McGraw Hill Chapter 7

Which are examples of somatic mutations?

1) A mutation in an adult muscle cell 2) A mutation in an embryonic kidney cell

Which changes can cause a frameshift mutation?

A base deletion A base addition

Mutations that affect the phenotype only under certain circumstances are called ______ mutations.

Conditional

Which of the following are forms of tautomers?

Enol Keto Imino Amino

True or false: Deleterious mutations that cause the death of a cell are called nonsense mutations.

False: they are called lethal mutation

The addition or deletion of a number of bases that is not a multiple of 3 causes a(n) _______ mutation.

Frameshift

Which of these point mutations would likely have an inhibitory effect on protein function?

Frameshift, Nonsense, Missense

Cells that give rise to the gametes such as eggs and sperm are called

Germ Cell

Areas within a single gene that are more likely to mutate than other regions are called _____ .

Hot spots

The __________ _________ hypothesis states that the resistance of bacteria to T1 infection should arise as a result of exposure to T1 phage but not before.

Physiological adaption

A(n) ______ mutation refers to a mutation in which just one base is changed within the DNA sequence.

Point

A change of one base for another is described as a base________mutation.

Substitution

In a neutral mutation, a negatively-charged amino acid is substituted for ______.

another negatively charged amino acid

Which of these bases is most readily deaminated?

cytosine

The removal of an amino group from a base is called

deamination

If an individual possesses a germ-line mutation, then ______ produced by the individual will carry the mutation. If an individual possesses a somatic mutation, then ______ produced by the individual will carry the mutation.

half of the gametes ; none of the gametes

A mutant allele is best defined as an allele that ______.

has a different DNA sequence from the wild-type

A genetic mosaic is an individual that ______.

has regions of the body that are genotypically different from each other

The restoration of protein function by a second mutation in a different gene is known as a(n) ______.

intergenic

A base substitution in DNA that ultimately leads to a change in the encoded amino acid is called a(n) _________ mutation.

missense

A mutation in a gene that causes an amino acid change in the encoded protein is called a ______ mutation. Multiple choice question.

missense

The term ________ refers to an inherited change in the sequence of the genetic material.

mutation

A heritable change in the genetic material is called a(n) ______.

mutations

According to the ___________ __________ hypothesis, mutations can occur in any gene and do not require the exposure of an organism to an environmental condition or agent.

random mutation

A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is known as a(n) mutation.

silent

The patch of white hair in this child is most likely caused by a ______ mutation.

somatic

A second mutation that occurs in a different site than the first mutation, and which converts the mutant back to the wild-type phenotype, is best referred to as a(n) __________ mutation.

suppressor

A deleterious mutation is best defined as one that decreases the chance of ______.

survival and reproduction

A temporary change in base structure due to movement of hydrogen atoms is called a(n)_________ .

tautomeric shift

Bases which exist in keto and enol or amino and imino forms are best described as ______.

tautomers

A tautomeric shift is a ______.

temporary change in base structure

The base cytosine is deaminated to produce the base

uracil

A missense mutation in the β-globin gene is responsible for sickle cell disease. This mutation causes an altered polypeptide sequence where the sixth amino acid is changed from glutamic acid to ______.

valine

If the patch of white hair in this child were larger, that would indicate a ______ mutation that occurred ______ during embryonic development.

1) Somatic 2) Earlier

Mutations in the 5'-UTR or 3'-UTR of an mRNA molecule are most likely to affect what?

1) The mRNA's ability to be translated 2) The stability of the mRNA

Which of the following statements about promoter mutations is true?

1) Up promoter mutations cause the promoter sequence to be more like the consensus sequence 2) Down promoter mutations decrease the affinity of transcription factors to the promoter

Which of these are used by cells to limit the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species?

1) Vitamin C 2) Catalase 3) Superoxide dismutase

Mutations that occur in a promoter sequence can be divided into two types: ___________ promoter mutations increase the transcription rate, while _____________ promoter mutations decrease it.

1) up 2) down

An intergenic suppressor mutation may involve which of the following?

A change in the expression of one gene that compensates for the loss-of-function mutation in another gene

Which of the following base changes is a transition mutation?

A to G

Assume a tautomeric shift occurred, which was followed by two rounds of DNA replication. If the mutation is not repaired, what would be the result?

AT to GC mutation in one of the four daughter molecules

In this figure, two panels are shown. Panel I shows protein A. A first mutation inhibits the function of protein A. In Panel II a second mutation alters protein B to carry out the function of protein A. What is this an example of?

Intergenic suppression

Consider a mutation that causes a decreased activity in a particular protein. A second mutation alters the function of another protein that participates in the same cellular pathway, thereby overcoming the defect in the first protein. This is an example of a(n) ______.

Intergenic suppressor

What is the effect of a suppressor mutation?

