Med Surge 1 - PrepU Chapter 10: Principles of Fluid and Electrolytes

A patient with diabetes insipidus presents to the emergency room for treatment of dehydration. The nurse knows to review serum laboratory results for which of the diagnostic indicators? a. Sodium level of 137 mEq/L b. Potassium level of 3.8 mEq/L c. Sodium level of 150 mEq/L d. Potassium level of 6 mEq/L

c. Sodium level of 150 mEq/L Hypernatremia (normal serum sodium is 135 to 145 mEq/L) is consistent with increased fluid loss and dehydration in diabetes insipidus.

The physician has prescribed a hypotonic IV solution for a patient. Which IV solution should the nurse administer? a. 0.45% sodium chloride b. 0.9% sodium chloride c. 5% glucose in water d. 5% glucose in normal saline solution

a. 0.45% sodium chloride Half-strength saline (0.45% sodium chloride) solution is frequently used as an IV hypotonic solution.

Which is considered an isotonic solution? a. 0.9% normal saline b. Dextran in normal saline c. 0.45% normal saline d. 3% NaCl

a. 0.9% normal saline An isotonic solution is 0.9% normal saline (NaCl). Dextran in normal saline is a colloid solution, 0.45% normal saline is a hypotonic solution, and 3% NaCl is a hypertonic solution.

The nurse should assess the patient for signs of lethargy, increasing intracranial pressure, and seizures when the serum sodium reaches what level? a. 115 mEq/L b. 130 mEq/L c. 145 mEq/L d. 160 mEq/L

a. 115 mEq/L Features of hyponatremia associated with sodium loss and water gain include anorexia, muscle cramps, and a feeling of exhaustion. The severity of symptoms increases with the degree of hyponatremia and the speed with which it develops. When the serum sodium level decreases to less than 115 mEq/L (115 mmol/L), signs of increasing intracranial pressure, such as lethargy, confusion, muscle twitching, focal weakness, hemiparesis, papilledema, seizures, and death, may occur.

At which serum sodium concentration might convulsions or coma occur? a. 130 mEq/L (130 mmol/L) b. 140 mEq/L (140 mmol/L) c. 145 mEq/L (145 mmol/L) d. 142 mEq/L (142 mmol/L

a. 130 mEq/L (130 mmol/L) Normal serum concentration level ranges from 135 to 145 mEq/L (135-145 mmol/L). When the level dips below 135 mEq/L (135 mmol/L), hyponatremia occurs. Manifestations of hyponatremia include mental confusion, muscular weakness, anorexia, restlessness, elevated body temperature, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and personality changes. Convulsions or coma can occur if the deficit is severe. Values of 140, 142, and 145 mEq/L (mmol/L) are within the normal range.

The nurse is caring for a geriatric client in the home setting. Due to geriatric changes decreasing thirst, the nurse is likely to see a decrease in which fluid location which contains the most body water? a. Intracellular fluid b. Extracellular fluid c. Interstitial fluid d. Intravascular fluid

a. Intracellular fluid About 60% of the adult human body is water. Most body water is located within the cell (intracellular fluid). Due to several physiological changes of aging, geriatric clients have less bodily fluids.

A client with a suspected overdose of an unknown drug is admitted to the emergency department. Arterial blood gas values indicate respiratory acidosis. What should the nurse do first? a. Prepare to assist with ventilation. b. Monitor the client's heart rhythm. c. Prepare for gastric lavage. d. Obtain a urine specimen for drug screening.

a. Prepare to assist with ventilation. Respiratory acidosis is associated with hypoventilation; in this client, hypoventilation suggests intake of a drug that has suppressed the brain's respiratory center. Therefore, the nurse should assume the client has respiratory depression and should prepare to assist with ventilation. After the client's respiratory function has been stabilized, the nurse can safely monitor the heart rhythm, prepare for gastric lavage, and obtain a urine specimen for drug screening.

