MCAT AAMC FL 1 CHem and Physics

THz

10^12 Hz

Pulse Pressure (healthy adult)

45 mmHg

Standard Pressure

760 mmHg

Which type of bond is formed by glycogen synthase upon release of UDP? A.α-1,4-Glycosidic bond B.α-1,6-Glycosidic bond C.β-1,4-Glycosidic bond D.β-1,6-Glycosidic bond

Solution: The correct answer is A. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer is A because the bond that is formed by glycogen synthase is the main chain linkage of glycogen, which is an α-1,4-glycosidic bond. UDP release means that only glucose was added. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must apply knowledge about the structure of glycogen to solve the problem.

Which amino acid was incorporated into Compound 1 as a future site of covalent attachment to HA prior to mineralization? A.Ser B.Ala C.Tyr D.Thr

Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer to this question is A because serine is the residue that was phosphorylated, and phosphorylation enabled the protein to be subsequently attached to hydroxyapatite (HA). It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to reason using scientific principles and models.

When a 0.1 M H2SO4 solution is added to pulverized blackboard chalk, the following reaction takes place. CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) CP-9-1-arrow.gif CaSO4(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) At 25°C, the reaction is spontaneous and has: A.negative ΔG° and positive ΔS°. B.negative ΔG° and negative ΔS°. C.positive ΔG° and negative ΔS°. D.positive ΔG° and positive ΔS°.

Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics." The answer to this question is A because spontaneous reactions must have a negative ΔG°, and reaction that create gaseous products from solids and liquids must have a positive ΔS°. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question since you are asked to recognize the relationship between ΔG° and spontaneity, as well as ΔS° for reactions involving gaseous product formation.

The radioactive decay described in the passage (Of C14 and P32) results in the formation of which two atoms? A.N and S B.B and Si C.B and S D.N and Si

Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior." The answer to this question is A because the type of radioactive decay is b-1 so a neutron is converted into a proton, which results in carbon becoming nitrogen and phosphorus becoming sulfur. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to reason about the scientific theory that correlates transmutation of elements and nuclear radioactivity.

Gamma decay occurs when a nucleus emits: A.a photon. B.a proton. C.a neutron. D.an electron.

Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior." The answer to this question is A because, by definition, gamma decay means the emission of photons by the nucleus. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to identify a relationship between closely related concepts.

Which measurement unit CANNOT be used to express power? A.kg•m2 •s2 B.J•s-1 C.ft•lb •s-1 D.W

Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "Translational motion, forces, work, energy, and equilibrium in living systems." The answer to this question is A because the measurement unit of power is watt, defined as J/s = ft•lb/s = kg•m2/s3. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to identify a relationship between closely related concepts.

If Experiment 2 is repeated with HCl and the compound shown below, which of the following compounds is NOT a direct product (without rearrangement)?

Solution: The correct answer is A. This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer to this question is A because the structure shown in this response requires an additional shift of hydride atoms prior to elimination and is therefore NOT a direct product. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to bring together theory and observations to draw a conclusion.

The production of a variety of opsins functions to:

Solution: The correct answer is B. This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "How light and sound interact with matter." The answer to this question is B. The wavelength of light absorbed by a molecule depends on its structure, and so the production of a variety of structurally related opsins functions to enable the detection of different colors. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to reason using scientific principles.

If a solution containing the compounds shown in Figure 4, is injected into a gas-liquid chromatograph, the first peak observed in the gc trace is attributable to which compound?

Solution: The correct answer is B. This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Separation and purification methods." The answer to this question is B because 2-methyl-2-butene will exhibit the lowest molecular weight and also the weakest intermolecular forces of attraction. This substance will therefore migrate the fastest and be the first peak in the gas chromatograph (gc) trace. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to bring together theory and observations to draw a conclusion.

Compared to normal glycogen, the amount of what type of bond is decreased in Lafora bodies? A.Phosphomonoester B.Phosphodiester C.α-1,4-Glycosidic bond D.α-1,6-Glycosidic bond

Solution: The correct answer is D. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer D because it is stated in the passage that the lack of branching is a characteristic of Lafora bodies. Branching occurs through an α-1,6-glycosidic bond in glycogen. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to recall the properties of glycogen branching.

Which statement correctly describes how enzymes affect chemical reactions? Stabilization of: A.the substrate changes the free energy of the reaction. B.the transition state changes the free energy of the reaction. C.the substrate changes the activation energy of the reaction. D.the transition state changes the activation energy of the reaction.

