MC Test 4 (Chapters 7-10)

Chapter 7 Lecture: Making Sound, Making Money: Physical sales, down Downloads, down Synch (ad use rights to use songs), stable/same Streaming, UP ***Concert tours Music is '____' as is much of media content. You have to have something to ____ ____ ____/a channel/a hardware: CD, cassette, actual book. _____ _____: how much does it cost to manufacture ___ ____ copy of a product? (the ____ one) If the ___ copy costs $1M, the ____ could cost $0.75. Many products have _____ marginal cost, such as the Mercedes-Benz. The ____ copy $1B + every other copy which is thousands added to it. ____ ___ has ____ marginal costs. (Music/most software). -Chinese Democracy - GNR - one of the most expensive, copy one: $13B, every other ~ $0.75. Lots of copies to recover initial payments. The Big 4->3 sell 80% of all recorded music. 1) ____ ____ ____ 2) ____ _____ ____ (took EMI's recordings) 3) ____ ____ (took EMI's publishings) 4) EMI (rip) - sold itself The music business is an _____. ____: How they're paid. 1) ____ ____ and ____ _____. (Publisher, Performer, Both?) 2) ___-___-____ ____ ____ (AM/FM). (Publisher, Performer, Both?) If you write your own music, you get paid _____. -Much smaller payments from online streaming. -30 seconds = stream: make 50 track album of short songs. Chop more thinly. The Industry Players: -____ and ____ (Simon Cowell): American Idol: who discovers who the artist is (figure out who they are and sign them to a label) Others: -Producers -Others (Lyricist, Arranger) -Diff. touring band versus recording band -Artists (most never wealthy, many laid off) History of Music: Pre-1800s: All music was LIVE. -1800s: Sheet music Edison's _____: Greek for 'to ____ ____'. Had the problem of playing it back. Edison was mostly deaf (if I can hear it, everyone can). Record and play it back. Hardware format wars: As music hardware changed, we have winners and losers. Edison's ____ vs. ____ (Berliner's gramophone: flat discs/____) ____ win, Radio Corporation of America (record own stuff) The Types of ____: 78s vs. 45s vs. 33s 1948-1982: Long Playing Vinyls (LPs) (whole albums), Singles (1/2 songs) (45s) Records could not play well while moving (not in cars). _ ____ ((magnetic tape: continuous loops: transportable ---- did not sound good, songs did not always fit - could not fast forward/rewind) VS. ___ -4 Tracks L, 4 tracks R ___ _____ VS. ____ (with headphones: walkman) -held more music, fast forward/rewind, record ____ ____) -Industry hated blanks, assumed stealing more music (put money to production) Early 1980s: ___s: -Touched by laser, no metal, ALWAYS sounds good. -Now had same album on 4 formats. -Peak of industry - 1999. Now computers - MP3s. Takes only the ____ noise (does not sound very good). -Napster and other piracy (pier-to-pier over the Internet). iTunes began in 2003. Legally buy. Types of Streaming: 1) ____ (Spotify, Apple Music) 2) ____ ____ _____ (Pandora, Sirius XM) 3) ___-____ ____-____ (YouTube, Vevo, ad-supported Spotify) -Why be a pirate? Bottom line - illegal - as a mass comm major, respect do not steal from each other because you would not want that to happen to you.

-Software, Play it on -Marginal cost, one more, second -First, second -High, first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Recorded sound, low -Warner Music Group -Universal Music Group -Sony Music -Oligopoly -Royalties -Recorded sound and public performance. BOTH. -Over-the-air radio play. ONLY the publisher: who owns the rights to the song. -Artists and Repertoire . . . . . . . . . . . . -Phonograph, write sound -Cylinders, platters -Platters -Platters -8 Tracks VS. LPs -8 Tracks VS. Cassettes -Own music . . . . . . . . . . . . -CDs -Loudest -Subscription -Streaming radio services -Ad-supported on-demand

Movies are a powerful social and cultural force -It Happened One Night, undershirts -The Payne Fund: 1) small number of basic themes, with 3/4s dealing with crime, sex, and love 2) people could remember a surprising amount of what they had seen 3) moral decay ____: biggest source of movies -Slumdog Millionaire ____/____ ____: several musical numbers (break language barriers), a strong male hero, coy heroine, obvious villain, as many as ten storylines Diversity: #OscarsSoWhite -Need more non-white management in Hollywood ____ ____: Do women have a meaningful presence In a movie? 1) Are there 2 or more women with names? 2) Do they talk to each other? 3) Do they talk to each other about something other than a man? -Even in female-centric movies such as princess films Whitewashing Movies are different in that their producers have always been conscious of the need for limits on what they can portray 1927's The Dont's and Be Carefuls (formal morality rules: censorship came from within the industry for economic reasons) Hays: developed the ____ ____: controlled the content for movies in the 1930s till the ratings system in the 1960s: 1) lawbreakers and villains should be punished 2) no profanity or blasphemy 3) scenes of passion should be handled carefully 4) no interracial marriage (big budget movies more likely to get away with) -Gone With the Wind Valenti: _____ ____ indicating which audience would be most appropriate G: general audience PG: parental guidance suggested PG-13: parents strongly cautioned, some material inappropriate for children under 13 R: restricted for people under 17 NC-17: no one under 17 admitted Evolved from G, M, R, X -Single F word: PG-13, more than one: R -Gay sex, female sexuality -Drugs at least PG-13 Mid-1980s: Added PG-13: Spielberg: Indiana Jones and Gremlins The X Problem: 'XXX' new rating NC-17 equivalent to X -Those with NC-17 rating must reedit to qualify for R The future of movies is uncertain. Movie studios today make much or more money from ____ or ____ ____ as they do from ticket sales. These include: -Internet distribution rates -Pay-per-view rates -Premium cable channel rates -Network TV -Home video -Book rates -Toys and clothes -Product placement Summer and holiday BBs have become brands in and of themselves (Transformers) Movie Promotion on the Internet: -The Blair Witch Project low budge advertising to match film, effectiveness of web-based viral marketing campaigns -Websites now court fans when movie comes out, changed the look of movies Movies and the Long Tail: Netflix: audience interested in pool of choices, movie theaters occupy the short head, netflix levels the playing field (spread demand)

-Bollywood -Masala/spice movies -Bechdel Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Production Code -voluntary ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Ancillary or secondary markets

