MB Test #4

CI: 1928-1956

-"Frenchy" LeDreaux lives on Anacapa Island

Homodonts

-all toothed whales have teeth that are all exactly the same size and shape

Poikilothermic

-body temp varies (lizard, bird)

Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

-darker than common, dorsal fin more hooked -do well in captivity -ear bones in a floating ball called the tympanic bulla (all toothed whales) -tendency to be more acrobatic than others

Sperm Whale

-eats very large squid -huge melon -only teeth on lower jaw -groups are bachelor colonies -eat a lot --> where are they all hanging out -cold, temperate waters -very prominent square head with a large collection of oil (the spermaceti organ)

Logging

-exhibit substantial activity in their brains during sleep (cetaceans) -dolphins can be active and yet still be asleep, as they actually sleep with 1 brain hemisphere fully awake so they can swim while sleeping and still rise to surface to breathe on a regular basis

Porpoising

-going in and out of water but not breaching; helps achieve a greater speed

Bird Rookery

-has to be well isolated so maybe island or undisturbed beaches (like military base beaches), high elevated cliffs, rock ledge, easy access to ocean but also safe from predators usually mixed species ones because hard to find these places; very crowded, nosy and smelly -want strong updrafts from sea breezes for take off and nutrient rich waters -a breeding area

Pinnipedia

-includes seals, sea lions, elephant seals, and walruses -order now declassified and a suborder under carnivora (polar bears and otters) -pinni and pedia refers to "feathered feet" in reference to flipper appearance -femur greatly shortened same with radius and ulna, why they are called short-limbed; only part of top/front limb out bod is from elbow out, not shoulder; gives them more swimming force, less surface area/frictional drag, more hydrodynamic -have extra digit bones: hyperphalange

Orcas

-offshore: fish-eaters; resident: fish-eaters; transient: mammal-eaters -males when fully mature have ~6ft dorsal fin; females ~3ft; stabilizes them while swimming, to keep from rolling -young have creamier patches because liver not fully developed

Regulating Temperature for a Bird

-panting, gular fluttering (pouch), insulation from fat, using feathers to create warming air layers -vasoconstriction/dilation - voluntary control for good incubators, put feet on egg and control heat to foot depending on egg temp -countercurrent exchange, help keep core warm -restrict blood flow to certain areas -moving to shade, seeking warm rocks, huddling together and facing into wind together -stand on 1 leg

Cormorants

-pelecaniformes -black, throat pouch -white whispy feathers above eyes in breeding season and pouch turns color both used to attract mates -hooked beak with nostrils, long skinny neck

Albatross

-procelliformes -constricted to places where wind encircles earth over sea and not stopped by land, confined to antarctic -land in water but have to make sure they land where air currents are strong enough to lift them up; strong short legs and big feet -symbiotic relationship with phytoplankton (eaten by krill); pp release dimethyl sulfide and the alba can smell it so they know there is a lot of krill, then alba poops with lots of iron which is good for pp bloom, helps krill, important in regulating pops

Toothed Whales

-receive sound through pan bone (sp?) in jaw which has fat (it is a fat pad) and then transmits sound to inner ear bones -also have a melon which transmits the sound out (oil thing, malleable, can change size, shape, and texture) like a lens in the eye, focuses sound the way lens focuses light -generally small (but sperm and orca can get close) -prey on fish and squid with well-developed conical like peg teeth which help with echolocation -highly social, live in large groups known as pods with strong ties to group and family -mobility is at shoulder, can move flippers

Amniotic Egg

-recreates aquatic enviro on land, several membranes to help -easier to regulate temp b/c water has a high specific heat -cells need to be able to freely migrate where they need to go -can lay egg on land and still get good aquatic stuff -you want egg to retain moisture but also have good gas exchange so baby can get O2 in and CO2 out so has to be somewhat porous which causes moisture loss -incubating shades egg reduce water evap

Homeothermic

-relatively constant body temp (MM)

Sight Fidelity

-stellar sea lions go back to same beach and even same patch of beach, means less squabbling throughout the years

Temperature Regulation in Marine Mammals

-sweat (flippers), panting, insulation from fat/blubber, using hair/fur to create warming air layers, vasoconstriction/dilation (voluntary MM), countercurrent exchange (put veins close to arteries and heat from artery transfers to vein), restriction of blood flow to certain body areas, moving to shade, seeking warm rocks or thermal springs, huddling together, rafting,