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics." The answer is D because the stabilization of the transition state, not the substrate, provides binding energy that is used to lower the activation energy. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to recognize a fundamental principle of enzyme kinetics.

Compared to the wild-type LipA, what is the change in net charge in variant XI at pH 7? A.+4 B.+3 C.−3 D.−4

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer is D because the amino acid substitutions replace amino acids with charges of +1, +1, 0, 0, and 0 with ones that have charges of 0, −1, −1, 0, and 0 so the net charge goes from +2 to −2. This is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to determine the necessary calculation to solve for net charge.

Which structure represents a phosphorylated subunit of glycogen as described in the passage?

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer is D because the phosphate residues are added to the C2 and C3 positions of the sugar. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must recognize the numbering convention for carbohydrates.

Which amino acid residues were incorporated into Compound 1 to promote the adhesion of cells on the scaffold surfaces? A.Arg and Gly B.Cys and Gly C.Cys and Asp D.Asp and Arg

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer to this question is D. The residues that were engineered into the peptide for cell adhesion are arginine and aspartate as can be reasoned based on the structure of the peptide provided, and the description of the roles of the various residues provided in the passage. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to reason using scientific principles and models.

Which of the following is the overall reaction for the decomposition of H2O2 that is shown in reactions 3 and 4? A.2H2O2(aq) + IO−(aq) → 2H2O(l) + I−(aq) + O2(g) B.2H2O2(aq) + 2I−(aq) → 2H2O(l) + I2(g) + O2(g) C.H2O2(aq) → H2O(l) + O2(g) D.2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior." The answer to this question is D because this response depicts the net sum of reactions 3 and 4. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to recognize the scientific principle of chemical balance.

A circuit similar to that in Figure 2 is set up in which X = Pb, Xn+ = Pb2+, Y = Cu, and Ym+ = Cu2+. Will an oxidation-reduction reaction occur spontaneously? A.No; E°cell = -0.212. B.No; E°cell = +0.212. C.Yes; E°cell = -0.466. D.Yes; E°cell = +0.466.

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Electrochemistry and electrical circuits and their elements." The answer to this question is D. A spontaneous reaction occurs when E° is greater than zero, and this occurs if the oxidation of Pb(s) is combined with the reduction of Cu2+(aq), resulting in a net E° of +0.466 V. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to determine and use a scientific formula to solve a problem after recognizing the relationship between E° and spontaneity.

Which of the following types of orbitals of the central atom are involved in bonding in octahedral compounds? A.sp B.sp3 C.p D.d2 sp3

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions." The answer to this question is D because octahedral compounds have six σ bonds and no lone pairs. According to valence bond theory, the central atom requires the hybridization of six atomic orbitals, d2sp3. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question since you are asked to recognize the relationship between the closely related concepts of chemical bonding and hybridization.

The environment of the retinal (shown) binding site is most likely: A.hydrophilic. B.positively charged. C.negatively charged. D.hydrophobic.

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions." The answer to this question is D because retinal is composed of mainly carbon and hydrogen, making it largely hydrophobic. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to reason using scientific principles.

By what factor is the proton concentration increased in the experiments shown in Figure 1B from those shown in Figure 1A? A.2 B.10 C.200 D.1000

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Unique nature of water and its solutions." The answer to this question is D because the pH scale is logarithmic (pH = −log([H+]). A difference of 3 pH units corresponds to a 103 = 1000-fold difference in proton concentrations. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to determine and then use a formula to solve a scientific problem.

What volume of a 0.120 M CaI2 solution would contain 0.078 mol of the solute? A.35.0 mL B.65.0 mL C.350 mL D.650 mL

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Unique nature of water and its solutions." The answer to this question is D. In order to obtain the volume of solution necessary to provide a given amount of solute in moles, one needs to take the number of moles and divide by the solution concentration in molarity. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to determine and then use a formula to solve a scientific problem. Molarity= Mol/L so Mol/Molarity= L (multiply by 10^3 for mL)

What fraction of a 15O sample decays in 10 min? A.1/8 B.9/16 C.3/4 D.31/32

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior." The answer to this question is D because the half-life of 15O is 2 minutes; thus, 10 minutes = 5 half-lives. Therefore, only (1/2)5 = 1/32 of the sample will be left after 10 minutes, while 31/32 of the sample will decay. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to determine and use scientific formulas to solve problems.