Which condition leads to chronic respiratory acidosis in older adults? a. Decreased renal function b. Erratic meal patterns c. Thoracic skeletal change d. Overuse of sodium bicarbonate

c. Thoracic skeletal change Poor respiratory exchange as the result of chronic lung disease, inactivity, or thoracic skeletal changes may lead to chronic respiratory acidosis. Decreased renal function in older adults can cause an inability to concentrate urine and is usually associated with fluid and electrolyte imbalance. A poor appetite, erratic meal patterns, inability to prepare nutritious meals, or financial circumstances may influence nutritional status, resulting in imbalances of electrolytes. Overuse of sodium bicarbonate may lead to metabolic alkalosis.

The nurse on a surgical unit is caring for a client recovering from recent surgery with the placement of a nasogastric tube to low continuous suction Which acid-base imbalance is most likely to occur? a. Respiratory alkalosis b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. Metabolic acidosis

b. Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis results in increased plasma pH because of an accumulated base bicarbonate or decreased hydrogen ion concentration. Factors that increase base bicarbonate include excessive oral or parenteral use of bicarbonate-containing drugs, a rapid decrease in extracellular fluid volume and loss of hydrogen and chloride ions as with gastric suctioning. Acidotic states are from excess carbonic acid and hydrogen ions in the system. Respiratory alkalosis results from a carbonic acid deficit that occurs when rapid breathing releases more CO2 than necessary.

A nurse is conducting an initial assessment on a client with possible tuberculosis. Which assessment finding indicates a risk factor for tuberculosis? a. The client sees the health care provider for a check-up yearly. b. The client has never traveled outside of the country. c. The client had a liver transplant 2 years ago. d. The client works in a health insurance office.

The client had a liver transplant 2 years ago. A history of immunocompromised status, such as that which occurs with liver transplantation, places the client at a higher risk for contracting tuberculosis. Other risk factors include inadequate health care, traveling to countries with high rates of tuberculosis (such as southeastern Asia, Africa, and Latin America), being a health care worker who performs procedures in which exposure to respiratory secretions is likely, and being institutionalized.

A client experiencing a severe anxiety attack and hyperventilating presents to the emergency department. The nurse would expect the client's pH value to be a. 7.50 b. 7.45 c. 7.35 d. 7.30

a. 7.50 The patient is experiencing respiratory alkalosis. Respiratory alkalosis is a clinical condition in which the arterial pH is >7.45 and the PaCO2 is <38 mm Hg. Respiratory alkalosis is always caused by hyperventilation, which causes excessive "blowing off" of CO2 and, hence, a decrease in the plasma carbonic acid concentration. Causes include extreme anxiety, hypoxemia, early phase of salicylate intoxication, gram-negative bacteremia, and inappropriate ventilator settings.

*The nurse is caring for a patient with a metabolic acidosis (pH 7.25). Which of the following values is useful to the nurse in determining whether the cause of the acidosis is due to acid gain or to bicarbonate loss? a. Anion gap b. PaCO2 c. Bicarbonate level d. Serum sodium level

a. Anion gap Metabolic acidosis is a common clinical disturbance characterized by a low pH (increased H+ concentration) and a low plasma bicarbonate concentration. It can be produced by a gain of hydrogen ion or a loss of bicarbonate. It can be divided clinically into two forms, according to the values of the serum anion gap: high anion gap acidosis and normal anion gap acidosis. A patient diagnosed with metabolic acidosis is determined to have normal anion gap metabolic acidosis if the anion gap is within this normal range. An anion gap greater than 16 mEq (16 mmol/L) (the normal value for an anion gap is 8-12 mEq/L (8-12 mmol/L) without potassium in the equation. If potassium is included in the equation, the normal value for the anion gap is 12-16 mEq/L (12-16 mmol/L) and suggests an excessive accumulation of unmeasured anions and would indicate high anion gap metabolic acidosis as the type. An anion gap occurs because not all electrolytes are measured. More anions are left unmeasured than cations. A low or negative anion gap may be attributed to hypoproteinemia. Disorders that cause a decreased or negative anion gap are less common compared to those related to an increased or high anion gap.

Air embolism is a potential complication of IV therapy. The nurse should be alert to which clinical manifestation associated with air embolism? a. Chest pain b. Hypertension c. Slow pulse d. Jaundice

a. Chest pain Explanation: Manifestations of air embolism include dyspnea and cyanosis; hypotension; weak, rapid pulse; loss of consciousness; and chest, shoulder, and low back pain. Jaundice is not associated with air embolism.