Creche

-the nursery area in the penguin colony where 5 month old-1 year old babies are put for safety when both parents are forced to go out in search of food for their growing baby -monitored by adults who are not busy raising children of their own

Thermogenesis

-varying heat production to match changing rates of heat loss: shivering, causing mitochondria to increase metabolic activity, producing heat instead of ATP (nonshivering thermogenesis), brown fat metabolism (baby seals utilize this in early days), acclimatizing to seasonal changes (thicker coat in winter)

Baleen

-when young have little teeth but then disappear as baleen come in -baleen derivatives of hard palate -number of sheets is species-specific, color also varies, length and texture too

Class Aves

8500-9000 bird species on planet; 250 of which are adapted for living oceanicly

Santa Rosa

-2nd largest island; 3 -lots of archeological discoveries like pygmy mammatoh, giant shark, human activity (large piles of shells and bones found) -rugged cliffs, some trees and only brackish water readily available; lots of endemic and native plant and animal forms -air force has base here but for much of modern history was owned by Vickers Cattle Company -now part of national park but with some controversy over management and use

San Clemente

-9 -landing is completely off limits since live ammunition lies all over the beach thanks to Navy -incredible sand dunes on islands with low rolling hills but little vegetation -lush kelp beds so fertile fishing grounds -lots of caves

Territorial vs. Harem Breeding

-CA sea lion defends a piece of beach from any male that might try to take it and then tries to keep females in territory -elephant seals keep females together, they defend the females not the beach

CI: 1938

-Channel Islands National Monument established

CI: 1980 (March and May)

-Channel Islands National Park is official

Blue Whale

-HUGE -70-100ft -1 ton/ft -they breach but not much -rather small tail

CI:1824

-Indian Revolt -many island Chumash segregated themselves from mainland groups and many tried a return to the islands -legend of the rainbow bridge

CI: 1853

-Juana Maria found on San Nicolas Island and brought to the mainland

Regulators

-MMs are this; using internal mechanisms to control internal fluxes in face of external changes, come up with solution to deal with problem

CI: 1980 (September)

-National Marine Sanctuary Established

Pacific Pilot Whale

-a dolphin, larger chubbier, very large melon -not very fast -swim right in front of boat and looks like whale is piloting it -very small tail fin, comparably -make pig squealing noise -tooth-raking, what cets do when mating -spy-hopping: looking for landmarks, individuals pop out of water straight out and turn

Alaskan Fur Seal

-actually a sea lion -females come down to San Miguel to give birth and then return -much more visible fur -well-managed pop because of fish and wildlife and eskimos (can only kill males of a certain age) -male has thick neck and protruding forehead

Frigates

-aka man of war birds -not off CA coast but in S America -hooked beak (fish eater) -can expand throat pouch for attracting mate -no oil gland at base of tail so don't distribute water-proofing oil when preening, can't dive underwater because can't get feathers wet, so will either skim close to water and snag fish with hook or chase and harass other birds for their food

Lobed Toes vs. Webbed Feet

-albatross has webbed feet to help swim and can help give you water traction to help with momentum -greebe has lobed toes so not on land much because small legs/feet, disperse body weight to not break surface tension -some have webbed feet and can still perch because of jointed toes

Nictitating Membrane

-also in cats; third eyelid in seals and sea lions, much of it is see through/transparent, keeps eye from being in direct contact with salt water and still see what they are doing, salt water is drying

Mammal Traits

-amniotes with hair and produce milk -hair is always present sometime during life cycle -mammary glands, capable of producing milk -both endo and homeothermic (generate and regulate heat) -complete double circulation (arterial and venous); 4-chambered heart -far, more mobile; swim, dive, ice-walk -with specialized teeth; homo and heterodonts -produce lots of keratin -eutherian (placental) --> complex placenta composed of chorion and allantois along with umbilical cord -monotremes, marsupials, and eutherian are 3 independent lineages within mammalian group