A circuit similar to that in Figure 2 is set up. It has a potential of 2.0 V. Assume that the resistance in the circuit is negligible compared to that of the lightbulb. Approximately how much current passes through the lightbulb? A.0.5 A B.1.0 A C.2.0 A D.4.0 A

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "Electrochemistry and electrical circuits and their elements." The answer to this question is D because according to Ohm's law, current is equal to voltage divided by resistance, hence 2.0 V/0.5 Ω = 4.0 A. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to determine and use scientific formulas to solve problems.

A student can most effectively increase the current passing through the circuit in Figure 2 by doing which of the following?

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "Electrochemistry and electrical circuits and their elements." The answer to this question is D because according to Ohm's law, current is equal to voltage divided by resistance. In order to increase the current when the voltage fixed, the resistance must be decreased, such as by replacing the light-bulb with one that has a resistance of 0.2 W instead of 0.5 W. It is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because you are asked to identify independent and dependent variables, which characterize experimental devices, and to reason about the appropriateness of the devices used to conduct research.

What is the work generated by a healthy adult who circulates 9 L of blood through the brachial artery in 10 min? A.2 kJ B.12 kJ C.20 kJ D.120 kJ

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "Translational motion, forces, work, energy, and equilibrium in living systems." The answer to this question is D because a flow of 9 liters in 10 minutes means a flow rate of 900 mL/min, and according to the graph, it corresponds to a power of 200 W. The work is then 200 W ´ 600 s = 120 kJ. It is a Data-based and Statistical Reasoning question because you are asked to use, analyze, and interpret data in a graph.

Common Ion Effect

The common-ion effect is used to describe the effect on an equilibrium involving a substance that adds an ion that is a part of the equilibrium. Adding a common ion prevents the weak acid or weak base from ionizing as much as it would without the added common ion. LeChatelier's Principle states that if an equilibrium gets out of balance it will shift to restore the balance. If a common ion is added to a weak acid or weak base equilibrium, then the equilibrium will shift towards the reactants, in this case the weak acid or base.

In the chromatography of the reaction mixture, water absorbed on cellulose functioned as the stationary phase. What was the principal factor determining the migration of individual components in the sample? A.Hydrogen bonding B.Solute concentration C.Stationary phase concentration D.Thickness of paper

The correct answer is A. This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Separation and purification methods." The answer to this question is A because the relative amount of hydrogen bonding to the stationary phase will determine the relative rate of migration of the various components in the sample. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to evaluate an argument about causes and consequences (the primary reason for chemical separation during a chromatographic separation on cellulose).

When the current in the micro-robot's circuit increases and the resistance of the circuit remains constant, the voltage of the circuit: A.decreases. B.increases. C.is constant. D.is zero.

The correct answer is B. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "Electrochemistry and electrical circuits and their elements." The answer to this question is B because according to Ohm's law, current is equal to voltage divided by resistance. If current increases and resistance is constant, then voltage increases as well. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to determine and use scientific formulas to solve problems.

Knowing that the speed of light in the vitreous humor is 2.1 × 108 m/s, what is the index of refraction of the vitreous humor? (Note: The speed of light in a vacuum is 3.0 × 108 m/s.) A.0.7 B.1.4 C.2.1 D.3.0

The correct answer is B. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "How light and sound interact with matter." The answer to this question is B because the index of refraction of a medium is equal to the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium, thus it is equal to (3.0 ´ 108 m/s)/(2.1 ´ 108 m/s) = 1.4. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to determine and use scientific formulas to solve problems.

Compound 1 was designed to exhibit pH-dependent self-assembly. What feature(s) of the molecule is(are) responsible for the pH dependence of aggregation (Equation 1)? A.Thiol side chains that can hydrogen bond B.Long alkyl tail that exhibits predominantly London forces C.Side chains whose net charge responds to pH D.Covalent linkages that reversibly hydrolyze

The correct answer is C. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer to this question is C because the molecule contains mainly acidic side chains that were deprotonated and negatively charged at high pH. This inhibited aggregation due to electrostatic principles. At low pH these groups are neutral and this allowed aggregation. It is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because you are asked to identify the relationship among variables in a study (pH and solubility).