It suppresses the phenotypic effect of another mutation.

The rare imino form of cytosine pairs with the common amino form of

adenine

The amino form is the common stable form of which bases?

adenine, cytosine

In the replica-plating experiment of the Lederbergs, bacterial colonies appeared ______ of the two secondary plates.

at the same location on each

This figure best illustrates what type of mutation?

base substitutions

An individual that is ______ for the sickle cell allele has a decreased chance of survival.

homozygous

For a tautomeric shift to cause a mutation, it must occur ______.

immediately prior to DNA replication

The common stable form of guanine and thymine is the ______ form.

keto

A mutation that results in the death of an organism is known as a(n) ________ mutation.

lethal

An individual that has one copy of the sickle cell allele and one copy of the wild-type allele has an increased level of resistance to the disease _________.

malaria

Sickle cell disease is caused by a ______ mutation in the gene for the ______ chain.

missense; β-globin

A mutation that results in a premature termination of the synthesis of a polypeptide is called a(n) mutation.

nonsense

What type of mutations involve a change from a normal codon to a stop codon?

nonsense mutation

An imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and an organism's ability to break them down is known as

oxidative stress

A change in a single base pair in the genetic material is known as a(n) __________ mutation.

point

A __________ mutation is one that converts a mutant allele back to the wild-type form.

reversion

Which of these mutations changes a mutant allele back to a wild-type allele?

reversion

A change of one base for another is described as a base _____ mutation.

substitution

A(n) _________ is a type of base substitution that involves a change of a pyrimidine to another pyrimidine, or a purine to another purine.

transition

A base substitution in which a purine and a pyrimidine are interchanged is called a(n)___________ mutation.

transversion

The wild type genotype or phenotype is the one that is ______ found in nature.

typically

Which of the following statements regarding somatic and germ-line mutations is true?

A germ-line mutation typically originates during meiosis whereas a somatic mutation typically originates during mitosis.

The Lederbergs' replica-plating experiment demonstrated that ______.

bacteria mutate randomly prior to exposure to viruses

Cells can prevent the buildup of reactive oxygen species by using enzymes such catalase and superoxide .

dismutase

An individual that has somatic regions with different genotypes is known as a genetic ____________ .

mosaic

An allele that has a DNA sequence different from that of the wild-type is called a(n) _______ allele.

mutant

An allele that has a DNA sequence different from that of the wild-type is called a(n) ________ allele.

mutant

A(n) _________ mutation is a missense mutation that has no detectable effect on protein function.

neutral

This figure shows a technique known as ___________ __________.

replica plating

In a natural population, a _________ - __________ genotype is the most common one.

wild type

Which of the following base changes are transversion mutations?

1) A to T 2) A to G 3) G to C

Replica plating is a technique in which ______.

bacterial colonies are transferred from one plate to another with a sterile piece of velvet cloth

The term germ line is used to describe the ______.

cells that produce sperm and eggs

A silent mutation is a mutation that results in no ______.

change to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide

The rare enol form of thymine pairs with the ______.

common keto form of guanine

A mutant Drosophila fly can land on the side of a fly bottle when the bottle is incubated at 20-23o C but not at 24-27o C. This is an example of a(n) _________ mutation.

conditional

What is responsible for silent mutations?

degeneracy of the genetic code

Silent mutations are possible because the genetic code is ______.

degenerate nature

Mutations that remove an adenine or guanine from the DNA are known as ______.

depurination

Suppressor mutations that occur in a different gene from the first mutation are called ________ suppressors.

intragenic

Suppressor mutations that occur within the same gene as the first are called __________ suppressors.

intragenic

Suppressor mutations that occur within the same gene as the first are called ___________ suppressors.

intragenic

The restoration of function by a second mutation at a different site in the same gene is known as a(n) ______.

intragenic suppressor

Hot spots are regions of the chromosome that are ______.

more likely to mutate then other region

Oxidative DNA damage refers to changes in DNA structure that are caused by ______.

reactive oxygen species

A germ-line mutation is one that occurs in ______.

sperm or egg cell

Mutations in eukaryotic genes that change the ___________ recognition sequences may affect the order and/or number of exons contained in the mature mRNA.

splice

The removal of a purine from DNA is called .

depurination

A mutation that occurs directly in a sperm or egg cell, or in one of their precursor cells, is referred to as a(n) ___________ - ____________ mutation.

Germ- Line

The covalent bond between deoxyribose and a purine base is rather unstable and can undergo a spontaneous reaction with water. The breaking of the bond releases the base, and leaves a(n) ___________ site in the DNA.

apurinic

The red arrow in this figure points to a __________ -_________

apurinic site

A mutation that enhances the survival and/or reproductive success of an individual is referred to as a(n) __________ mutation.

beneficial

This figure shows an example of a(n) ________ - _________ mutation.

intragenic - suppressor