Mastering Biology Final Review

Categorize mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism as either +/-, +/0, or +/+. Also select the correct definition and example for each interaction.

+/- interaction: parasitism, one species benefits by harming another, hook worms and humans +/0 interaction: commensalism, one species benefits; the other is unaffected, epiphytic orchids and trees +/+ interaction: mutualism, both species benefit, bees and flowers

The competition between species for roosting area is an example of a ___ interaction.

-/-

Aquatic biomes can be distinguished by chemical characteristics such as dissolved oxygen content and salinity and by physical characteristics such as water flow. Which five of the following statements about aquatic biomes are true?

-Temperature drives water movement in some lakes. -Tropical coral reefs generally exist in relatively shallow areas of the ocean. -Estuaries are very productive and are used as breeding grounds by many species of fish. -Wetlands have slow water movement or no water movement and no turnover. -A freshwater organism permanently attached to the substrate would be unlikely to survive and reproduce in an estuary.

Which decade had, or is projected to have, the highest annual population increase? A) 1980-1990 B) 1990-2000 C) 2000-2010 D) 2040-2050

A) 1980- 1990

You are doing a mark-recapture experiment to determine the population size of the MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. Initially, you catch and mark 130 MendAliens, which you then release. Next, you capture 90 MendAliens, of which 20 are marked. What is your estimate of the population size of MendAliens living on the island in my back yard? A) 585 B) 234,000 C) 14 D) 130 E) 29

A) 585

What is a biome? A) A major type of ecosystem B) A set of similar communities C) A major type of biosphere D) A specific set of abiotic factors E) An area with a uniform distribution of organisms and abiotic environmental conditions

A) A major type of ecosystem

What did the researchers use as a measurement of plant growth? A) Average biomass B) Presence or absence of neighboring plants C) Marsh salinity

A) Average biomass

What do the data from the field experiment indicate about the effect of competition on the growth of these two species? A) Both S. patens and T. angustifolia are limited by competition. B) S. patens is limited by competition, but T. angustifolia is not. C) Neither S. patens nor T. angustifolia is limited by competition. D) T. angustifolia is limited by competition, but S. patens is not.

A) Both S. patens and T. angustifolia are limited by competition.

In the field, S. patens is typically absent from natural freshwater marshes. Based on the data, does this appear to be due to salinity or competition? A) Competition; it can grow in zero salinity in experimental freshwater marshes without competing neighbors, but has reduced biomass in the presence of neighbors. B) Salinity; it can grow in experimental salt marshes but T. angustifolia cannot. C) Salinity; it had less biomass in experimental fresh marshes than in salt marshes. D) Competition; at zero salinity, the % of maximum biomass was higher for T. angustifolia than for S. patens, showing that S. patens would not compete as well in fresh water.

A) Competition; it can grow in zero salinity in experimental freshwater marshes without competing neighbors, but has reduced biomass in the presence of neighbors.

What are rain shadows? A) Dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges. B) Wet regions on the windward side of mountain ranges. C) Dry regions on the windward side of mountain ranges. D) Wet regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges.

A) Dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges

What do the data in Figure 1 indicate about the salinity tolerance of T. anguvstifolia? A) It does not tolerate saline conditions. B) It does not tolerate fresh water conditions. C) It can tolerate high salinity, but it grows better in fresh water. D) It can tolerate fresh water conditions, but it grows better in high salinity.

A) It does not tolerate saline conditions

What do these data indicate about the comparative salinity tolerances of S. patens and T. anguvstifolia? A) S. patens has a higher salinity tolerance than T. angustifolia. B) T. angustifolia has a higher salinity tolerance than S. patens. C) Neither species can tolerate high salinity. D) S. patens and T. angustifolia have equal salinity tolerance.

A) S. patens has a higher salinity tolerance than T. angustifolia

Which desert is caused by a Hadley cell? A) Sahara Desert in Africa. B) Desert next to the Rockies. C) Atacama Desert in Chile. D) Patagonian Desert in Argentina.