Which of the following will decrease the percentage ionization of 1.0 M acetic acid, CH3CO2H(aq)? A.Chlorinating the CH3 group B.Diluting the solution C.Adding concentrated HCl(aq) D.Adding a drop of basic indicator

The correct answer is C. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Unique nature of water and its solutions." The answer to this question is C because HCl is a strong acid that will increase the amount of H+ in solution and thus decrease the percentage of CH3CO2H that ionizes. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to reason using a scientific principle (Le Châtelier's principle) to identify that adding a strong acid to a solution of weak acid will decrease the amount of ionization of the latter.

PMPA = Pd + (Ps - Pd)/3 Pp = Ps - Pd What is the relationship between Pp, PMPA, and Pd?

The correct answer is C. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "Importance of fluids for the circulation of blood, gas movement, and gas exchange." The answer to this question is C because according to Equation 1, PPMA = Pd + (Ps - Pd)/3 = Pd +Pp/3; thus Pp = 3PMPA - 3Pd. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to use mathematical equations to solve problems.

What is the product of the reaction of Compound 1 (shown below) with HBr by the pathway shown in Figure 3?

The correct answer is C. This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions." The answer to this question is C because the incoming nucleophile displaces the leaving group form the opposite side of the reacting center during an SN2 reaction. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to bring together theory and observations to draw a conclusion.

What type of functional group is formed when aspartic acid reacts with another amino acid to form a peptide bond? A.An amine group B.An aldehyde group C.An amide group D.A carboxyl group

The correct answer is C. This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer to this question is C because the functional group that forms during peptide bond formation is known as an amide group. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question since you are asked to recognize the structural relationship between free amino acids and peptides.

index of refraction (n)

n=c/v

Watt=

J/s= ft*lb/s= kgm^2/s^3

Octahedral compounds

Have 6 sigma bonds, no lone pairs, so 6 atomic orbitals

Compared to micellular Compound 1, Compound 2 is structurally more rigid as a result of what type of interaction? A.Intermolecular hydrogen bonding B.Intermolecular covalent bonding C.Intramolecular hydrogen bonding D.Intramolecular covalent bonding

Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer to this question is B. It can be reasoned that the interaction described is intermolecular in nature, since multiple molecules of micellular Compound 1 come together to form Compound 2, which is a solid. Multiple pieces of information point to the fact that the interaction is disulfide bond formation, including the fact that an oxidant causes the formation of Compound 2, which can be reversed by the addition of a reducing agent. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to bring together theory and observations to draw a conclusion.

The graph below shows the relationship between the predominant form of iron as a function of solution pH and applied potential. Based on the graph, which of the following statements is true? A.At a potential of -0.4 V, as pH increases, Fe2+ is reduced and precipitates as Fe(OH)3. B.At a potential of -0.44 V, the equilibrium between Fe and Fe2+ is independent of solution pH below pH 6. C.At pH = 1, as the potential is changed from -0.2 to +0.8, Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+. D.At pH = 8 and V = -0.1 V, Fe(OH)2 is the predominant form of iron.

Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior." The answer to this question is B. The Pourbaix diagram for iron is given, but only one statement correctly conveys information presented by the diagram. At an applied potential of −0.44V and pH below 6, there is an equilibrium between Fe(s) and Fe2+(aq), as shown by the line of demarcation. The fact that this line moves horizontally with increasing pH up until pH = 6 means that this equilibrium is unaffected by changing the pH. It is a Data-based and Statistical Reasoning question because you are asked to analyze and interpret data presented in a figure to draw a conclusion.

What are the hybridization states of the carbon atoms involved in the conversion of trans to cis retinal? A.sp B.sp2 C.sp3 D.sp3d

Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions." The answer to this question is B because the reacting carbon atoms are both central to AX3 systems with 3 bonded atoms and no lone pairs. The preferred geometry for such a system is trigonal planar and the hybridization scheme that facilitates this geometry is sp2. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to recognize the relationship between closely related concepts (bonding geometry and hybridization.)

How will the rate of a catalyzed reaction be affected if the solid catalyst is finely ground before it is added to the reaction mixture?

Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics." The answer to this question is B because grinding a heterogeneous catalyst increases the amount of catalyst available to the reaction and therefore increases its rate. It is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because you are asked to identify the relationship among variables in a study (surface area of catalyst and rate).

Which of the following most likely will occur if a homogeneous catalyst CANNOT be separated from the products at the end of a reaction? A.The catalyst will become heterogeneous. B.The products will be contaminated. C.The reaction will not occur. D.The reaction rate will speed up.

Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics." The answer to this question is B. If a homogeneous catalyst cannot be separated from the products at the end of a reaction then the products will be contaminated with the catalyst. It is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because you are asked to reason about the features of a particular set of reaction conditions and their effects on the outcome (product purity).

The equilibrium BaCrO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) exists in a saturated aqueous solution of BaCrO4. Dissolution of Na2CrO4 in a saturated aqueous BaCrO4 solution would: A.have no effect on the position of this equilibrium. B.shift this equilibrium left. C.shift this equilibrium right. D.shift this equilibrium first right and then left.

Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Unique nature of water and its solutions." The answer to this question is B because dissolution of Na2CrO4 would introduce the common ion, CrO42-, which would reduce the solubility of BaCrO4 due to the common ion effect. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to use a scientific principle (the common ion effect) to draw a conclusion.

Each of the following equations shows the dissociation of an acid in water. Which of the reactions occurs to the LEAST extent? A.HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl− B.HPO42− + H2O → H3O+ + PO43− C.H2SO4 + H2O → H3O+ + HSO4− D.H3PO4 + H2O → H3O+ + H2PO4−

Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Unique nature of water and its solutions." The answer to this question is B. HPO42− has a high negative charge and so dissociation of it will occur to the least extent. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to use a scientific principle and theory to draw a conclusion

In the above figure, an object O is at a distance of three focal lengths from the center of a convex lens. What is the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object? A.1/3 B.1/2 C.2/3 D.3/2

Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "How light and sound interact with matter." The answer to this question is B because the ratio of the image height to the object height is equal to the ratio of the lens-image distance to the object-lens distance. According to the thin lens equation, the distance between the lens and the image is 3F ´ 1F/(3F - 1F) = (3/2)F, where F is the focal length. The ratio sought is then equal to (3/2)F/(3F) = 1/2. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to determine and use scientific formulas to solve problems.

Addition of laforin to the reaction mixtures used to generate the data in Figure 2 will result in: A.a decrease in the intensity of the band representing WT without glucosidase when visualized with 14C decay. B.an increase in the intensity of the band representing WT without glucosidase when visualized with 14C decay. C.a decrease in the intensity of the band representing WT without glucosidase when visualized with 32P decay. D.an increase in the intensity of the band representing WT without glucosidase when visualized with 32P decay.

Solution: The correct answer is C. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics." The answer is C because laforin is an enzyme that removes phosphate from glycogen. Presumably, the removal of phosphate prior to gel electrophoresis will result in a smaller band corresponding to 32P incorporation. This is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because you are asked to make a prediction based on the properties of the experimental design.

In addition to glucose, what other monosaccharide is part of the UDP-glucose structure? A.Xylose B.Fructose C.Ribose D.Arabinose

Solution: The correct answer is C. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer is C because UDP contains uridine, which is a nucleic acid used in RNA. The structure of RNA contains ribose. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must apply knowledge of the structure of nucleic acids to solve to problem.

Which reaction is catalyzed by LipA? A.ATP hydrolysis B.Peptide bond cleavage C.Hydrolysis of triacylglycerides D.Transfer of carboxyl groups

Solution: The correct answer is C. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics." The answer is C because of the fact that LipA is a lipase, which means it must hydrolyze fatty acids. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to identify the role of a lipase in biochemical reactions.

The source of the phosphate groups that are added to rhodopsin is: A.arrestin. B.rhodopsin kinase. C.ATP. D.all-trans-retinol.

Solution: The correct answer is C. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics." The answer is C because the requirement of ATP for kinase activity implies the phosphate groups come from ATP. All the other responses do not have phosphate to transfer. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to recall and apply the concept of phosphate group transfer to a particular enzyme substrate relationship.

The data in Figure 1 show that: A.the unfolding of LipA proteins is a non-reversible process. B.exposure to high temperature eliminates any variant protein activity. C.variation in the flexible regions of LipA decreases the temperature sensitivity of activity. D.wild-type LipA loses all activity when first heated to 50°C.

Solution: The correct answer is C. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer is C because the data show that variation of the flexible regions results in less temperature sensitivity of activity. Activity returns even when variants are exposed to high temperature. This is a Data-based and Statistical Reasoning question because you are asked to interpret trends in data to arrive at an answer.