Anacapa

-basically 3 chunks of igneous rock, 2nd smallest of channel islands -E End is a sheer sided piece with a flat top where the light house and camp grounds are located, breeding ground of W gull here -middle anacapa is site of famous shipwreck and off-limits -W End has Frenchy's Cove, where we landed mostly off-limits because of breeding area of CA brown pelican but big tidal pool, rich kelp beds, and lots of visiting sea birds, seals, and sea lions -no fresh water

Induced Ovulation

-because polar bears are so widely dispersed there is a chance that a female may not encounter a male during the breeding season so females don't release eggs unless they have mated; copulation triggers ovulation

Western Gull

-biggest and most aggressive, protected -use Anacapa island as a breeding ground -opportunistic, go where food is ->~15,000 total individuals, more females than males because of aggression -more males than females so males mate multiple times, females will even pair bond with each other -2-3 eggs per female, if 3rd chick is not being fed will leave nest and is either killed or adopted -don't know carrying capacity -factors for survival: food availability, mate availability (males are starting to turn into females because of pesticide pollution), space availability -60% of chicks that hatch die early or at time of fledging -takes four years to reach maturity

Boobies

-blue footed: nest has ring of guano and patch of air, big-webbed blue feet, shorter beak to attract mate, dance and wave foot in mate's face, 2 eggs (albas only 1), less precocial babies; good divers; feeds very close to shore, easier but more erratic -masked: black feet, call motions, dances, big babies; intermediate feeders, biggest and heaviest -red footed: can perch in trees but webbed feet; use throat pouch for temp regulation/gular fluttering; smallest, goes furthest out from land (~100 mi) to find food because there is a more consistent food supply

Humpback Whales

-can always recognize them by bumpy, knobby protuberances (tubercles), unique -large front flippers -barnacles on chest unique to each species -communal feeders; one goes straight down and then does a spiral swim up and releases bubbles from blowhole and collects fish in middle, bubble net and others eat around -most vocal of all baleen whales, complex songs unique to each individual

Marine Mammal Adaptations

-can hold breath for long periods (but not like humans) -flippers and tail or webbed feet -thick layers of blubber/fat (insulation, fat storage, flotation, streamlining) -large body size (reduces heat loss) -skin is important sensory organ, dolphins entire body is covered in dermal ridges, whole body is a finger print, helps them sense changes in currents and water; similar in manatees but they have pits instead -baleen whales have stretch receptor at jaw bones so they can tell when to stop eating

Harbor Seals

-can't stand on front limbs because too short, nails at end of flippers, quieter <-- all seals -variation in coat color -pups are completely white when born called natal fur (denser, thicker, keeps them warm on ice) for harbor seals this is shed in utero but further N harbor seals don't do that -harbor seals further north are lighter and have fewer spots

Kinds of Feathers

-contour: core, outermost -flight: strong, specialized, on wings -filoplume: not in marine/sea birds; tropical; tips degenerate and release powder to waterproof feathers -down: short and fluffy

Behaviors of Birds

-eating -preening - frequent; to remove damaged/deteriorating feathers, realign feathers in wing (for flying) and body (for temp resistance), distribute oil from gland on base of tail to all feathers for water proofing -during mating season: courtship, male song, nest-building, and child rearing -sleeping: birds can sleep on wing where they utilize strong and consistent updrafts and air thermals when doing migration; autopilot; certain parts can shut down so bird can migrate and sleep

Anatomy of Sea Bird

-forearms modified into wings -sea ones can't perch as well on trees so have webbed or lobed toes/feet -endothermic not homeothermic but poikilothermic; can generate heat but have regulation issues -light, hollow bones but well ossified (strong), with air sacs in them, need them light -beaks extension of skeletal system can tell you what bird eats -need well-developed, well-placed muscles, bird doesn't stand straight but leans back because center of gravity is low and back; leg muscles stronger than chest -well-developed nervous system/brains to coordinate flight, good hearing, and vision; eyes not movable so have to move head -eyes in front: predators, eyes on side: herbivores -bodies spindle shaped -efficient respiratory system, have air sacs attached to lungs so lungs are never empty when inhaling or exhaling -fused collar bone; wishbone -beak but no teeth, fossils say they used to have some, baby birds may have small one -no urinary bladder -cloaca -1 ovary -good cardio system (4 chambered heart) -well developed kidneys -some seabirds can drink saltwater because of glands near beak -high metabolic rate, so have to eat a lot - need this to keep muscles warm -amniotic egg