A) Sahara Desert in Africa

During the 20th century, the human population increased from less than 2 billion to more than 6 billion. A) Supported B) Not supported C) Cannot be determined from this graph

A) Supported

From 1500 to 2010, the human population approximately followed the exponential growth model. A) Supported B) Not supported C) Cannot be determined from this graph

A) Supported

In species that exhibit a Type II survivorship curve, individuals are no more likely to die at one stage of the life cycle than another. A) Supported B) Not supported C) Cannot be determined from this graph

A) Supported

Which aspects of a region's climate have the most impact on plants and animals? A) Temperature and moisture. B) Moisture and wind. C) Sunlight and wind. D) Soil composition and temperature.

A) Temperature and moisture

What is represented by the vertical blue bars on this graph? A)The number of people added to the population annually in each decade B) The percentage increase in the population C) The total population size D) r, the per capita rate of increase

A) The number of people added to the population annually in each decade

Which of these is characteristic of the photic zone of a freshwater biome? A) The presence of algae B) Relatively cool water C) Relatively stable water temperature D) Dead organic matter E) Low oxygen level

A) The presence of algae

Which action influences the abiotic components of an organism's environment? A) Water pollution. B) Interactions with offspring. C) Extinction of predators. D) Introduction of exotics.

A) Water Pollution

Which of the following is regarded as a density-independent factor in the growth of natural populations? A) flooding B) emigration C) interspecific competition D) intraspecific competition E) predation

A) flooding

Which values from the greenhouse experiment represent the independent variable, which will go on the x-axis? A) salinity B) weeks of growth C) species D) % maximum biomass

A) salinity

Total population size is projected to increase through the middle of the 21st century. A) Supported B) Not supported C) Cannot be determined from this graph

A) supported

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth? A) Tundra B) Coniferous forest C) Temperate broadleaf forest D) Temperate grassland E) Desert

B) Coniferous forest

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____. A) Producer B) Detritivore C) Secondary consumer D) Primary consumer E) Tertiary consumer

B) Detritivore

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for how prescribed burning reduces fire severity? A) It deposits a layer of ash on the forest floor that insulates it from future wildfires. B) It reduces the amount of fuel on the ground so that a wildfire never reaches the critical heat required to kill most of the trees. C) It lowers the oxygen concentration in that part of the forest so that a wildfire never reaches the critical heat required to kill most of the trees. D) It stimulates the tree to produce thicker bark that is more fire resistant. E) It kills off shrubs, allowing young trees to establish and grow.

B) It reduces the amount of fuel on the ground so that a wildfire never reaches the critical heat required to kill most of the trees.

For species with a Type III curve, most individuals reach the maximum life span. A) Supported B) Not supported C) Cannot be determined from this graph

B) Not supported

The rate of human population growth is increasing. A) Supported B) Not supported C) Cannot be determined from this graph

B) Not supported

Based purely on results shown in Figure 2, at what range of salinities would you expect to find S. patens in the field but not T. anguvstifolia? A) Only S. patens would grow at salinities between 0 and 60 parts per thousand. B) Only S. patens would grow at salinities between 60 and 100 parts per thousand. C) Only S. patens would grow at salinities between 0 and 100 parts per thousand.

B) Only S. patens would grow at salinities between 60 and 100 parts per thousand

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____. A) Tertiary consumer B) Primary consumer C) Detritivore D) Producer E) Secondary consumer

B) Primary consumer

Focus on the data from the freshwater marshes, where both species were able to grow. Which species was most limited by competition? A) T. angustifolia was more limited by competition than S. patens. B) S. patens was more limited by competition than T. angustifolia. C) Both species were equally limited by competition.

B) S. patens was more limited by competition than T. angustifolia.