Going Mobile: ____ ____: such as a cable modem from a cable TV provider or a digital subscriber line (DSL) from a phone company offers many times faster than dial up service AND connected to net whenever a computer is on -Now, most go online with mobile devices. Just as relevant as ___ ___ -> ____ (from always on to anytime-anywhere access to info) Mobile Apps: ALSO Mobile Web scaled back websites. ___ ___ are the dominant way of going online. Apps ARE NOT an either/or proposition with web. Digital native: no legacy media company Video Games as Mass Communication: A new mass medium. 1) ____= medium content delivery devices 2) Like TV and movie, have ____ 3) VGs are a new venue for ____ (Obama) 4) Site of ____ _____ 5) Could be more ____ than movies. 6) Protected by the ___ ____ (no restrictions of video game sales to minors) Diversity in VGs (typically white hetero male) -LGBT and Asian Americans most likely to play games and feel most underrepresented Rallying cry of Internet: Take control of it for yourself. Uncontrolled info: Not just mass communication of few producers to a public with limited choices. Same giant media companies still dominate available content, some content uncontrolled/unreliable/unsuitable for young people. The ____ ____: Jobs and Wozniak: blue boxes and AT&T 1) Access to computers and anything which might teach you something about the way the world works should be ___ and __. (Should be able to directly control any computer they find: do not respect the rules that keep them from programs, data, and computers.) 2) All information wants to be ___. (Disregard for copyright law: Universally shared info of the WWW: Napster, YT) 3) ____ ____ - promote _____. (Bureaucracies hide information and make rules controlling who can have access to it.) 4) You should be judged by ___ and not by 'bogus criteria' such as degrees, age, race, or position. (Create identities for themselves that may or may not correspond with their actual identities.)

-Broadband service -Dial up -> broadband -Mobile devices . . . . . -Consoles -Stars -Advertising -Entire Communities -Profitable -1st Amendment . . . . . . . . . . -Hacker Ethic -Unlimited, total -Free -Mistrust authority, decentralization -Skills

Radio is the original ____ '_____' mass medium (NOT Electronic: Telegraph) -Radio can be hot or cold. Radio/Audio Types: 1) ____ Radio (AM, FM, HD-radio) of/relating to the Earth, uses electromagnetic waves 2) __-_____ Radio (Satellite, Internet, Podcast) -Country is the #1 format of radio with the most number of stations. The number of radio stations is ____: 15,500+. AM is declining, total number of stations holding steady. -FM: 6,750 -FM educational: 4,100 -AM: 4,600 91.9 and lower: do not sell ads (universities, non-profits) Terrestrial radio is in trouble. (less impact than other mass communication channels) Radio DOES matter. Who is all about radio ratings? (Ratings books -> portable people meter) Big companies dominate, own as many stations as you want. -Which are the two that control most of the Tuscaloosa market? ____ ____: money-saving automation to broadcasters similar content onto multiple stations. The DJ sounds live and in the studio (is NOT). How can you tell? Tells time: No. Weather comes from somebody else. ____: to write distance (How we got here) The first pioneer: ____ _____: proves that electromagnetic waves do exist in the atmosphere. (1 __= one cycle of energy per second) -Radio receivers subtract carrier frequencies and add information to it as a signal. -More power/more energy = more range (WVUA: 220 watts, APR: 100,000 watts) 3 More Pioneers: 1) ____ ____ 2) ____ ____ (sent the first radio transmission: first human communication message over airwaves: dots and dashes - no wires) 3) ____ ____ 1912: Titanic disaster: leads to ____ ____ ____ (before was transmission and receiver, now need ____ to operate and have a frequency set aside for emergencies) Call Signals/Letters: -____: west of Mississippi River -____: east of Mississippi River -____: Mexico -____: Canada 1916: _____ and '____ _____' (Sarnoff: why not just have radios that are receivers) Sarnoff later founded the ____: sold radios to public and transmission equipment to stations -KDKA was the first station, whereas WEAF had the first commercial. Networks were made for stations to access national news and music rather than just local news. The Big 3: First? Offshoot of NBC Blue? All three began as ways to make more money. PUBLIC RADIO: 91.9 and lower. (NPR) More about regulation: FCC license after Titanic, FRC->FCC -1920-40s: Golden Age of Radio 1950: ____ ____. (TV: programs are moved here) 1950s-80s: music and the DJ (race music) 1950s- music portability (transistor radios) FM patented in 30s, rare till 60s/70s -Amplitude Manipulation: move the signal by making the power go up or down (lower quality) -Frequency Manipulation: strength and power stays the same, speed at which signal moves is different resulting in better quality 1980s: ______ (FCC): how many radio stations owned (Sports and News Talk) -The newest technology in terrestrial radio? (1s and 0s, not analog) Non-Terrestrial Radio: -____ ___: coast-to-coast, the big dog of satellite radio (mergence of 2 companies) -Terrestrial radio goes online too (iHeartMedia app) -Podcasting -> iPod

Original electronic 'personal' mass medium Terrestrial Non-Terrestrial -Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nielsen Townsquare (was Citadel and Cumulus), iHeartMedia (was Clear Channel) Voice tracking Heinrich Hertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nikola Tesla (send energy) Guglielmo Marconi Reginald Fessenden (added voice) Federal radio regulations, License K W X C Marconi, music boxes Radio Corporation of America . . . . NBC, ABC, CBS Radio falters. . . . . . . . . . . -Deregulation -HD Radio -Sirius XM

____ of ____: 1930s: initially provided a limited number of options that were broadcast at no cost to the viewer (only offered by major networks and only at times when those programs were being broadcasted) 1980s: balance of power with ____ and ___ changed: choose which programs to watch and have a range of bc, cable, and satellite channels TV has become two channels: ____ and ___/____ ____: programming should be available to all viewers and should be paid for thru advertising, was only this for many years ___ __. ____: the inventor of the ____ ___ (idea: 14, working system: 21) -Was not a household name, wanted to send out moving pics and sound all electronically without moving parts -In 1927, he successfully transmitted an image of a straight line ____ was also working on the concept of a TV for Surnoff of RCA. -The patent given to F expired just before TVs took off. In 1939, the first significant TV broadcaster: ___ from New York World's Fair Most stations went off air during WW2. -FCC froze licensing of new stations and as the movie industry fell, it was time for TV to take over the entertainment industry. The longest lasting impact on entertainment programming in the 1950s: _ ___ ____ 2 Obstacles: 1) persuade CBS for Arnaz to be husband, 2) Lucy wanted to be live in CA not NY Was edited like a movie and showed again due to not being performed live: created the ____ _____ remains as one of the most popular programming formats. -Slow acceptance to color due to the price of TV sets. ____ used to be a delivery system for broadcast channels rather than its own medium. ___ ___ ____ (___) retransmitted broadcast channels for remote areas and cable remained a way to serve areas with poor reception. FCC loosened rules and restrictions on channel distribution via satellite, which changed the face of cable in 1975. ___ was the first service to make the leap and the big 3 networks did not object. ___ ____: created the modern TV: after RCA launched the satellite, created CNN 'Chicken Noodle News' THE FIRST 24 hour news channel and did not have to interrupt with sitcoms or soaps, lost direct control in 1996 after WTBS his superstation was bought by T-W, achieved McLuhan's global village. Numerous channels were available to cable companies thru satellite. By the 80s, there was a new kind of ____ with new channels with the original networks, ____ became a massive competition to broadcasting and created a new TV landscape. -Including: ____ of the ___ _ ___ ____ ____ and smaller network affiliates ____, local individual stations broadcast nationwide via satellite (CN, TBS, WGN) ____ ____ channels ____ ____, ad supported networks with smaller subscription fees (MTV, CNN, BET) ____ channels, no ads ___-___-___, special events, concerts Audio services