The nurse is caring for a client with a serum sodium concentration of 113 mEq/L (113 mmol/L). The nurse should monitor the client for the development of which condition? a. Confusion b. Headache c. Nausea d. Hallucinations

a. Confusion Normal serum concentration ranges from 135 to 145 mEq/L (135-145 mmol/L). Hyponatremia exists when the serum concentration decreases below 135 mEq/L (135 mmol/L). When the serum sodium concentration decreases to <115 mEq/L (<115 mmol/L), signs of increasing intracranial pressure, such as lethargy, confusion, muscle twitching, focal weakness, hemiparesis, papilledema, seizures, and death, may occur. General manifestations of hyponatremia include poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, headache, decreased saliva production, orthostatic fall in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramping. Neurologic changes, including altered mental status, status epilepticus, and coma, are probably related to cellular swelling and cerebral edema associated with hyponatremia. Hallucinations are associated with increased serum sodium concentrations.

Which findings indicate that a client has developed water intoxication secondary to treatment for diabetes insipidus? a. Confusion and seizures b. Sunken eyeballs and spasticity c. Flaccidity and thirst d. Tetany and increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels

a. Confusion and seizures Classic signs of water intoxication include confusion and seizures, both of which are caused by cerebral edema. Weight gain will also occur. Sunken eyeballs, thirst, and increased BUN levels indicate fluid volume deficit. Spasticity, flaccidity, and tetany are unrelated to water intoxication.

A nurse is caring for an adult client with numerous draining wounds from gunshots. The client's pulse rate has increased from 100 to 130 beats per minute over the last hour. The nurse should further assess the client for which of the following? a. Extracellular fluid volume deficit b. Altered blood urea nitrogen (BUN) value c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory acidosis

a. Extracellular fluid volume deficit Fluid volume deficit (FVD) occurs when the loss extracellular fluid (ECF) volume exceeds the intake of fluid. FVD results from loss of body fluids and occurs more rapidly when coupled with decreased fluid intake. A cause of this loss is hemorrhage.

A client with a suspected overdose of an unknown drug is admitted to the emergency department. Arterial blood gas values indicate respiratory acidosis. What should the nurse do first? a. Prepare to assist with ventilation. b. Prepare for gastric lavage. c. Monitor the client's heart rhythm. d. Obtain a urine specimen for drug screening.

a. Prepare to assist with ventilation. Respiratory acidosis is associated with hypoventilation; in this client, hypoventilation suggests intake of a drug that has suppressed the brain's respiratory center. Therefore, the nurse should assume the client has respiratory depression and should prepare to assist with ventilation. After the client's respiratory function has been stabilized, the nurse can safely monitor the heart rhythm, prepare for gastric lavage, and obtain a urine specimen for drug screening.

A nurse is caring for a client with acute renal failure and hypernatremia. In this case, which action can be delegated to the nursing assistant? a. Provide oral care every 2-3 hours. b. Monitor for signs and symptoms of dehydration. c. Teach the client about increased fluid intake. d. Assess the client's weight daily for trends.

a. Provide oral care every 2-3 hours. Providing oral care for the client every 2-3 hours is within the scope of practice of a nursing assistant. The other actions should be completed by the registered nurse.

Which of the following arterial blood gas results would be consistent with metabolic alkalosis? a. Serum bicarbonate of 28 mEq/L b. PaCO2 less than 35 mm Hg c. Serum bicarbonate of 21 mEq/L d. pH 7.26

a. Serum bicarbonate of 28 mEq/L Evaluation of arterial blood gases reveals a pH greater than 7.45 and a serum bicarbonate concentration greater than 26 mEq/L.

