Matering A&P - Urinary

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?

100% of glucose is reabsorbed.

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct

3,6,2,1,5,4

Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?

A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.

Why do you have to carefully monitor certain patients who are on "loop diuretics" to lower their blood pressure?

Certain diuretics are not specific and in addition to getting rid of excess water, additional ions like potassium will be secreted.

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?

Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR.

If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is NOT likely to occur?

Kidney perfusion will increase.

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

Net filtration would decrease.

If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), which of the following is NOT likely to occur?

Systemic blood pressure will decrease.

If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction), which of the following is NOT likely to occur?

Systemic blood pressure will go up.

Which of the following is incorrect?

The concentration of urine is lower when urine volume is reduced.

Which statement does NOT accurately describe the gross anatomy of the kidneys?

The left kidney is lower in position because of crowding by the liver.

Select the correct statement about the nephrons.

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.

Which of the following is NOT one of the things that must happen for micturition to occur?

The pontine storage center must be activated.

Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does NOT explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries.

The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole.

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.

The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________.

aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

arcuate

Reabsorption of sodium in the medulla by active transport is undertaken by cells that compose which of the following?

ascending nephron loop

Which of the choices below is NOT a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?

by secreting sodium ions

The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae, and empty it into the __________.

calyces; renal pelvis

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the cells of the collecting duct?

causes aquaporins to be inserted into the apical membranes

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

creatinine

__________ are chemicals that enhance urinary output.

diuretics

Which of the following correctly describes the location of the kidneys?

eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

Relaxation of the __________, a skeletal muscle under conscious control, allows urine to leave the bladder during micturition.

external urethral sphincter

Glomerular filtration rate can be controlled by manipulating one major variable, which is ________.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The factor that promotes filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Your patient's urinalysis shows a large amount of protein in the urine. This suggests a problem in the ____________

glomerulus

Which of these should not normally appear in urine?

glucose

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

increase in the production of ADH

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.

inhibits the release of ADH

Conditions such as diabetes mellitus and starvation are closely linked to __________.

ketonuria

Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT?

loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells Submit

Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process?

micturition

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

nephron

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

nephron loop

Which structure is INCORRECTLY matched with a function?

nephron loop: reabsorption of urea

The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does NOT contain a significant amount of ________.

plasma protein

Which of the following is NOT a part of the juxtaglomerular complex?

podocyte cells

Which part of the brain controls the micturition (urination) reflex?

pons

Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur?

proximal convoluted tubule

Which of the following is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular complex?

releases chemical signals that regulate the rate of filtrate formation

Which of the following is the site where we would find the majority of the nephron loops?

renal pyramid

An important physical characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

slightly higher than water

Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of __________.

sodium

Which urinary structure serves as the transporter for urine toward the bladder?

ureter