient that can always be fully absorbed by an ecosystem.

Humans have increased the total nitrogen available to plants.

Of the threats to biodiversity, which has been substantially reduced in the past 50 years? Introduction of exotic species None of the listed responses is correct. Human population size Overharvesting of fish Burning of fossil fuels

None of the listed responses is correct.

1) How is habitat fragmentation related to biodiversity loss? Less carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants in fragmented habitats. In fragmented habitats, more soil erosion takes place. Fragments generate silt that negatively affects sensitive river and stream organisms. Populations of organisms in fragments are smaller, and thus more susceptible to extinction. Animals are forced out of smaller habitat fragments.

Populations of organisms in fragments are smaller, and thus more susceptible to extinction.

What is the most direct, documented means through which maintenance of wild plant relatives of our domesticated crop plants has benefitted agriculture? Wild plants act as barriers to the incursion of animals onto agricultural fields. Wild plants are a preferred source of food for insect pests. Wild plants are the most common sources of fertilizers for crop plants. Wild plants serve as reservoirs of genes that can confer resistance to disease. Wild plants serve as the best test subjects for the effectiveness of pesticides.

Wild plants serve as reservoirs of genes that can confer resistance to disease.

In the past, the management plans for some grassland and conifer forest reserves have included attempts to prevent even the smallest fires. The most likely result of such plans is __________. an increase in the abundance of native animals spread of the habitat into adjacent areas maximization of species richness a change in community composition the preservation of an endangered species in the area

a change in community composition

According to the Endangered Species Act, a threatened species is __________. a species endemic to a small region a species that is in danger of extinction in all or a large part of its range a species that is found in disturbed habitats an exotic species that cannot successfully compete with native organisms a species that is likely to become endangered

a species that is likely to become endangered

13) Aquatic nitrate pollution can result in _____. algal bloom oxygen depletion fish kills hypoxia an algal bloom that, when the algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, leads to hypoxia and the death of fish

an algal bloom that, when the algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, leads to hypoxia and the death of fish

12) Which of these are the two major sources of nitrate pollution in rivers? ~the burning of fossil fuels by factories and cars ~animal wastes and the burning of fossil fuels by cars ~animal wastes and fertilizers ~fertilizer runoff and the burning of fossil fuels by cars ~animal wastes and the burning of fossil fuels by factories

animal wastes and fertilizers

21) What causes extremely high levels of toxic chemicals in fish-eating birds? biological magnification greenhouse effect eutrophication acid precipitation

biological magnification

The finding of high concentrations of DDT in grebes (fish-eating birds) following years of trying to eliminate bothersome mosquito populations in a lakeshore town is an example of __________. an edge effect of a landscape ecosystem eutrophication nutrient enrichment increasing resistance to pesticides biological magnification an ecosystem service

biological magnification

The focus of the declining-population approach to conservation is to __________. transplanting individuals to increase the genetic diversity of a population predict a species' minimum viable population size perform a population viability analysis to predict the long-term viability of a population in a particular habitat determine the cause of a species' decline and take remedial action establish zoned reserves that ensure that human landscapes surrounding reserves support the protected habitats

determine the cause of a species' decline and take remedial action

Conservationists generally consider the minimum viable population to be __________. greater than 10,000 individuals 10 individuals 50 individuals 1000 individuals different depending on the species and environmental conditions

different depending on the species and environmental conditions

According to the small-population approach, the most important strategy for preserving an endangered species is to __________. encourage dispersal and an increase in genetic diversity set up artificial breeding programs determine the reason for its decline establish a large nature reserve around its habitat control the populations of its natural predators

encourage dispersal and an increase in genetic diversity

18) What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity? introduced species that compete with native species pollution of Earth's air, water, and soil habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction overharvesting of commercially important species

habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction

14) Managing southeastern forests specifically for the red-cockaded woodpecker -caused other species of songbird to decline. -required the growth of a dense understory of trees and shrubs. -included providing nesting cavities for breeding groups. -involved strict fire-suppression measures. -involved the creation of fragmented forest habitat.

included providing nesting cavities for breeding groups.

17) Which of the following best illustrates human efforts to improve environmental sustainability? -increasing our reliance on renewable sources of energy -converting automobiles from gasoline to natural gas as a new source of fuel -rerouting major highways around cities to avoid traffic congestion -upgrading computers every few years to improve performance

increasing our reliance on renewable sources of energy

11) According to the small-population approach, what would be the best strategy for saving a population from extirpation? ~determining and remedying the cause of its decline ~reducing the population size of its predators and competitors ~introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation ~determining the minimum viable population size by taking into account the effective population size ~establishing a nature reserve to protect its habitat

introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation

Sustainable development __________. sustains the productivity of agricultural ecosystems through the use of chemical fertilizers requires the establishment of zoned reserves is economic development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of people to meet their needs in the future is land use based solely on the maintenance of existing ecological communities is only achievable if the global population is reduced

is economic development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of people to meet their needs in the future

One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that __________. its genetic diversity is very low its individuals are less tolerant of edge effects it occupies a higher trophic level its habitat is fragmented its effective population size is much lower than its total population size

its genetic diversity is very low

9) Overharvesting encourages extinction and is most likely to affect? ~animals that occupy a broad ecological niche. ~most organisms that live in the oceans. ~edge-adapted species. ~large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates. ~terrestrial organisms more than aquatic organisms.

large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates.

2) Which of these would NOT contribute to a global increase in temperature? A) deforestation B) increasing the use of gasoline-burning vehicles C) increasing the industrial release of carbon dioxide D) planting trees E) increasing the amount of animal life on Earth

planting trees

8) Burning fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. These air pollutants can be responsible for . .? preventing eutrophication. the increase of fish populations in lakes. precipitation with a pH as low as 3.0. biological magnification of toxins.

precipitation with a pH as low as 3.0

Ecosystem services include all of the following except __________. purification of air and water decomposition of wastes reduced impact of weather extremes pollination of crops production of antibiotics and drugs

production of antibiotics and drugs

3) Switching from fossil fuels to _____ energy would significantly decrease the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. solar nuclear geothermal solar and geothermal solar, nuclear, and geothermal

solar, nuclear, and geothermal

Movement corridors are defined as __________. strips or clumps of habitat that connect isolated habitats buffer zones for human activity that promote the long-term viability of protected areas landscapes that include several different ecosystems the areas forming the boundary or edge between two biomes the routes taken by migratory animals

strips or clumps of habitat that connect isolated habitats

15) If global warming continues at its present rate, which biomes will likely take the place of the coniferous forest (taiga)? -temperate broadleaf forest and grassland -tropical forest and savanna -tundra and polar ice -tropical and temperate broadleaf forest

temperate broadleaf forest and grassland

The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is __________. additional respiration by the rapidly growing human population the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels increased worldwide primary production an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere increased worldwide standing crop

the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels

An ecological footprint is an estimate of __________. the number of offspring an adult produces the land and water area needed per person or nation to meet the current demand on resources the carrying capacity of a nation the area occupied by an ecosystem the size of a population in relationship to the area it occupies

the land and water area needed per person or nation to meet the current demand on resources

20) The concept of sustainable development emphasizes the fastest ways to economic prosperity. the needs of future generations. the importance of developing the arts. the need for national government action. trade between all nations of the world.

the needs of future generations.

19) Which of the following ecological locations has the greatest species diversity? tundra deciduous forests tropical rain forest islands grasslands

tropical rain forest