Why is the velocity of blood flow slower in capillaries than in arteries? A.Capillary walls are more elastic than arterial walls. B.Capillaries have less resistance to blood flow than arteries. C.The total cross-sectional area of capillaries exceeds that of arteries. D.Blood pressure is higher in the capillaries than in arteries.

Solution: The correct answer is C. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Importance of fluids for the circulation of blood, gas movement, and gas exchange." The answer to this question is C because the high number of capillaries in the body means that the total cross-sectional area of these vessels is larger than any other vessel type in the circulatory system. This causes the velocity of the blood to decrease. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because it requires knowledge of how the structure and arrangement of blood vessels influences blood flow.

Assume that a circuit similar to that in Figure 2 is set up in which X = Al, Xn+ = Al3+, Y = Cu, and Ym+ = Cu2+. Which of the following reactions will occur? A.2Al3+(aq) + 3Cu(s) → 2Al(s) + 3Cu2+(aq) B.3Al3+(aq) + 2Cu(s) → 3Al(s) + 2Cu2+(aq) C.2Al(s) + 3Cu2+(aq) → 2Al3+(aq) + 3Cu(s) D.3Al(s) + 2Cu2+(aq) → 3Al3+(aq) + 2Cu(s)

Solution: The correct answer is C. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior." The answer to this question is C because this response depicts the balanced chemical reaction that occurs when the four substances [Al(s), Al3+(aq), Cu(s), and Cu2+(aq)] are mixed. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to bring together theory and observations to draw a conclusion.

The term "ideal gas" refers to a gas for which certain assumptions have been made. Which of the following is such an assumption?

Solution: The correct answer is C. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Importance of fluids for the circulation of blood, gas movement, and gas exchange." The answer to this question is C since a property of an "ideal" gas is that it is composed of particles that have negligible volume and do not exert intermolecular forces. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question since you are asked to recognize a component of the Ideal Gas law.

Which of the following diagrams does NOT illustrate a function of an automobile catalytic converter? A.CH4-> CO2+ H2O B. CO-> CO2 C. SO3-> SO2+ H2O D. NO-> N2

Solution: The correct answer is C. This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics." The answer to this question is C because this response depicts a chemical transformation that is NOT catalyzed by an automobile's catalytic converter. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to reason using scientific principles and models.

What assumption is being made if scientists conclude that aspartic acid was formed by the prebiological synthesis in the passage? A.Aspartic acid is unstable at temperatures below 150°C. B.All of the malic acid underwent the dehydration reaction to form fumaric/maleic acid. C.Compound A and cyanide were available on primitive Earth. D.The reaction between ammonia and fumaric acid was catalyzed by the presence of water.

The correct answer is C. This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer to this question is C since, in order for the experimental reaction sequence to be relevant to the primordial formation of aspartic acid, the starting materials used (Compound A and cyanide) are assumed to have been available. It is a Reasoning About the Design and Execution of Research question because you are asked to reason about the appropriateness of particular research designs to evaluate a natural sciences question

The intensity of the radiation emitted by the oxygen sensor is directly proportional to the: A.propagation speed of the radiation. B.wavelength of the radiation. C.polarization of photons emitted. D.number of photons emitted.

The correct answer is D. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "How light and sound interact with matter." The answer to this question is D because the energy of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the number of photons, and the intensity of electromagnetic radiation is defined as energy emitted per unit time. Thus, intensity is directly proportional to the number of photons emitted. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to identify a relationship between closely related concepts.

Which of the following statements does NOT correctly describe the dehydration of malic acid to fumaric acid and maleic acid? A.The reaction occurs most readily with tertiary alcohols. B.The reaction involves the loss of a water molecule. C.The reaction has a carbocation intermediate. D.The reaction is stereospecific.

The correct answer is D. This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions." The answer to this question is D because the fact that both fumaric and maleic acid are produced means that the dehydration of malic acid is NOT stereospecific. It is a Data-based and Statistical Reasoning question because you are asked to analyze and interpret data (the outcome of a particular organic chemical reaction) in order to draw a conclusion.

If 2-pentanol replaces 1-pentanol in the reaction shown in Figure 3, the rate of substitution is less because: A.the C-O bond in 2-pentanol is stronger than the C-O bond in 1-pentanol. B.there is a competing elimination reaction that slows the rate of substitution. C.there is more steric hindrance at the oxygen atom in 2-pentanol than in 1-pentanol, making protonation less likely. D.there is more steric hindrance at the 2-position of 2-pentanol than at the 1-position of 1-pentanol.