Delayed Implantation

-gestation period of a pinniped is about 9 months, but female will not return to rookery for 12 months, but she will only give birth on land and mate on land so she does this where the egg is fertilized and but doesn't let it develop beyond that for 3 months

California Sea Lion

-gregarious on land, well developed whiskers, can walk, golden brown fur color; territorial breeding species -as males get older, their neck and neck fur get very thick and they develop a sagittal crest, both sexually dimorphic traits -very dark almost black when wet -large, mucus-coated eyes -cartilage extensions from phalanges -rafting to regulate body temp

Ectothermic

-heat from external source

Endothermic

-heat generated internally (MM)

Carnivora

-home to pinnipeds, sea otters, polar bears as well as other land mammals like cats and dogs

Conformers

-invertebrates are this -allow its internal conditions to change in accordance with changes in surrounding enviro -does this for specific variables of the external surroundings

Santa Cruz

-island of the Sacred Cross -island you see S of campus; 4 -largest of 8 islands -own CI fox which was most effected by gold eagle predation -painted cave -lots of wildflowers, low rugged hills with trees and meadows, 3 freshwater rivers with lots of springs, pools and waterfalls -pygmy mammoth remains found here but much smaller -lots of fossils but worried they will be swept away by raising water levels -was owned by Justinian Caire who raised sheep and planted vineyards was gonna sell to US gov't but they were gonna make a prison so sold to Edwin Stanton who built a cattle ranch, later sold to Nature Conservancy

CI: 1542

-islands cultures continued undisturbed until this time when JR Cabrillo "discovered" the islands

Baleen Whales

-largest, no echolocation, but low frequency, because of their blowhole, it is only 1 chamber internally but looks like 2 externally unlike dolphins which have 2 so you need the 2 chambers to echolocate because of baleen which allows them to access food very close to bottom of food chain, not usually in large groups -can communicate 1000s of mi because water transmits the sound so well

Tapetum Lucidum

-light comes in, passes through retina, reflects off this to go thru photoreceptors again, stimulates retina twice, for low light conditions -seals/sea lions are near-sighted/myopic when on land since their lens is bigger so things are blurry, rely more on sound; their lens is adapted for water where they are fine, but we are far-sighted because their lens is more round and ours is flat

Harp Seal

-lives even further N, restricted to cold N pole climate -uniform grey as an adult -baby has the natal fur and thus hunted for its fur -Canadian territory and have been hunting them because there are more pups than resources because of poor fishing management

Thermoregulation

-maintenance of an optimal temp range -mother polar bears are endo/poiko because when they go into hibernation mode, they divert heat to their uterus and then to the den to keep it and her cub warm because she doesn't need to stay warm

CI: 1812

-major earthquake occurred -on Santa Rosa caused a huge crack in the earth and the ocean probably receded several hundred yards -caused a mass migration of indians from islands to the mainland

Annual Cycle of a Seabird

-males return to rookery (prob same one where they were hatched) first 1-1.5 months before females to establish territory, fairly uniform dispersal pattern and start building nest; negative interactions start to occur when closer to female arrival -certain fat % triggers navigation away from feeding ground to breeding ground, females need higher -not much nest to build; closer to female arrival, male doesn't leave and waits at nest until bond is established to feed -lots of courtship rituals -take turns leaving nest to feed, then after few weeks they mate and she begins to lay eggs -have to be an aggressive baby bird from the get go in order to survive -eventually chicks will get big enough where both parents go out to get food for it, big enough to defend self but can't fly

Precocial

-many sea birds babies born like this -born with eyes open, covered in down feathers, can stand, innately know to peck if attacked

Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis)

-more streamlined, bigger -vertebral column, very flexible (all cetaceans), a lot more flexibility between vertebra -ribcage collapses to get all air out (all cet) -do leap but not as much -dark and light grey, cream

San Miguel

-most N (W) island; 2 -extremely sandy and windy; is literally being sand-blasted out of existence; lots of fog, thus numerous shipwrecks -seal/seal ion breeding (6 species: CA sea lion, stellar, fur seal, harbor seal, and elephant seal); pups tagged once a year; thus biologically most important -supposedly where JR Cabrillo was buried with prized sword -extensive fishing grounds off shore -lots of great whites -home to giant sunflower or caliche -herbert lester and his young family lived on island til 1941 when navy told him to leave; 2/3 owned by navy 1/3 national park but mostly off limits