-Birth of TV -Audience, broadcasters -Broadcast, Cable/Satellite -Broadcast -Philo T. Farnsworth, electronic TV -Zworykin -NBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -I Love Lucy -Situation comedy -Cable -Community antenna TV -HBO -Ted Turner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Cable -Affiliates of the Big 4 Networks -Individual stations -Superstations -Local access -Cable networks -Premium -Pay-per-view

2016 Presidential Election: 1) IRA set up fake facebook/twitter accounts to promote messages of dissension on LGBT, race, immigration, and gun rights issues. 2) RT and Sputnik spread false stories on social media. 3) DNC broken into and stolen thousands of emails and documents to WikiLeaks. 4) 39 state voter registration systems broken into. Themes matches reasons why Clinton lost, though much smaller impact than campaigns themselves. Notion of ____: William Gibson: used externally to describe the Internet and the interactions that take place there. The ubiquitous, non-physical space where increasingly a lot of what we think of as our civilization takes place. Broadening Our Online World: Many-to-many communication with anybody on the world? Not so much. Spread of mobile tech has helped increase the potential of this notion. The ____ ____: Even in the US access to high quality internet connection is not ____. EDUCATION LEVELS AND INCOME correlate with high-speed broadband connections. Conflicts Over Digital Media: 1) ____ ____ for ____ (open forum: unsupervised: no filtering system can block all offensive material and still provide a full range of sites - routes AROUND censorship) 2) Giving Up ___ on certain sites (____: tiny files to identify website visitors and track actions on the web) 3) Forget ____ ____ over virtual communities and friends Convergence of New and Old Media: -Delivering media not otherwise available (Al Jazeera). -Reverse synergy too. E v e r y t h i n g I s D a t a . Aggregator sites (collects data from other sources across the internet and puts the information in one place where users can access it.)

-Cyberspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Digital Divide, universal -Inappropriate material for children -Privacy, cookies -Real lives

____ was generally credited with the development of the American motion picture industry, when it is really a group of people. 2 People Worked on the Process of Capturing and Portraying Motion: 1) ___: started with the blood and the heart to how animals moved, did not project moving pictures did develop systems of taking repeated photos of people and animals in motion 2) ____: the second major influencer to Edison. Bet to see if the 4 hooves of a horse would leave the ground. Photographed both animals and people moving against a black and white grid, Animal Locomotion. ____'s _____: first medium not projected on a screen, viewed by individuals on a peep-show like device Moving pictures were first illustrated in the 32 second film Blacksmith Scene ____ ____s' ______: portable movie camera that could also be used as a projector, set the standards for the speed of shots and formats for film The first theaters showed films of everyday life in families, at factories, and on street The first films credited for telling a story included Mélies' A Trip to the Moon and Edwin S. Porter's The Great Train Robbery ___ ____: The Birth of the _____: movies were of more than an hour instead of 25 minutes, created the first modern feature length film: The Birth of a Nation Griffith also proved the necessary need for outside financial backing for a movie to get produced in Intolerance. Directors were held accountable to who controlled the purse settings. Movie stars began receiving credit for which films they were a part of (fear of asking for more money). Florence Lawrence: the Biograph Girl. The ____ _____: Why Go West? 1) Get away from Edison's patent police 2) Constant sunlight and varied settings 3) Land was cheap for lots of space It was most efficient for movies to be produced thru a 'factory process' (all talent worked for the studios directly). Distribution was carried out in 2 ways (block bookings: if you want a movie with a big star, you must buy all the movies with lesser stars) ____ ____ rebelled against the controls placed on them, instead of producing their own movies, they acquired and distributed movies after individual films were produced. THE MODEL FOR THE MODERN ____ _____. Individual entity till 1981: not a maker of films, but a distributor and source of financing for films. Sound replaced silent films faster than color. The first demonstration of a ____ ____: The Jazz Singer -Synchronized soundtrack, Don Juan A ___: a movie with a synchronized soundtrack The movie studios were weary of Talking Pictures because: 1) Speaking well while acting was hard to do 2) EXPENSIVE 3) Noise of and outside studios The End of the ____ ____: -The Hollywood Antitrust Case required studios to show the owners films before booking them -Supreme Court in 1948 demanded studios to sell theaters The House of Un-American Activities Commission (J. Parnell Thomas): held hearings on possible communists in Hollywood The ____ ____: challenged the constitutionality of the hearings _____ banned everyone from Hollywood work who was a known, suspected communist, or a sympathizer. The blacklist was broken in the 1960s.