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____. A) Producer B) Secondary consumer C) Tertiary consumer D) Detritivore E) Primary consumer

B) Secondary consumer

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? A) Temperature and light B) Temperature and rainfall C) Light and rainfall D) Plants and animals E) Temperature and plants

B) Temperature and rainfall

A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____. A) Detritivore B) Tertiary consumer C) Primary consumer D) Producer E) Secondary consumer

B) Tertiary consumer

What are the most abundant animals found in the pelagic zone? A) Echinoderms B) Zooplankton C) Dinoflagellates D) Marine mammals E) Cnidarians

B) Zooplankton

Which values from the greenhouse experiment represent the dependent variable? When you plot these data on a line graph, the dependent variable will go on the y-axis. A) salinity B) biomass C) % maximum biomass D) plant species

C) % maximum biomass

According to this graph, the world population doubled between _______. A) 1850 and 1950 B) 1900 and 1925 C) 1930 and 1975 D) 1975 and 2000

C) 1930 and 1975

According to this graph, species that exhibit a Type III curve typically produce large numbers of offspring. A) Supported B) Not supported C) Cannot be determined from this graph

C) Cannot be determined from this graph

Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall? A) Temperate broadleaf forest B) Coniferous forest C) Desert D) Temperate grassland E) Tropical rain forest

C) Desert

Which of the following causes Earth's seasons? A) Changes in the Earth's distance from the sun B) Global wind patterns C) Earth's tilt on its axis D) Vertical air circulation E) Ocean currents

C) Earth's tilt on its axis

Which location on Earth receives the most solar radiation per unit area? A) South Pole. B) 30° North and South latitude. C) Equator D) North Pole.

C) Equator

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession? A) A mouse eats seeds, and an owl eats the mouse. B) Decomposition in soil releases nitrogen that plants can use. C) Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees. D) Introduced pheasants increase, and native quail populations disappear. E) Overgrazing causes a nutrient loss from soil.

C) Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.

What do these data indicate about the salinity tolerance of S. patens? A) It does not tolerate fresh water conditions. B) It does not tolerate saline conditions. C) It can grow in both salt and fresh water marshes. D) It can tolerate high salinity, but it grows better in fresh water.

C) It can grow in both salt and fresh water marshes

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____. A) Whether it is early or late in ecological succession B) The intensity of its competition with other species C) Its food source D) The rate at which it uses energy E) Where it lives

C) It's food source

The graph below shows average tree survival for your study plots after the wildfire. Error bars show the 95% confidence intervals around each mean. A) It is impossible to tell whether thinning has an effect or not. B) Thinning significantly increases the tree survival rate compared to the control plots. C) Thinning appears to have no significant effect compared to the control plots. D) Thinning significantly reduces the tree survival rate compared to the control plots.

C) Thinning appears to have no significant effect compared to the control plots.

The graph below shows average tree survival in each condition. Error bars show the 95% confidence intervals around each mean. A) It is impossible to tell whether thinning plus prescribed burning has a significant effect compared to the control and thinned treatments. B) Thinning plus prescribed burning significantly reduces the tree survival rate compared to the control and thinned treatments. C) Thinning plus prescribed burning significantly increases the tree survival rate compared to the control and thinned treatments. D) Thinning plus prescribed burning appears to have no significant effect compared to the control and thinned treatments.

C) Thinning plus prescribed burning significantly increases the tree survival rate compared to the control and thin treatments.

Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes? A) Temperate grassland B) Coniferous forest C) Tropical rain forest D) Desert E) Tundra

C) Tropical rain forest

Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost? A) Taiga B) Tropical forest C) Tundra D) Coniferous forest E) Desert

C) Tundra

The number of individuals that a particular habitat can support with no degradation of that habitat is called _____. A) community B) biotic potential C) carrying capacity D) niche E) survivorship

C) carrying capacity

The changes in the eyes of species 1 are examples of ___.

Character displacement

For a species with a Type II curve, less than ____% of individuals survive for 50% of the maximum life span. A) 0.1 B) 0.5 C) 1 D) 10

D) 10

Assume there are 200 MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. If my island has an area of 20 hectares, what is the population density of MendAliens in terms of MendAliens per hectare? A) 4 MendAliens per hectare B) 200 MendAliens per hectare C) 0.1 MendAliens per hectare D) 10 MendAliens per hectare E) 4,000 MendAliens per hectare

D) 10 MendAliens per hectare

What is represented by the distance between two vertical white gridlines on this graph? A) A population increase of 20 million B) A population increase of 2 billion C) A time span of 20 years D) A time span of 50 years

D) A time span of 50 years

Which of the following statements about Hadley cells is true? A) Warm air expands and rises from the surface of the atmosphere around the poles. B) Warm air begins to cool as it starts to sink at about 30° North and South latitude. C) The moisture in cool air condenses into clouds and precipitates because cool air holds more moisture than warm air. D) As warm air rises, air at the top of the atmosphere is pushed poleward and cools.

