Mastering Biology Chapter 27

Which group was not described in Woese's tree of life analysis? a. Prokarya b. Bacteria c. Eukarya d. Archaea

a. Prokarya

Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are: a. photoheterotrophs b. chemoautotrophs c. photoautotrophs d. chemoheterotrophs

b. chemoautotrophs

Organisms that can cause nongonococcal urethritis are classified with: a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

b. chlamydias

Which of the following could cause DNA from the main chromosome of a donor cell to be incorporated into the main chromosome of the recipient cell? a. conjugation between an F+ cell and an F- cell b. conjugation between an Hfr cell and an F- cell c. conjugation between two F- cells d. conjugation between two F+ cells

b. conjugation between an Hfr cell and an F- cell

Which molecule did Carl Woese study to produce his tree of life? a. messenger RNA b. ribosomal RNA c. ribosome d. DNA

b. ribosomal RNA

An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as: a. mutualistic b. symbiotic c. parasitic d. taxis e. commensal

b. symbiotic

Suppose conjugation occurs between an Hfr cell and an F- cell. Although not typical, what would have to occur for the recipient cell to become an Hfr cell? a. a portion of the F plasmid would have to be transferred to the recipient cell b. the entire F factor would have to be incorporated into the recipient cell's chromosome c. a portion of the F factor would have to be incorporated into the recipient cell's chromosome d. the entire F factor would have to be transferred to the recipient cell

b. the entire F factor would have to be incorporated into the recipient cell's chromosome

Which of the following typically produces a recombinant F+ recipient cell? a. conjugation between two F- cells b. conjugation between two Hfr cells c. conjugation between an F+ cell and an F- cell d. conjugation between an Hfr cell and an F- cell

c. conjugation between an F+ cell and an F- cell

Spiral-shaped bacteria are likely to be placed with: a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

c. spirochetes

What is the difference between an F+ donor and an Hfr donor? a. the Hfr donor has an F plasmid, but the F+ donor does not b. the Hfr donor has an F factor, but the F+ donor does not c. the Hfr donor has an F factor integrated into its main chromosome, but the F+ donor does not d. the F+ donor has an F factor, but the Hfr donor does not

c. the Hfr donor has an F factor integrated into its main chromosome, but the F+ donor does not

F+ cell

carries the F factor in a plasmid; may donate a plasmid to another cell

Hfr cell

carries the F factor in its circular chromosome; may donate genes from its chromosome to another cell

Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is true? a. a monophyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants b. a paraphyletic group has not experienced lateral gene transfer c. a paraphyletic group consists of an ancestral population and all of its descendants d. a paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants

d. a paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants

Streptococcus pyogenes is classified with: a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

d. gram-positive bacteria

The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the: a. korachaeota b. methanogens c. extremophiles d. halophiles e. thermophiles

d. halophiles

What is lateral gene transfer? a. inheritance of a gene through meiosis b. inheritance of a gene through mitosis c. inheritance of a gene from a parent d. physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage

d. physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage

Bioremediation is: a. the use of prokaryotes in producing transgenic organisms b. the modification of prokaryotes for industrial purposes c. the use of prokaryotes in producing pharmaceutical purposes d. the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment e. the use of biological processes to remedy diseases

d. the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

Which statement is true about obligate anaerobes? a. they will use O2 if it is present, but can obtain energy by fermentation if needed b. they use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it c. they obtain energy by oxidizing ferrous ions d. they are poisoned by O2 e. they live exclusively by cellular respiration or by anaerobic respiration

d. they are poisoned by O2

The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as: a. proteobacteria b. clamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

e. cyanobacteria

The prokaryotic cells that were the first to add significant quantities of oxygen to Earth's atmosphere are classified as: a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

e. cyanobacteria

Which statement about endotoxins is true? a. endotoxins are proteins secreted by prokaryotes b. the source of endotoxins is endospores c. an example of a prokaryote that produces endotoxins is Clostridium botulinum d. endotoxins are components of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria e. endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down

e. endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down

What is the function of fimbriae? a. they are components of the outer cell wall in gram-negative bacteria b. they protect the cell from dehydration c. they are used in motility d. they are used to transfer DNA during conjugation e. they are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes

e. they are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes

The rapid reproduction and large population sizes of many bacterial populations mean that even a small mutation rate can lead to considerable __________

genetic variation

In theory, the two daughter cells are ________ each other and the parent cell.

genetically identical to

F- cell

may become F+ after conjugation with an F+ cell; may receive genetic material, but cannot donate genetic material; may become recombinant after conjugation with an Hfr cell

However, mistakes made during DNA replication sometimes result in __________, changes to the nucleotide sequence of DNA

mutations

During binary fission, DNA replication begins at the ________ and continues all the way around the circular chromosome

origin of replication

When DNA replication is complete and the bacterium has reached twice its original size, the _______ grows inward, dividing the parent cell into two daughter cells.

plasma membrane

Data showing that bacteria were the first lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of all living organisms suggests that the Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than they are to Bacteria. true or false?

true

What characteristics were used to classify organisms before Woese's tree of life analysis? a. presence of a membrane-bound nucleus b. composition of cell wall c. differences in ribosomal RNA sequences d. number of cells in the organism

a. presence of a membrane-bound nucleus

The chemoheterotroph Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped bacterium classified with: a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

a. proteobacteria

What usually happens to the recipient cell following conjugation with an Hfr cell? a. the recipient cell remains an F- cell b. the recipient cell remains an F+ cell c. the recipient cell may become either an F+ or an Hfr cell d. the recipient cell becomes an Hfr cell

a. the recipient cell remains an F- cell

Binary fission is a form of _________ because a single individual is a sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring.

asexual reproduction