-Edison -Marey -Muybridge -Edison's Kinetoscope -Lumière Brothers' Cinématographe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -DW Griffith, Blockbuster -Studio System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -United Artists -Film studio -Talking picture -Talkie -Studio system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Hollywood Ten -Blacklist

Networks and Affiliates: Networks (NBC): -Provides programming ____ _____ -Owns a ____ ____ (owned and operated or O&Os) -May ____ _____ for carrying _____ -Make money via ____. -Owner: _____ (of NBC) (the _____ _____) Affiliate: WVTM13 (of NBC) -Carry ____ _____ -Receive space for ____ inside ____ ____ (local ____ space break) -May pay ____ for carrying ____ or _____ ____ -Keep ___ ____ for local shows -Keep/share ____ _____ from syndicated shows -Get the programming -Owner: ____ ____ (of WVTM13) TV Ratings: Nielsen: -All shows, -Prime-time shows, -Cable shows, -Syndicated shows, -Race and ethnicity (____ _____ ____) A __ ___ is the percent of households ____ a TV set watching a particular show (120 million) out of the ____ who ____ a TV. A __ ___ is the percent of households ____ TVs who are watching a particular show (less than 120 million) ON. -Live programming is what matters (cable does not draw the numbers like national broadcasting does: NBC, CBS, ABC, FOX) -210 designated market areas (Tuscaloosa is labelled under Birmingham) '____' ratings, schedules for local TV stations: which four months? -'_____' matter to ____ _____ than to ____ (who are rated every night) -Why Olympics and Super Bowl occur in these months. Largest news stories occur here. All about ratings. -1950s: ____ ____ ___ (____): now known as '____' TV -A big antenna captured _____ _____ for the whole town. ____ wires sent signals to house in a town. -1970s: ____ ____: -Geostationary orbit: same speed as Earth rotating, stay right over same place -Direct broadcast ____ (DBS) -1970s: ____ ____: Home Box Office's 1972 debut brought _____ ____ to TV. -Content for _____, first important '____' ____ _____. -Ted Turner/Braves (gave nights of programming) -Made _____ satellite, so free, and owned all the advertising. (____) -Cable companies make money from multiple streams -Fox News Channel -Local Stations make money thru ____, ____ fees -National broadcasters (cable/over-the-air) make money thru ____, ____, ____, ___ (DVD, Netflix) -Cable/satellite (Comcast, Netflix) make money thru ____ ownership, ____ fees, ____ The '___ ____' ____ puts local stations on cable, if your transmitter can reach your cable company has to carry the program. But, ___ ____ and ___ ___ fight over pricing -2000s, technology changes -1 tower, multiple signals (less bandwidth used) ___ ____ leads to more ___ ____ (blowing thru ads) Online distribution (cable companies) to compete with ____ (____ ___ ___ ____): Netflix, Prime -Networks creating own ____ (ABC) -Online: a change in viewing distance ____: '___ ___ ___' devices for internet media on TV (Roku, Fire Stick, Echo, Apple TV, consoles: even ads targeted: lose privacy) -TV watching has changed (binge watching) Concerns: -Cultivation Theory -Moral decay -Shorter attention span -Thinking problems can be solved like sitcom, in that 30 minutes

-For affiliates -Few stations -Pay affiliates, programs -Ads -Comcast, cable companies . -Network shows -Ads, network shows, ad -Networks, shows, cable retransmission -Ad money -Ad money -Heart Company . -Individual Differences Theory (Not everybody is the same. (Gender, race, class, sex) Know who our audience is and tailor messges toward them.) -Rating point, with, total, have -Rating share, using . . . . . . . . . . -Sweeps, February/May/July/November, Local markets, networks . . . . . . . -Community antenna TV (CATV) -Broadcast signals, cable -Satellite TV -Cable programming, premium content -WTBS, 'free' cable network -WTBS, WTBS -Advertising, retransmission -Advertising, transmission, affiliates, programming -Network, Subscriber, programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'Must Carry' Rule, content providers, cable providers -Time shifting, product placement -SVoD (subscription video on demand) -OTT: 'over the top'

Movies are a ____ medium. -S-M-C-R Risk: spend millions before receiving feedback -Movie making and distribution is an ____ (Columbia/Sony, Viacom/Paramount, 20th Century Fox/NC (merged and bought by Disney), Universal (Comcast), Warner Brothers (T-W), Disney)), is shrinking Movie marketing windows: (opportunities to sell, rent, or license a movie to a specific type of purchaser) -___ ____: the first run in US theaters, might last from one weekend to six months (once box office slows, move on) ($10-11B, only about 20-30% of money comes from here) 39K screens (kids movies last longer) Most movies ____ at the US Box Office -____ ____: usually begins several weeks after domestic debut (International theaters: most make more money outside US, do not just open world-wide, Fifty Shades of Grey - 70%) More money ____ the ____ (do not release everywhere at same time) -'___' ____: usually 3-6 months after domestic release '___' ____ includes: -All not-in-theater settings (Pay-per-view in hotels, planes, homes) -Sweet DVD sales/rentals (going down) (now come out same time as p-p-v) -Digital sales (downloads) also down -SVoD (Subscription video on demand: Netflix, Prime, Paramount + eliminates the middle man -____: anywhere from three months (pay-per-view) to several years (syndication) after domestic release (Wizard of Oz) Movies do not always make money only on theaters or even in theaters. -Also ___ ____: inside the movie, want to see products in a favorable light, technology makes easier to add to older movies (Wizard of Oz: did not do too good in box office) A US Chief Export: ____: large majorities of TV shows, movies, and music sold world-wide are made in America. US ___ has an impact on many nations. ____ is the world's biggest market. 'Freeze!' -Requires being sensitive to cultures and changing parts of movies -The Lion King (understood in many cultures, not in the same way) (Presentation of Simba) You see what you want to because of your ___. -Movies give us _____ ____ 90% of all money world-wide in the motion picture industry comes from ____ ____ The #1 Movie Quote of All Time: '___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___.' ___ ___ ___ ___ Clark Gable, 1939 -Film is a chemical medium The ____ of ____: an optical illusion that the retina holds an image for a millisecond (individual pictures move = ___ of ____/moving pictures) -This is Emile Reynaud's _____ -Muybridge, horse with 4 legs, CA governor, lots of cameras 1890s: George Eastman (Kodak) provided ____ in 1889, whereas Thomas Edison worked on the ____ 1880s/90s: Edison and film (first two motion pictures: ____ ___'s ____ and _____ No. 1 Edison's _____: greek 'to write movement' Edison's _____: one eye at a time, 'to view movement' had to look in a box one person at a time, hand-cranked -Lumière Brothers- 1st movie house General rules for movies to be made: Frames Per Second: ____: less than TV, more than Edison's which were choppy, make Perception of Vision that is not too choppy The Great Train Robbery (1903: Edwin S. Porter) -First films were in NJ, Black Maria Studio -Why move to Hollywood? (___ had the trust and control: decided who got to make moneys, had to pay them, could not ___ ____, ___ ___: film almost every-day: outdoors, even for indoor scenes, warm) The first documentary: ___ ___ ___ ____: 1922, Global village 1927: The first talkie: ___ ___ ____ (Al Jolson) Few words -1930s-50s: Golden Age of Movies, owning theaters seen as monopolistic, single screen movie theaters died and became multiplexes -Who does what? -Director: provides creative vision -Producer: puts together financing and creative team -Star: guarantees box office success -Writer: turns story into script -Editor: creates rhythm, pace, and special effects 1930s-50s: The ___ ____/____ ____: Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America -No nudity/suggestive dancing -No illegal drug use -No liquor -No crime methods shown -No talk of homosexuality/venereal disease -No interracial sex or marriage -Ministers not seen as bad guys 50s-60s: ___ ____ (Government ____ require), -G: General audience -PG: parental guidance suggest -PG-13: parental guidance strongly advised (made in mid-80s thanks to Spielberg, Indiana Jones, Gremlins) -R: restricted, no one under 17 unless with guardian/parent -NC-17: no one under 17 allowed at all The '__' rating: porn industries '____', did not copyright, NC-17 seen as box office poison