D) As warm air rises, air at the top of the atmosphere is pushed poleward and cools.

A(n) _____ is a region where fresh water and salt water mix. A) Benthic zone B) Intertidal zone C) Aphotic zone D) Estuary E) Photic zone

D) Estuary

What is represented on the x-axis of this graph? A) The type of survivorship curve B) The percentage of surviving individuals, using a normal (non-logarithmic) scale C) The percentage of surviving individuals, using a logarithmic scale D) Individuals' life spans as a percentage of the maximum life span for the species

D) Individuals' life spans as a percentage of the maximum life span for the species

T. angustifolia is not present in natural salt marshes. Does this appear to be due to salinity or competition? A) Competition; S. patens grows better than T. angustifolia in experimental salt marshes and therefore must outcompete it. B) Salinity; it is not present in salt marshes. C) Competition; it grows better without competing neighbors than with them in the experimental marsh. D) Salinity; it is absent from experimental salt marshes even without competing neighbors, and it did not grow in the higher salinity levels in the greenhouse.

D) Salinity; it is absent from experimental salt marshes even without competing neighbors, and it did not grow in the higher salinity levels in the greenhouse.

The benthic zone of aquatic environments is defined as the _____. A) Region that receives abundant sunlight B) Region where phytoplankton are found C) Region that receives little or no light D) Substrate at the bottom of the body of water E) Region that is flooded at high tide and not covered by water at low tide

D) Substrate at the bottom of the body of water.

At 50% of maximum life span, how does survivorship for a Type I curve compare to survivorship for a Type III curve? A) Survivorship for a Type I curve is twice as great as survivorship for a Type III curve. B) Survivorship for a Type I curve is 100 times as great as survivorship for a Type III curve. C) Survivorship is equal for the two curves. D) Survivorship for a Type I curve is nearly 1,000 times as great as survivorship for a Type III curve.

D) Survivorship for a Type 1 curve is nearly 1,000 times as great as survivorship for a Typer III curve.

Suppose that none of the 44 dolphins encountered in the second sampling had been photographed before. Would you be able to solve the equation for N? What might you conclude about population size in this case? A) The equation can be solved, and you would conclude that the population size is very small. B) The equation can be solved, and you would conclude that the population size is close to 1,100. C) The equation cannot be solved, so you would not be able to reach any conclusions about population size. D) The equation cannot be solved, but you would conclude that the population size is very large.

D) The equation cannot be solved but you would conclude that the population size is very large.

According to MacArthur and Wilson's hypothesis of island biogeography, species immigration and extinction rates on a particular island correlate to _____. A) When the island formed B) The island's stage of ecological succession C) How the island formed D) The island's size and distance from the mainland E) The number of other islands in the archipelago

D) The island's size and distance from the mainland

Why is a percentage scale used for the x-axis rather than actual ages? A) For any graph, the x-axis and y-axis must use the same units. B) The range of the actual ages would be too large to fit on the graph. C) Researchers don't know the maximum life span of the organisms. D) This scale allows you to compare species with widely varying life spans on the same graph.

D) This scale allows you to compare species with widely varying life spans on the same graph.

