MasteringBio: Chapter 4

What is anaerobic fermentation?

A process that releases energy from food in the absence of oxygen

Which of the following is a common energy currency in living cells that powers most living organisms?

ATP

Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration.

Although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP.

For what purpose does a plant use the sugars produced during photosynthesis?

Answer: All of the above For making cellulose, which makes the bulk of a plant For storage For cellular respiration to produce ATP

Which of the following can carry out photosynthesis?

Answer: All of the above can carry out photosynthesis Seaweeds Some bacteria Plants

Which stage of cellular respiration requires oxygen that you breathe?

Both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain require oxyen

How does ATP release energy that can be used by living cells?

By breaking a bond within an ATP molecule

What is the chemical equation for glucose?

C6H12O6

Plastids are storage organelles. A chloroplast is a type of plastid. What does a chloroplast store?

Chlorophyll

The chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in which cellular organelle?

Chloroplasts

During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of the ATP produced?

Electron transport chain

Identify the stage of cellular respiration that occurs entirely outside of the mitochondria.

Glycolysis

How do we know green light is not absorbed by chlorophyll?

Green light is the wavelength of light that is reflected instead of absorbed by the chloroplasts.

Where does cellular respiration occur?

In the mitochondria

What is the role of light in photosynthesis?

It excites electrons

Identify the role of oxygen in photosynthesis.

It is a waste product in the light reactions.

Identify the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis.

It is split to become incorporated into sugars

What happens to the ATP molecule after it has been used to do work?

It loses a phosphate group and is converted to ADP.

Respiration is called aerobic because ________.

It requires oxygen

Which processes can be carried out by consumers?

Only cellular respiration

Water behind a dam has a certain amount of stored energy that can be released as the water falls over the top of the dam. It may be enough energy to turn a mill wheel or an electricity-generating turbine. Choose the term that best describes the type of energy stored in the water at the top of the dam.

Potential Energy

Which stage of photosynthesis, if any, can function in the dark?

Stage 2 (the Calvin cycle)

The main purpose of the Calvin cycle is to produce ________.

Sugar

What is the definition of energy?

The capacity to do work

Why do some leaves change color (red, yellow, orange, etc.) in the fall?

The chlorophyll molecule breaks down and other pigments now become visible.

What molecule(s) link the light reactions (stage 1 of photosynthesis) to the Calvin cycle (stage 2 of photosynthesis)?

The electron shuttles (ATP and NADPH)

What happens during the electron transport chain of the light reactions?

The electrons release their energy, which is captured by ATP and NADPH.

ATP molecules are charged during cellular respiration; where does the energy to charge the ATPs comes from?

The energy comes from the breaking of chemical bonds within glucose.

Predict what would happen as the entropy of a system approaches 100%.

There would be little order in the system.

Where do the molecules used as the inputs of the Calvin cycles (ATP and NADPH) come from?

They come from the light reactions

Identify the principal role of photosynthesis.

To convert solar energy into the chemical energy of sugars

Identify the principal role of cellular respiration.

To convert the chemical energy of sugars into the chemical energy that fuels life's processes

Where do the electrons that are excited by the energy in sunlight come from?

Water

Which of the following best describes the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

Water + Carbon dioxide + Energy = Sugar + Oxygen

What are the main by-products of cellular respiration?

Water and carbon dioxide

Can energy be harvested by the cells from glucose without oxygen?

Yes, but much less than with oxygen.

Which processes can be carried out by producers?

both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Chemical energy is most often released by ________.

breaking a bond within a molecule

he bulk of the mass of a plant is made from ________.

sugars made in photosynthesis, which were made from carbon dioxide

How does water enter a plant?

through the roots