Charadriiformes

-most gulls -W gulls seen as pests -in some areas gulls are so highly regarded for cleaning up trash and are protected -lots of tiny shorebirds here as well -not all eating same thing because have different lengths of beaks so unconsciously partitioning resources -some lay eggs right on shore -oystercatchers -convergent evolution with penguins --> murre, because look very similar, coloring, stand same, but neck too long and can fly, great auck too -puffins, -very diverse group, look very different but hang out in same habitat -more inclined to nest on cliff/ledge so want egg to be pear-shaped so it won't roll off

Minke Whales

-most heavily harvested in the world because still a large pop because not enough of the bigger whales -30-40 ft; "small" for whales

CA Grey Whale

-much shorter front flippers -lots of barnacles and live, doesn't help them; pick them up in Mexico and then die in cold water and vice versa -when born, absolutely black and get lighter and patchier as they get older -will mouth kelp to get stuff off of it

CI: 2/3 mya (maybe as recent as 45,000)

-northern group were a single chunk of land, very near present day Point Mugu (land bridge??) -these four northern islands probably even made connect with San Nicolas in the present day Southern group (plants and animals on San Nicolas today could only have gotten there via migration on land)

Telescoped Skull

-nose and associated bones have migrated to top of head -blowhole is assymetrical (as is whole skull), to make sure there are respiratory tubes that never touch water and still have room to swallow, eat, breathe, and make noise

Northern Elephant Seal

-not much more to say since we've seen these -true seal but mixed -front flippers long enough to maneuver on land well -new pups are very wrinkly at first (called fetal folds), in many other true and eared seals as well -sand flipping -molt in July-Sept; do it all at once as opposed to other who shed just a few hairs at a time -go into deep sleep on beach for 20-30 min, stop breathing, unconscious called apnea, heart rate 7 bpm

Walrus

-not technically pinnipeds -reddish pink skin because of blood vessels close to skin (turn almost white in cold water because no blood in blood vessels because pulled to core but the longer on ice, the pinker they are because easy to over heat with so much blubber) -super-sensitive vibrissae used to find food -all have tusks: use them as an anchor point to haul onto ice, may break but will grow back, not used to fight or find food (big teeth); babies don't have tusks

Pelecaniformes

-noted for big bodies, hooked beaks, throat pouch, large webbed feet, nostril with some salt secretion, colonial fish eaters -pelicans: bright yellow breeding plumage, -pouch can be used for more than just food -also cormorants and boobies and frigates

San Nicolas

-part of S group; 6 -IOBD island, lived here for 18 years -now owned by navy and no one is allowed within 300 yards of shore and landing is prohibited -feral cats introduced and now taking over -lots of archeological work to learn more about Juana Maria -wave cut terraces, create odd rock formations and revealed cave where she may have lived -lots of moving sand, very heavy kelp beds -very barren now -good freshwater supply -big shipwreck occurred here in 1824

Sphenisciformes

-penguins -function of feathers and density: 80 feathers/in2 -more adapted for water than air or land -10/17 groups are threatened/endangered -Peruvian: nest primarily on mainland; will excavate in guano for nest, most affected by El Ninos becaus less guano, <3 ft tall; sound like donkeys -Galapagos: derived from peruvian but smaller (dwarfism), short different banding, ~2 ft tall, also sound like donkeys -both ^^ can live in S Am because of humbolt current that brings up cold water -Jackass: off coast of S Africa; also sound like donkeys; also cold water current allows them to live near equator -Macaroni: yankee doodle song--> feather in hat; some bright yellow, some black -Adelie: live with ice and snow in Antarctic, suffer most by ice melting, white ring above eye, biggest pop that we've seen because lots of krill because less baleen whales, but will work against them now; 1st penguin in captivity -Chinstrap: very similar to ^; burrow into snow for nests because it is warmer there, ~3.5-4 ft, share habitat with... -Emperor: ~5 ft; because of enviro conditions, pop has gotten less tall, hard to keep in captivity, breed in middle of winter which is least amount of predators; 1 at a time like most penguins, prop on feet next to brood pouch, perch on parents feet

