Mastery Session 8

What is the immigrant paradox?

Foreign born and first generation ethnic minority youth perform BETTER in school and are LESS likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.

What is the best way to conceptualize movements through the four identity states?

Individuals move from state to state, and not necessarily in an orderly fashion

3 adolescents who are likely to engage in false-self behavior and one who is the least likely.

MORE, problems with depression, low self-esteem, sense of hopelessness Less, high support from her parents and peers

Which of the following ethnic identity processes is not similar for identity development in general?

Research has indicated that the process of ethnic identity may be speeded up when adolescents have parents who take a deliberate approach to the socialization of an ethnic identity

Across all of the identity development frameworks, what is a common factor related to healthy development?

a period of experimentation and exploration before finalizing choices

According to the the textbook, one of the pathways by which adolescents who feel discriminated against experience negative mental health outcomes is:

adolescents who feel discriminated against in school may feel less control over their academic achievement, which may lead to feelings of depression

According to the chapter in the textbook, most researchers today believe that adolescents evaluate themselves:

both globally and along several distinct dimensions

As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more:

differentiated

Erik Erikson believed that _____ is the psychosocial crisis of adolescence.

establishing a coherent sense of identity

The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways temporarily increases during middle adolescence, especially for girls, is called the ____ hypothesis.

gender intensification

Positive mental health is associated with:

having strong positive feelings about one's own ethnic heritage and about mainstream culture

Temperament and personality tend to become ____ as we ____.

more stable, get older

Research has shown that ethnic socialization that results in having positive attitudes about one's ethnic group is associated with:

positive attitudes about other ethnic groups

According to the Sellers's Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), three different aspects of racial identity are important to consider in understanding discrimination and its effects. These three components are:

private regard, public regard, and racial centrality

Dr. Mullins argues that adolescence is such a demanding time that adolescents need several years with as few responsibilities as possible so they can sort out their identities. His argument focuses on the need for a period of:

psychosocial moratorium

According to the textbook, some adolescents might forge some sense of self-definition in an environment that has made it difficult to establish an acceptable identity by:

selecting a negative identity

Amy, a 16-year-old girl, is shy around boys though she would really like to be more outgoing. This reflects:

the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves

Adolescents who have more complex self-conceptions are less likely:

to be depressed

Some characteristics that distinguish between the adolescent's and the child's self-concept?

1. adolescents distinguish among actual, ideal, and feared selves. 2. Adolescents tend to view the self as involving more dimensions than do children. 3. The adolescent's self varies over time and across situations.

Researchers are particularly interested in the identity changes that occur in adolescence for these three reasons:

1. the physical changes of puberty may prompt fluctuations in self-image 2. this is the first substantial reorganization and restructuring of the sense of self at a time when an individual can fully appreciate the significance of the changes. 3. adolescents are capable of thinking in systematic ways about hypothetical and future events

3 reasons why early adolescents might experience fluctuations in self-image?

1. they are learning that it is not always possible to tell what people are thinking on the basis of how they act or what they say. 2. because of the increased importance of peers in early adolescence 3. egocentrism

Although research presented in the textbook indicates that physical appearance self-esteem is the best predictor of adolescents' overall self-esteem:

1. young girls appear to be more concerned than boys about physical attractiveness and physical appearance self-esteem is a more important influence on overall self-esteem among girls than among boys 2. adolescents may be unaware of the degree to which their self-worth is based on their feelings about their appearance 3. adolescents, when asked, say that their physical appearance is one of the least important contributors to how they feel about themselves