-Hot -Oligopoly -Domestic Theatrical -Lose -Overseas Theatrical -'Home' media -Television -Product placement -Outside the US than in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Culture -American movies -Culture -China -Parasocial interactions -Frankly my dear, I don't give a damn. Gone With the Wind (1939) -Persistence of Vision -Bill Dickson's Greeting, Monkeyshines -Praxinoscope -Film, camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Kinetograph -Kinetoscope -24 -Edison, Find you, More light -Nanook of the North -The Jazz Singer -Hays Code/Production Code -Voluntary ratings, doesn't -X, XXX

-Traditional TV use falling -Subscription video up, others flat -TV is a ___ medium: double screens (on phone) -1920s: "_____ _____" slices pictures to send across electromagnetic frequencies -___ _. ____: 24 patented the ___ ___ in 1927 for $1M. -____ ____: made something similar for Westinghouse, later worked for RCA. -1930s/40s: no ____ ____, little to see on tiny screens. (NYC) Until the FCC set standards (1941: B&W, 50s/60s: color, 2009: digital broadcasting) -___ ___ _: TV workers went to the federal government for work, then back. Pre to Post jump in ownership of TV sets. -The TV Networks: Original TV companies were ____ _____ ____: -____, -_____, -_____, -_____ (TV set making company, bad at making shows, later became Metromedia, then later ____) -Now: diversity reigns (4 major networks, 900+ cable channels, 15K+ video broadcasting signals, 1388 commercial UHF/VHF, 396 educational stations, thousands of receivers, and Internet delivered video) In the 20s-40s, Golden Age of Radio: By the late 1940s: ____ offers the ____ and _____ for _____. (Lone Ranger: Radio (1933-1954 3000 episodes) TV (1949-1957: 221 episodes) Kept the ____ of _____. After World War 2: ______: -Makes films of ____ ___, so ____ shows could be ____ (before days of video magnetic tape) Mid-1950s: _____: -The first rerun: __ _____ _____, put on film. The moral: You make money by ____ ____ (____ is king). Also in the 1950s: TV news: TV documentaries, Edward R. Murrow Who controls TV's power? -Originally: ____ ____ hosted a show and were the only _____, so they had the most power over the ____. -____ _____: ____ produced programming, NOT ____. -Multiple show sponsors, more money to the network to have more control -Created ____ and ____ shows. Movie's first response to TV: -Movie companies wanted nothing to do with TV (assumed TV was a fad) except for.... Today TV programs come to us via... -____ (NBC, CBS, FOX, PBS) -____ ____ (but Comcast owns NBC!) -___ ____ (news, mostly) -____ _____ (Jeopardy, Judge Judy) -What is a syndicated show? -A company owns a show and sells it to ____ per_____ ____ (Judge Judy: WBRC - Fox provider, though Judge Judy is owned by CBS company) -Syndicators make money by selling own ads which stations must show. The company may or may not pay for the show.

-Image dissector -Philo T. Farnsworth -Vladimir Zworykin -Broadcast standards -World War 2 -Original radio companies -ABC, CBS, NBC, DuMont/Fox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Radio, model, program, TV -Announcement of show -Kinescope -Live TV, live shows, rebroadcast -Videotape, I Love Lucy, owning distribution -One company, sponsors, network -Pat Weaver, networks, advertisers=companies, Today, Tonight . . . . . . . . . . . . -Disney -Networks -Cable Companies -Local shows -Syndicated shows -Station, local market

The internet, the newest of the mass media, was not initially considered a mass medium. Earliest version of web: 1989 1969-1990: net limited to _____ communication 1991: ____ ____-___ released the ___ (an easy and uniform way to access material on the Internet) The only medium that incorporates ____, ____, and ___ communication. The Internet is a diverse set of ____ ____ interlinked to provide its users with the appearance of a ____, ____ network -Starts with the link from your computer to an ISP (AOL, cable company, telephone company, etc.) to bigger pipelines (backbone) Backbone initially a set of high speed data lines controlled by the NSF, now run by a dozen major communication companies ____ ____ was created by Paul Baran, to cut messages into little pieces and send them along the easiest route to their final destination (nuclear strike every computer connected to several others in case one fails: 1960s: problem arose of transferring info from 1 computer to the other across the Atlantic) Donald Davies also proposed public communication network similar. ____: US military's first packet switching network (serve needs of academic researches) By 1969, 4 institutions had the 1st component of the Internet running (UCLA, UCSB, STANFORD, UU) Kahn and Cerf's ___/___: ____ ____ ____: controls how data is sent out on the Internet and ____ ____: provides the address for each computer on the Internet (a box or gateway to act as a translator for all incompatible networks) Internet in 1973 abbreviated from Inter-networking of networks -Next Gen Networks to serve same purposes as ARPA Video and interactive applications Online and Mobile Media: ____: the most important factor in the development of the Internet -Primitive: send messages to other person on same computer ARPA's Tomlinson: sent over net originally for sharing resources: created form and '@' symbol for a person at a particular computer ____/____ ____: Short Message Services/SMS began in 1992 Alternative of sending Instant Messaging (IMs): AOL's Inst. M. decreased as dial up decreased ____: Made the Internet a medium of mass communication -Access to any type of information and a simple address system Predecessors of the Web: Engelbert, Ted Nelson's ____: material formatted to contain links to allow the reader to move easily from one section to another and document to document Berners-Lee: Enquire, hypertext program CERN had the first web server and browser 3 Majors Components of the WWW: 1) ____ ____ ____ (___): address of content placed on the web 'www.mysite.com' 2) ____ ____ ____ (___): standardized set of rules used by web-services and browsers for sending and receiving text, graphics, or anything else from a website 3) ____ ____ ____ (___): programming language used to create webpages (remain central to how operating today: all 3) -WWW, developed as a collaborative, non-profit venture Based on principles of openness and accessibility: The 9 Principles of the Internet: 1) Information of all kinds available thru the ____ ____ or ____ ____ 2) All documents on the web are ____ ____ 3) Must be a ____ ____ that will take users to a document 4) Users should be able to ___ to any document in space 5) USBAT access any type of material from any type of computer 6) USBAT create whatever types of ____ between info they want to. Should be possible to link a document to any other document. 7) Web not just a tool for info, but ____. Designed for ____ and publication. 8) No ____ ____ of web. 9) Web software should be available ___ to anyone who wants to use it Pre-1993: belonged to military or university personnel who used ARPA 1) WWW code posted to Internet, 2) ____ users allowed on Internet for first time, 3) first easy to use graphic ___ ____ (Mosaic: find info easier on Internet and incentive to put information on the Web: free for download)