Sea Otters

-perhaps the least adapted to the marine enviro physiologically but also compete with humans for food; newest members of MM group -the older they are, the lighter their head gets -tethered to kelp to keep from drifting while sleeping and floating -eat and groom mostly -males can get up to ~5 ft long -front paws not webbed, back feet webbed -don't like humans, very shy -pups can't swim at first and hang on to mom in water, fur is so dense though that they can float, hard to teach them how to swim because of this -CA sea otters are a subpopulation of sea otters continuous from Alaska to Mexico -general arrangement of pop is like a bullseye with adult females and pups in the middle then adult males then juvenile females then juvenile males; -males on outside to protect females -size of circles can change depending on food supply, if outer ring stretches so do the other rings and vice versa

Chumash

-primarily hunter gather; don't raise animals but barter for them -pretty active transchannel activity for them to get needed supplies -ethnographers believe culture originated on islands -primary occupations: making bead money, constructing wood plank canoes -based in San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Catalina, San Nicolas -tried to get all Indians off the island and onto missions to convert and work --> slaves on mainland -indians lose job skills and caste system destroyed/not allowed to practice religion (had a dance associated with every season celebration, very observant people -1824: indian revolt -spread over islands, 7 diff tribal groups each with own dialect -4 groups on largest island (SC) 4 chiefs, 2 on SR -function in caste system by village -elite group: chief, family, and priests middle class: majority of people, did most of work, everyone had specialized skill - inherited through family and gender restrictions -lower class: individ too old to keep working, ill, handicapped; no one was shut up and locked away, not ostracized but looked after, part of the tribe still -can't move up in caste system -early 1800s - tendency of euros to leave behind trinkets in hopes of gaining favor -glass beads and metal needles put people out of jobs who made those, spiritual connections also lost

Santa Catalina

-privately owned by Wrigley family -3rd largest of islands; 8 -34 mi from long beach -Philip III of Spain owned and there were only female indians living on it at the time who worshiped the sun-god -Wrigley bought for wife and has incorporated into LA county and city Avalon, true tourist mecca -wrigley runs a cattle ranch here and raises arabian horses -lots of movies and tv shows filmed here so some goats, boar, mule deer and buffalo -endemic animals -USC has lab here

Sirenia

-rather ancient group of aquatic animal with ties to elephant and hyrax; toes, teeth, and digestive systems very similar -used to be very abundant off CA coast -can't digest plants very well; have to get a lot of grass to get nutrients; eat a lot of roughage -big dense bones so lots of gas and poop -manatee: were 4 types now there are 3; one in FL is W. indian; protected in FL because crucial to survival of everglades, lots of submerged plants but water hyacinth was introduced and choking other plants from water because less water channels and manatees like to eat this, keystone species -can spend part of time in fresh and saline water -like warm water -sensitive nose - vibrissae -only MM that is an herbivore -dugong: far more streamlined, skinnier, tail is more like whale's than a paddle -sea cow - went extinct in 29 years from discovery to extinction very large, slow, not cautious, easy to kill and eat

CI: ~250,000 ya

-sea level stood some 100-300 ft higher than it does today; so some of the islands would have been completely or nearly submerged

Podicipediformes

-short-legged, lobed toes, excellent divers -lobed toes to dance on ocean surface to attract mates -W Greebes -winter visitor -red eyes, long necks, yellow beaks in middle, short legs (don't stand on land well) so nest in marshes -great divers, noted for dances on water, like to be on surfline but get lots of oil when it has been spilled -sea otter like to eat these

Santa Barbara

-smallest of islands; 5 -looks a lot like anacapa but breeding colony of elephant seal here -camping is allowed -no freshwater

Counter Current Flow

-that form of circulation seen in many MM whereby the warmth of arterial blood is radiated to the cold venous returning blood so that body heat is not lost to the outside as the arterial blood heads to vessels close to surface of the animals body -keeps the heat near the core or center of the body -for this to work arteries and veins lie very close together

Gular Fluttering

-the panting done by boobies with their throat pouches to help control their body temperature particularly so they do not overheat

