Mastering Biology 7

French scientists used carbon-14 dating to determine the age of prehistoric wall paintings in the Niaux caves . They determined that the paintings were made using natural dyes approximately 13 thousand years ago.

1) In another 5.7 thousand years, the Niaux cave paintings will contain half as much carbon-14 as they currently do. 2) Cave paintings that are 7.3 thousand years old would contain twice as much carbon-14 as the Niaux cave paintings.

Where are the Galapagos Islands located?

600 miles west of Ecuador, near the equator

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?

A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"?

Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.

The domain Eukarya is divided into kingdoms. Biologists agree on the definitions of three of these kingdoms. However, this taxonomic group is a matter of discussion because its members are highly diverse and do not fit neatly into a single classification scheme.

Protists

Imagine that you start with a population of red, white, and blue flowers, a trait controlled by genetics. If you always cut blue flowers before they have a chance to reproduce, the number of blue flowers will change from generation to generation; however, the gene pool will still remain constant.

False

Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection?

Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food.

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?

Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

When should a lactase supplement be taken in order to be most effective, and why?

at the same time the dairy product is consumed, so that the lactase will be in contact with the lactose

The _____ of life arises from the adaptation of species to different habitats over long spans of time.

diversity

In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics?

encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, he knew very little about the subject of _____, an essential component of evolutionary theory today.

genetics

Two key observations underlying natural selection are that members of a population vary in their _____ and that all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support.

inherited traits

The phrase Darwin used to describe his broad theory of evolution is ''descent with _____".

modification

The planet is currently facing its _____ mass extinction event.

sixth

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?

taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor

If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles,

the frequency of the green allele will increase.

A comparison of bat wings, porpoise flippers, and human arms shows that __________.

they evolved from a common ancestor

Which of the following sets of animals are likely to be found on the Galapagos Islands?

tortoises, finches, blue-footed boobies

You are a researcher studying a group of organisms that all disappeared during the Permian extinction. What do you study?

trilobites

All of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for the _____ of life.

unity

Sixty-five million years ago, approximately 50% of all species became extinct, including dinosaurs. This is the largest mass extinction in the fossil record.

False

Speciation is always a slow, gradual process.

False

A clade is a group that consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants. Consider the speciation event about 22 million years ago that gave rise to all eight species of modern bear. Which of the following represents an outgroup with respect to this speciation event?

giant panda

In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift

has more effect on the evolution of a small population.

Which species is threatening the natural wildlife on the Galapagos Islands?

humans

In which country would you most likely find a higher incidence of lactase persistence?

in a Scandinavian country where people historically raised dairy cattle and made cheese

Where are the Solomon Islands located?

in the South Pacific

Why should we not view lactose intolerance as a disease in adult humans?

Adult humans did not consume dairy products until fairly recently in our evolutionary history.

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?

Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

Horses and donkeys can reproduce to produce mules. Thus, horses and donkeys are considered to be a single species.

False

Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct?

Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase.

How does antibiotic resistance evolve in bacterial populations?

In any population of bacteria, some individuals are more resistant to particular antibiotics and some individuals are less resistant. In the presence of an antibiotic, susceptible individuals die off. Over time, the frequency of resistant bacteria within the population increases.

As more carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere, which of the following is most likely to happen?

Increasing ocean acidification and decreasing concentration of oxygen in the oceans.

Why did the biologists consider a frog that they found to be a new species?

Its call was unique.

Why is the enzyme lactase necessary to digest dairy products?

Lactase breaks down lactose into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the cells that line the small intestine.

Most people are lactose intolerant as adults, but nearly everyone produces sufficient lactase as an infant. However, in some cases, genetic mutations can occur that make an infant lactose intolerant. From an evolutionary perspective -- over thousands of years -- why would lactose intolerance in infants be very rare in the population?

Lactose intolerant infants could not digest breast milk and therefore usually died, never having the chance to pass the mutation on to their children.

Which of the following is not an assumption that Darwin made about how evolution acts on populations?

The most fit individuals will always have the most offspring.

Which statement correctly describes the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

The presence of an antibiotic in an environment leads to the selection of those individuals that are most resistant to it.

How do lactase supplements help people who are lactose intolerant?

The supplements provide the enzyme that breaks down the lactose in dairy products.

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?

The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

Why didn't the dinosaurs go extinct during the Permian extinction?

They weren't alive at that time.

Lactose intolerance in infants is more common in the population today than it was a hundred years ago. Why?

Today there are alternatives to breast milk, such as lactose-free formula and soy milk, so lactose intolerant infants can survive.

This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of _____ to the environment.

adaptations

The Galapagos Islands were the first place on Earth to _____.

be declared a world heritage site

Tourism on the Galapagos Islands is being restricted by requiring tourists to _____.

be escorted by trained guides at all times

The evolution of populations due to chance is

genetic drift.

Darwin proposed a mechanism for how evolution occurs, which he called _____.

natural selection

Darwin inferred that those organisms with traits best suited to the environment tend to leave more _____ Than other members of a population.

offspring

After 17.1 thousand years, what percentage of the original carbon-14 would be left in an organism's remains?

12.5%

Based on the video, what can you infer about speciation--the process by which one species splits into two or more species?

Physical separation of populations is often part of the speciation process.

Darwinian fitness is measured only in terms of the number of healthy offspring produced.

True

Which group of animals is currently facing the greatest threat from climate change?

corals

Scientists studying evolution on the Solomon Islands described which animal as the 'poster child' for the biological species concept?

white-eye bird