-Interpersonal -Tim Berners-Lee, WWW -Interpersonal, group, mass -Individual networks, single/uniform -Packet switching . . . . . . . . . . -ARPAnet -TCP (transmission control protocol)/IP (internet protocol) . . . . . . . . . -Email -Texting/Direct Messaging . . . . . . -WWW -Hypertext -Uniform Resource Locator (URL) -Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) -Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Same window, information space -Equally accessible -Single address -Link -Relationships -Collaboration, interaction -Central controller -Free -Commercial -Web browser

____ ____ ____: born alongside modern recording technology and flourished on radio. A cross-cultural phenomenon during WW2 ___ ____ were recordings by popular black musicians, then relabeled as ____. 1) Big bands that played jazz and swing were expensive because of the number of musicians. 2) African American musicians gained respect when White artists recorded covers of their songs. 3) DJs played Rock and Roll and R&B records in radio shows. Good Rockin' Tonight - Wynonie Harris The 2 artists that put RNR on the map: 1) ___ _____ 2) ____ _____ (the blending of hillbilly/country and R&B, two previously segregated types of music) ____'s ____ _____: R&B to the masses. The most successful independent record label. Large social changes in society mirrored (Freedom Riders, Motown Revue, Tours) ____ ____ rougher edge to RNR Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band: first concept album and autobiographical The ___ was replacing the single as rock's main format Producers soon became just as important as the artists themselves. -Dark Side of the Moon ____ was the ultimate producer music. The entire genre depended on technology and producers building on trends. Made Black and Latino music more commercial. Gay male subculture in NYC. ____ is a single facet of hip-hop. The 4 Elements of Hip-Hop: 1) MCing 2) DJing 3) B-boying 4) Graffiti art Country music evolved out of Irish/Scottish folk, Mississippi blues, and gospel -Originally called old-timey and hillbilly Lyric oriented with adult themes. ____ caused radios to find niches. News and talk: top radio format. Political talk (Conservative), Shock jocks (not political) ___ ___: authorized by Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. News in depth, small till 1) growth of satellite delivery of network programming 2) installation of FM radio in most cars The major challenge of ___ _____ is funding (sponsorship, greatest funding comes from fees by member stations)

-Rock n' Roll -Race recordings -R&B -Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley -Detroit's Motown Records -British invasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . -LP -Disco -Rap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -TV -Public Radio

____ as a news medium is important because various governments want to put limits on internet searching. ____: a forum for people to interact and create own material: Late 90s: ___/___: a collaboration of links and commentary in hypertext that can be created and posted with relatively little effort -Dan Rather, GWB Podcasts and Streaming Media: LT News, ____ ___ originally seen as newspapers-like blogs that posted reports on hyper-local issues -Movie industry, brochure like websites -Avant-garde movies (Fander) Online is definitely the place to watch mainstream television and movie programming 5 Basic Characteristics of Social Media that make it Social: 1) ____-____ ____ ____ (not just consuming it) 2) ____ (not just from 1 creator to other consumers) 3) ____ (people tag what they are featured in) 4) ____ ____ (people share what they post online with groups or friends of like-minded people) 5) ____ (people make their social network pages unique) What Are Our Social Media? ____: Access to devices with video capability but not an easy way to share those clips with one another, The MOST POPULAR Social Media Network, now entertainment prog. ____: More in communication with AOL than web in general. Walled garden: Advertisers will be able to exactly reach the consumers they want based on info shared on FB. Originally simple message program for dad's dental office for when a patient has arrived, idea developer controversy. ____: Two important changes: addition of tools to make it clearer which posts are sponsored and FB paid $1B for. More used by young people like Snapchat. ____: The most popular social media channel among young people, after that demographic, falls way off. Those who use it, use it several times a day. Trouble making money with simple design, now controversially looking more like FB. _____: Combines elements of online IM'ing, mobile text messaging, and blogging (microblogging service) Started as project for podcasting company. Valuable for 2 way relationships between businesses and customers. 2017: doubled character numbers. Facebook email receives tweets or text message. Ads. Trump using Twitter: do not block, muting controls. Shift to social media than news media to get his messages out. Do not remove world leaders tweets.

-Search -Blogs/weblog -Citizen journalism . . . . . . . . -User-created generated content -Comment -Tagging -Social networking -Customization -YouTube -Facebook -Instagram -SnapChat -Twitter

Concerns About Effects of Music on Young People: -not music, but words -adults see metaphorical meaning, where kids see literal meaning -songs are often as much about feelings as rational thoughts -RAP: Engendered the most controversy The most important change from the phonograph and the radio is the death of ___ music. -The trend of personalized media began with Morita's Walkman, the privacy in public areas ___: CBS, more durable than 78s ___ ____ ____ (RCA: CBS competitor) - higher quality but much less time -Vinyl resurgence: size and digital download codes ___: Philips Electronics/Compaan and Sony: photographically record music and read by laser ___ ____ was the scariest of new media to the recording industry (originally analog recording) is the same without the degradation in quality the more times you play through. -Home CD copying ___ is the most recent format for music (can be burned) FCC relaxed ownership rules, increasing the consolidation of ownership thru media mergers. -Telecommunications Act of 1996: lifted restrictions on overall broadcast ownership ____ ____ was more concentrated, with less diverse stations (more stations, less owners) ___ ____/______ is the largest station owner in the U.S. Radio started with AM broadcasting of primary medium for news and entertainment, then 70s came with FM/high fidelity and stereo music ____ _____ is still most popular choice (terrestrial radio) -Music and Long-Tail alternatives to BC include HD and satellite radio, audience being message providers thru webcasts and podcasts, audio is a better medium for holding an audience (easily moved among platforms) -Music revenue is still growing, file sharing actually hurts the label more than the musician ___ has the best quality even though it has a shorter broadcast band