In most cases, the two major climatic factors affecting the distribution of organisms in terrestrial ecosystems are _____. A) Temperature and sunlight B) Predators and parasites C) Competitors and predators D) Water and temperature E) Wind and water

D) Water and temperature

Keystone species are those species _____. A) With the largest number of individuals in a community B) That live primarily on or under rocks and stones C) That provide important foods and medicines D) Whose absence would cause major disruption in a community E) That have the most biomass in the community

D) Whose absence would cause major disruption in a community

Caribbean coral reef communities have been strongly influenced by an unknown pathogen that causes white-band disease. How can the effect of white-band disease best be described? A) Mutualism B) The removal of a keystone species C) Batesian mimicry D) Commensalism E) A cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community

E) A cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community

Which of these is a starting point for primary succession? A) A neglected yard B) Abandoned farmland C) None of these is a starting point for primary succession D) An abandoned city E) A surface exposed by a retreating glacier

E) A surface exposed by a treating glacier

Which of the following investigations is an example of the study of an abiotic factor? A) Identifying food sources for an egret population B) Investigating how an elk population competes for food C) The relationship between finch beak size and food availability on two different Galapagos Islands D) Observing interactions among various organisms in a rainforest canopy E) Investigating how the amount of annual precipitation affects the distribution of a tree species

E) Investigating how the amount of annual precipitation affects the distribution of a tree species

The _____ biome is the largest of Earth's biomes. A) Rain forest B) Desert C) Freshwater D) Grassland E) Marine

E) Marine

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____. A) Secondary consumers B) Tertiary consumers C) Primary consumers D) Detritivores E) Producers

E) Producers

The mark-recapture method would be best for sampling a population of _____. A) rose bushes B) maple trees C) wheat D) oysters E) sharks

E) Sharks

To determine the density of a rabbit population, you would need to know the number of rabbits and _____. A) The birth rate B) Their pattern of dispersion C) The factors that limit population growth for that rabbit population D) The growth rate of the population E) The size of the area in which they live

E) The size of the area in which they live

In the models that describe population growth, r stands for _____. A) population density B) carrying capacity C) total number of individuals in the population D) a time interval E) per capita population growth rate

E) per capita population growth rate

True or false? Weather is defined as the prevailing long-term atmospheric conditions in a particular region.

False

You have selected the following prediction to test: Previously thinned forests will have higher tree survival than adjacent forests that were not thinned. Now you need to define the key variables that you will use to test this prediction.

Independent variable: Thinning or no thinning before the fire. Dependent variable: tree survival rate after the fire. Controlled variable: elevation of the site, dominant tree species

For a hypothetical mouse population, determine whether the actions described will increase K, decrease K, or not affect K.

K increases: a main competitor for food is eliminated; increasing food availability. An abandoned building creates more nesting areas K decreases: Wetlands and drained, reducing the amount of available water. A species with the same food requirements is introduced. A parking lot is built, shrinking the habitat. No effect on K: off spring live longer

Predation is an interspecific interaction in which one species benefits by eating another. Potential prey organisms have various adaptations that allow them to avoid or escape predators. The following examples demonstrate either mimicry, camouflage, mechanical defense, chemical defense, or schooling. Sort the examples based on the type of predator avoidance they demonstrate.

Mimicry: Viceroy and monarch butterflies ( both unpalatable) look alike. hornet moth (harmless) resembles paper wasp (venomous) Camouflage: an octopus assumes the color and texture of the sea floor. Mechanical defense: Sea urchin spines, snails have shells, rosebush thorns. Chemical defense: skunk scent, Jimsonweed toxins. Schooling/ Flocking: Flock of snow geese.

A population of animals in a specific environment with a K of 2500 has an rmax of 1.0 per individual per year and exhibits logistic growth as follows: dNdt=rmaxN(K−N)K Arrange the following population sizes in order of decreasing growth rate.

N=1250, N=1500 - N=1000, N=750, N=500, N= 250

Your objective is to design an observational study to help answer the question: What was the determining factor for areas that escaped the worst impacts of the fire, compared to areas that were severely burned?

Question: Why were some areas severely burned while others were not. Hypothesis: Thinning accounts for observed differences in the rates of tree survival. Prediction: Previously thinned forests will have higher tree survival than adjacent forests that were not thinned.

In parts of the city with tall buildings ( over two stories), __ of species 1 may occur.

competitive exclusion

Roosting areas in buildings of any height are the __ of species 1.

fundamental niche

__ between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas.

interspecific competition

Roosting areas in buildings that are one to two stories tall are the __ of species one when species two is present

realized niche

The change in roosting habitats of species 1 after species 2 became established in the city is an example of ___.

resource partitioning