Echolocation

-the sonar sound used by whales to locate and determine size and speed of something else in the water -sounds are not audible to human ear -blowhole is divided into two chambers internally though looks like 1 externally; so that they may be echolocating on one side and talking to a fellow pod member from the other side

Fusiform

-thick in middle and thin at top and bottom -makes birds very hydro and aerodynamic

Anustoral

-tiny bit of pelvic girdle left; no frictional drag, may be left over from evolution or to help male maneuver female when mating -old cetacean fossils have hind limbs

True Seals vs. Sea Lions vs. Elephant Seal

-true seals: no pinnae, ear hole visible; white whiskers; hind flippers haired; nails present; hind legs can't be pulled forward; less noise; skin goes all to ends then nails; can't prop up on front flippers -sea lions: ear pinnae present; beige and brown whiskers; short fur; fore flippers mostly hairless; fur extends down onto flippers; nails rudimentary; nails on end of digits but have long extensions of cartilage at end of flipper; can maneuver hind limbs forward to "walk" -elephant seals: somewhere in the middle; can more hind flippers somewhat forward and can easily move around by propping on front flippers; but no ears and clawed front flippers so true seals

Procelliformes

-tube-nosed, hooked beak, large-bodied, long courtships, mate for life, spend long periods between breeding seasons at sea -albatross, fulmar, shearwater -special salt glands -true navigators of marine enviro -aka tube-nosed birds because of conspicuous nostrils to get rid of salt water; shape of nostril may actually prevent salt spray from flying in your face, both self made and ocean; super innervated so they can measure where strength of air currents as they fly

Bird Migration

-use visual cues, wind direction, position of sun in sky, length of day, the Earth's magnetic field and at night can navigate by using star formations -an annual journey undertaken by both birds and marine mammals from a late summer/fall/winter feeding ground to a spring/summer breeding ground -for SB the breeding ground is north in relation to the feeding ground and migration is initiated by changes in body fat content, hormones and seasonal enviro cues

Steller Sea Lion

-very large, 3x size of CA sea lion, male is 3X bigger than female -also have girth around the neck -need lots of high calorie food, why they don't come down here for food anymore -used to be good sized pop on San Miguel but reducing herring pops have forced them further N where the food is

Ciconiformes

-wading birds, live in lots of brackish, marshy, muddy areas -long, skinny, widely placed toes, necks and legs; toes help walk across really soft mud so don't sink, legs keep feathers out of gross water, neck get beak down into marsh to get food -good-sized -snowy egrets (white herons) -don't have oil glands either but don't let that stop them from diving but as a consequence they have to spend more time on land drying feathers

Polar Bear

-well adapted, great swimmers -tiny ears, and tail and head to avoid losing heat; elongated face and muzzle -not always white, can be golden, black skin clear fur -have fur everywhere except pads which have suction cups on them to have better grip on ice, large feet like snow shoes, claws -don't mind ice/cold -spar a lot when younger -mothers very effective/good mothers will defend cubs to death against males or anything -lots of problems because not enough ice -genetically most closely related to brown bears, may even be subset of them -will go on bellies in order to distribute body weight when on thin ice -during winter when food is more scarce; they will store urea and use it to generate proteins (aa) to gather N, recycle urea

Vibrissae

-whiskers -very sensitive -mice may have several 100 nerve cells/whisker -response is called whisker action but seals have up to 1500 nerve cells/whisker, stiff and do not taper, more stiff so as not to always be moved by the watery enviro, differ kinds like mustache and eyebrows around vital body parts (mouth, nose, eyes) -displacement of blood when whisker bends conveys info about encountered object -most developed in MM which split time in water and land -in walruses, they are so good that even blind-folded animals can distinguish between 2 shapes both smaller than an M&M, how they find buried food sources (clams) when they feed

CI: 2,500-3,000 ya

island Chumash (Canalino) culture began

CI: ~30,000 ya

oldest human culture associated with the islands

CI: ~12,000 ya

people on islands and mainland, sea food gatherers

Altricial

term used to describe a young bird that hatches, naked, blind, and unable to do much for itself

Billing

the fencing done by birds with their bills during the display and courtship rituals that they perform

Imprinting

the immediate recognition, and remembrance of a parent or parents on first view after hatching from the egg; seen in all birds