-Social . . . . . . . . . . -LPs -45 rpm discs -CD -Digital recording -MP3 -Radio ownership -Clear Channel/iHeartMedia -Analog broadcasting -FM

___ ____'s ____ ___ ___ ____: -Fox, Cable, VCR -Big 3 sold to new owners -Revenue for broadcast down, whereas cable is up (generally more profitable: Disney has the most) -____ more money: costs less to produce, have both a subscription fee and advertiser revenue -Netflix is not a part of Nielsen Diversity on TV: -BC and major cable: distorted view of reality, boycotts on Big 4 Scandal, Food Network, LGBT+ more common on streaming than BC -ABC: First AA president Most significant cable TV network to appeal to a non-white audience: ___ ____ and Spanish Language BC: Fifth largest network, telenovellas -More opinionated than American 'objectivity' ____: adjust content to more US born Latinos TV comparable to printing press: revolutionary, still the dominant shared experience Time Spent Watching (TV sets down, watching up) TV As Competition for Other Activities (more time alone) ___ and ____ ____: How and Why do People Watch TV -Entertained -Learn and gain info -Social reasons (CH=AD) Standards of TV: the network's own ____ and ____ ____ determined what could be shown during the 50s and 60s. 1997: instead of occasional warning before programs, 2 part system modeled after movies: G, PG, TV-14, TV-MA Many also had S, V, L, and/or D (adult dialogue) Rather than ____ what is shown, give a ____ to the viewer -R=TV-MA, confined to cable and streaming shows, rarely used by Big 4 Problems of ____: 2004 Super Bowl: -FCC demanded that BC radio and TV cannot air indecent material between 6AM-10PM, do not apply to cable or streaming Big step in redefining TV came in 2005 with the iPod, by 2007 all of the Big 4 were carrying thru iTunes 2007: Netflix -Traditional TV viewership peaked in 2010 and has gone down since -____ ___ ___: not needed a cable or streaming subscription: a la carte pricing of cable for specific shows -HBO, ESPN, Showtime, Apple own TV, big media starting own services Big Player: ____ Earthquake in Slow Motion: -C-SPAN -limit sit-in exposure, Periscope: programmed straight into a legacy media channel -Multiplatform companies like ____ now profit from cord cutters thru limiting and charging amount of data per month

-Standards and Practices Department -Ken Auletta's Earthquake in Slow Motion -Cable. . . . . . -BET -Univision, Telemundo . . . . . . . . . . . -Uses and Gratifications Theory . . . . . . . -Restrict, warning. . . . . -Decency -Cutting the cord -Disney -Comcast

In the 1950s, ___ became the routine for entertainment. -____-____-____ ____ (3-D: first a fail) -____ on a ____ _____ (Cinerama: now dead) -Advent of Color (TV helped the conversion) At first required a complex camera. Theaters also changed to meet the needs of the consumers. 1970s-now: The ____ _____ Era: -Movies relatively expensive with predefined large audiences Credited to Stephen Spielberg's Jaws (compelling score, based on best seller, TV speculation and advertising campaign, popular 20th century director) -Tradition of now Larger-Than-Life movies during summer. -Are we in a Franchise Era? ___ ____ during the 80s/90s: VCRs, DVDs/blu-ray displacing VCR. -Now STREAMING. -Computers: Digital Production and Projection: -STAR WARS: Attack of the Clones, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (backgrounds and sets animated) Computer generated imagery (CGI) Movie Viewership in the ___ ___ is characterized by: -More edgier than TV showings -Larger-than-life aspect -IMAX theaters and expensive tickets -A GROUP experience Movie theater attendance remains stable, but increase in prices not in tickets. Not an either/or situation. -Movies still continue to be shot with film. Are Practical Effects More Real? What Makes a Movie Profitable? -Best known way: produce a big-budget blockbuster with big stars and a big-name director, giant domestic and international box office, sell lots of licensed products, millions of DVDs, turn it into a Fortune 500 company of sorts -Sometimes international can save -Tiny-to-small budget with a clear target audience and a modest box office also work too The problem is finding out in advance which movies can support a large budget and which cannot

-TV -Larger-Than-Life Movies -Project, larger screen -Block Buster . . . . . . . . -Home Video -Digital Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

_____ ____'s ____: a dictation machine, foil cylinders which did not hold up for repeated playing ____ ____'s ____: recording sound on flat discs, could now be mass produced and seen as an entertainment device, with performers getting royalties ____-____ (_-__): recordings that reproduced music could sound more accurate with higher notes and deeper bass The gramophone was renamed phonograph. Allowed recording of Non-notated music. The radio was an outgrowth of ____'s ____. Messages allowed to be sent electronically. Marconi made the ____ ____ which used radio waves to transmit messages point to point. Sarnoff created the ____ ____ ___. Outlined the radio's potential as a popular mass medium. He did NOT invent the radio. The ____ ____ __ ___ (___) was a consortium of four major companies (AT&T, GE, Westinghouse, UFC), the navy created a private monopoly to control radio development. Conrad began broadcasting music on Sundays, which led to a broadcast schedule. Pittsburgh ____ was the first commercial radio station, with ___ (NYC) being the first station to sell airtime to advertisers. There were several opportunities to make money: 1) Support radio broadcasting with a 'tithe' (specific percentage of revenues from sales of radios by manufacturers) 2) Support with public endowment (neither was enough) Radio stations had to accept ____ as the main source of broadcasting income. Sarnoff made a new RCA company, a network to provide programming to smaller stations than what could be produced locally ___ was the first major broadcasting network Paley's ___ was a competitor to NBC, seeing clients as advertisers than listeners, and that the audience was the product. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ was where radio played the same role as TV during the 20s/40s. Radio was the first mass medium to serve a ____ ___ of ____ in the household. -Live performances were a staple. -Dramas and action programs (led to the ___ ___ surviving through TV programming). ___ _ ___: produced predominantly by whites as entertainment for whites. The radio show with the largest audience. Radio was later reinvented as a ____ ____, a member of the family. Today.... -Terrestrial radio -____ _____: provides listeners with CD-quality sounds and the choice of multiple stations of programming (often confused with satellite and streaming) -____ ____: competitors: Sirius and XM -> SiriusXM The biggest name on Satellite Radio is Shock Jock Howard Stern. Subscription radio. Provides news and public affairs channels such as CNN, Fox, BBC, NPR. Expensive due to listening anywhere geographically. -_____ _____: online alternative to radio. Can be tied to terrestrial stations, internet only (Spotify, Pandora) Smartphones = new portable radio and personal collection Smart speakers deliver online services using vocal command. _____ a long-tail alternative to radio and prerecorded music, can be listened to online or downloaded to computer or MP3 player. iTunes and the iPod!!!!