The correct answer is D. This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer to this question is D because the rate of substitution of protonated alcohols is subject to steric hindrance. This inhibits the ability of nucleophiles to collide with the reacting electrophilic center and slows the rate of reaction. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to evaluate an argument about causes and consequences (the reason a reaction proceeds more slowly when a different reactant is used).

Acetic acid and ethanol react to form an ester product as shown below. In determining which reactant loses the -OH group, which of the following isotopic substitutions would be most useful?

The correct answer is D. This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer to this question is D because this experiment involves labeling a group which does not exchange with other groups present prior to reaction and will therefore give information about the true identity of the groups, which are exchanged during the reaction. It is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because you are asked to reason about the appropriateness of particular research designs to evaluate a natural sciences question. whether or not that O18 is in the final compound will give us the information we want. If it is in the compound, we know that the ethanol kept its -OH group and therefore acetic acid lost its -OH. If the O18 isn't in the compound that means ethanol lost its -OH instead.

When a strip of Zn is placed in a beaker containing 0.1 M HCl, H2(g) evolves. If a strip of Al is placed in a beaker containing 0.1 M HCl, does H2(g) evolve?

This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Electrochemistry and electrical circuits and their elements." The answer to this question is B. Since a new solid forms when Al(s) is mixed with Zn2+(aq), it is reasonable to assume that Al(s) is more susceptible to oxidation than Zn(s). It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to bring together theory and observations to draw a conclusion. When Zn is put into a solution of Al3+ , no solid forms because there is no Al3+ being reduced and there are no free zinc ions to reduced as well. Therefore, Al3+ has a lower reduction potential than Zn2+. When they perform the reverse with Zn2+ and Al (s), the solid forms because Zn2+ with the higher reduction potential is reduced while Al is oxidized. Part of the reason the Zn2+ forms a solid in this case is because there are free ions to make the solid. In the first case, there are no free ions of Zn2+ to form the solid so there's nothing favorable to reduce, and the reduction potential of Al3+ makes it so that it would be unfavorable to perform if it means having to oxidize Zn (s).

What percentage of standard atmospheric pressure is the pulse pressure of a healthy adult? A.10% B.6% C.2% D.1%

This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Importance of fluids for the circulation of blood, gas movement, and gas exchange." The answer to this question is B because the pulse pressure in a healthy adult is (120 − 75) mmHg = 45 mmHg, and so the percentage is 45 mmHg/760 mmHg = 6%. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to use mathematical equations to solve problems.

A person, whose eye has a lens-to-retina distance of 2.0 cm, can only clearly see objects that are closer than 1.0 m away. What is the strength S of the person's eye lens? (Note: Use the thin lens formula 1/O+1/I=S.) A.-50 D B.-10 D C.51 D D.55 D

This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "How light and sound interact with matter." The answer to this question is C because the strength of the eye lens is equal to the inverse of the focal length of the eye lens. Its numerical value is given by (1 m)-1+(0.02 m)-1=1 D+50 D=51 D. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to use mathematical equations to solve problems." Remember that the unit is m.

What is the energy of the photons emitted by the LED at a frequency of 610 THz? (Note: h = 6.6 × 10-34 J·s)

This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "How light and sound interact with matter." The answer to this question is D because the energy of a photon of frequency 610 THz is equal to 6.6 ´ 10-34 J•s ´ 610 ´ 1012 Hz = 4 ´ 10-19 J. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to determine and use scientific formulas to solve problems. E=Hv

According to the developed chromatography plate shown below, what is the approximate Rf value of aspartic acid? A.0.20 B.0.50 C.5 D.10

This is an Organic Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Separation and purification methods." The answer to this question is A (0.20) because Rf is the ratio of the distance travelled by the analyte relative to the solvent front during a chromatographic separation. Aspartic acid travelled two units, while the solvent front travelled ten units, giving an Rf of 2/10 = 0.20 for aspartic acid. It is a Data-based and Statistical Reasoning question because you are asked to analyze and interpret data presented in a figure to draw a conclusion.

Work

W=F*d or W=P*t

Amino Acid Substitution

[OrginalAA][AAResidue#][AAmutation] ex. R33G means Arginine is changed to Glycine at position 33