-Thomas Edison's Phonograph -Emile Berlinger's Gramophone -High-fidelity (hi-fi) -Morse's telegraph -wireless telegraph -Music Box Demo -Radio Corporation of America (RCA) -KDKA, WEAF -Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -NBC -CBS -The Golden Age of Radio -primary role of entertainment -soap opera -Amos 'n' Andy -Companion Medium -HD Radio -Satellite Radio -Streaming Audio -Podcasting

-Now you can read and write, Printing Press revolutionary ___ ____ ____: Founders of the Internet -_____: Pentagon, military and university exchange information about research (UCLA, UCSB, UU, Stanford) 'Internet' is a _____ (multiple words combine to create a new word with a new meaning) for '____ ____' (Many to many communication: packet-switching, if a network hub crashes, can reroute to rest) -Newspapers and broadcast television are one-to-many or one-to-one communication ______: multiple data signals use the same channel without interference (sources go on same channel from multiplexor to demultiplexor through multiple destinations) (one car on one road) All about ____ ____ (____/___ ____ ____ and _____ _____) available for anybody, opposite of proprietor system (multiplex is an example) -America Online (AOL) walled garden, died due to overpaid to T-W, and many did not want to pay when the Internet was free Systems of rules to make the structure function Principles of Internet: -One address takes users to a file (IP address) -Everything should be accessible and linkable -Any type of data should be available on any type of computer -The Web should be a tool for interaction, not just publication -No central control (no oligopoly) ___ = ____ ____ ____ (specific type of IP address, now just typing words instead of memorizing sets of numbers 'www.ua.edu' -ARPAnet, ____ ____ ____ (Backbone) against rules for commercial activity -1992-now: open to businesses (.com most popular domain) Who controls the Internet? In terms of content, nobody/everybody? -WWW was not the first access of Internet for common folks, Compuserve (email), Usenet (news groups talked, hinted topics at beginning) ____: unsolicited commercial email messages (ads online), coined through Usenet The ____ is greater than the ___ (The ___ is NOT the ____) The ___ ___ ___: just one part of the Internet: Tim Berners-Lee (FREE, no copyright, open standards, CERN) ____: ____ ____ ____: technical rules that let computers connect to each other to send Internet files, the document you see at the end, HTTPS ____: _____ _____ ____: once the document is downloaded, browser has to display it on the screen (language that translates text to what you see) -Mosaic: 1993, first web browser ____ VS _____ -_____: .html, .htm, only change when the programmer rewrites/physically changes the page -____: .jsp, php, cfm, pl, asp, cgi (created automatically, built on the fly) (Ebay) _____: how much information can be moved at a time? (capacity) ____: sending info using less info (can you summarize the redundancies and eliminate the unneeded?) ____: start consuming the information before the entire message has arrived (do not have to wait for it all to arrive before you start it) -How we use Email (private text convos), information and entertainment services (VIDEO), cyberspace communities/communications (social networks), electronic commerce (business-to-business transactions) pornography (augmented reality? super8, VHS, blu-ray) Is the Internet hot or cold? Global village, financial and political power (#MeToo) ___ ____: user-driven sites (Internet users supply the content, Google and Facebook) -Users not ____, create the content -___ ____: more human, more privacy, anti-monopoly

-US Defense Department -ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency) -Portmanteau, 'interconnected networks' -Multiplexing -Technical standards, TCP (transmission control protocol), IP (Internet protocol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -URL = uniform resource locator -National Science Foundation -Spam -Internet, Web, Web, Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -World Wide Web -HTTP, hypertext transfer protocol -HTML, hypertext markup language -Static, active web pages -Bandwidth -Compression -Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . -BOTH -Web 2.0 -'Experts' -Web 3.0

1970s: ____: ____ ____ ____: household appliance allowing viewers permanent copies of TV shows, to record and watch later ___ VS. ____ began in the 1980s: ____ had little success at first due to the large antenna, rapid growth of ___, and limited number of channels 90s: ___ ____ ___ (___) Dish, DirectTV - more popular in UK, now competing head to head with cable (local now available via satellite than antenna) Digital TV - from ANALOG to digital tech. Conversion stopped in 2009 b/c of the cost of converters ____ or ____ ___ ___ (____): including streaming services, in 2009, the last of the analog TV broadcasting stations died off 2 Distinct Digital Formats: 1) ____ ____ ____ (____): wide-screen format, high res pic with great sound, one channel 2) ___ ____ ___: possible to broadcast up to 6 channels in same frequency space, choices within in a single channel The launch of the space shuttle Discovery: first event covered in a digital system (small audience) From ____ to ____: (CBS, ABC, NBC, Now FOX since the 1990s) The ___ _ dominated radio industry remained in the status quo till cable and VCR -Big 3 TV Networks the companies that have provided programming to local stations around the country since the start of the TV industry, choice of shows up to affiliate stations, which require a license from the FCC _____ _____ = educational programs ____ _____ ____ (___) non-profit funded by government appropriations, private industry underwriting, and viewer support ___ ____: give disadvantaged kids in inner-city a head start on school, did not close the gap Fox Network (1986): alternative broadcast news never succeeded prior, took NFL from the Big 3. One of the Biggest Concerns for TV NWKs is the size of audience: -Rates for commercials determined by how many people are viewing a show at a given time -Ratings for shows now require much less due to choices -Live only, Live + SD, Live + 3, Live + 7 ____ is the major provider of viewership data Measuring audience size thru 1) ____ ___ (push buttons, diaries), 2) ___ Most important measurement is ____ ____ (percentage of people actually watching the show: # of households) ____ (% of TV sets in use that are tuned to a particular show: population comparison during a given time)

-VCR - video cassette recorder -Satellite, Cable -Direct Broadcast Satellite -DVR, Video on Demand (VOD) -High Definition TV (HDTV) -Standard Digital TV. . . . . . . . . . . . . -Broadcasting, Narrowcasting -Big 3 -Noncommercial broadcasting -Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) -Sesame Street. . . . . . . . . . . . -Nielsen -People meter, sweeps -Rating point, share