A client is diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The nurse should anticipate which laboratory test result? a. Serum sodium level of 124 mEq/L b. Serum creatinine level of 0.4 mg/dl c. Hematocrit of 52% d. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 8.6 mg/dl

a. Serum sodium level of 124 mEq/L In SIADH, the posterior pituitary gland produces excess antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), which decreases water excretion by the kidneys. This, in turn, reduces the serum sodium level, causing hyponatremia, as indicated by a serum sodium level of 124 mEq/L. In SIADH, the serum creatinine level isn't affected by the client's fluid status and remains within normal limits. A hematocrit of 52% and a BUN level of 8.6 mg/dl are elevated. Typically, the hematocrit and BUN level decrease.

Treatment of FVE involves dietary restriction of sodium. Which of the following food choices would be part of a low-sodium diet, mild restriction (2 to 3 g/day)? a. Three ounces of light or dark meat chicken, 1 cup of spaghetti and a garden salad b. Three ounces of sliced ham, beets, and a salad c. A frozen, packaged low-fat dinner with a side salad d. Tomato juice, low-fat cottage cheese, and three slices of bacon

a. Three ounces of light or dark meat chicken, 1 cup of spaghetti and a garden salad Ham (1,400 mg Na for 3 oz) and bacon (155 mg Na/slice) are high in sodium as is tomato juice (660 mg Na/¾ cup) and low fat cottage cheese (918 mg Na/cup). Packaged meals are high in sodium.

A client with emphysema is at a greater risk for developing which acid-base imbalance? a. chronic respiratory acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. respiratory alkalosis

a. chronic respiratory acidosis Respiratory acidosis, which may be either acute or chronic, is caused by excess carbonic acid, which causes the blood pH to drop below 7.35. Chronic respiratory acidosis is associated with disorders such as emphysema, bronchiectasis, bronchial asthma, and cystic fibro

A client with cancer is being treated on the oncology unit for bilateral breast cancer. The client is undergoing chemotherapy. The nurse notes the client's serum calcium concentration is 12.3 mg/dL (3.08 mmol/L). Given this laboratory finding, the nurse should suspect that the a. malignancy is causing the electrolyte imbalance. b. client's diet is lacking in calcium-rich food products. c. client may be developing hyperaldosteronism. d. client has a history of alcohol abuse.

a. malignancy is causing the electrolyte imbalance. The client's laboratory findings indicate hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia is defined as a calcium concentration >10.2 mg/dL (>2.6 mmol/L).The most common causes of hypercalcemia are malignancies and hyperparathyroidism. Malignant tumors can produce hypercalcemia through a variety of mechanisms. The client's calcium level is elevated; there is no indication that the client's diet is lacking in calcium-rich food products. Hyperaldosteronism is not associated with a calcium imbalance. Alcohol abuse is associated with hypocalcemia.

A client who complains of an "acid stomach" has been taking baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) regularly as a self-treatment. This may place the client at risk for which acid-base imbalance? a. metabolic alkalosis b. metabolic acidosis c. respiratory acidosis d. respiratory alkalosis

a. metabolic alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis results in increased plasma pH because of accumulated base bicarbonate or decreased hydrogen ion concentrations. The client's regular use of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) may create a risk for this condition. Metabolic acidosis refers to decreased plasma pH because of increased organic acids (acids other than carbonic acid) or decreased bicarbonate. Respiratory acidosis, which may be either acute or chronic, is caused by excess carbonic acid. Respiratory alkalosis results from a carbonic acid deficit that occurs when rapid breathing releases more CO2 than necessary with expired air.

The nurse is analyzing the arterial blood gas (ABG) results of a client diagnosed with severe pneumonia. Which of the following ABG results indicates respiratory acidosis? a. pH: 7.20, PaCO2: 65 mm Hg, HCO3-: 26 mEq/L b. pH: 7.32, PaCO2: 40 mm Hg, HCO3-: 18 mEq/L c. pH: 7.50, PaCO2: 30 mm Hg, HCO3-: 24 mEq/L d. pH: 7.40, PaCO2: 40 mm Hg, HCO3-: 24 mEq /L

a. pH: 7.20, PaCO2: 65 mm Hg, HCO3-: 26 mEq/L Respiratory acidosis is a clinical disorder in which the pH is less than 7.35-7.40 and the PaCO2 is greater than 40-45 mm Hg and a compensatory increase in the plasma HCO3- occurs. Respiratory acidosis may be either acute or chronic. The ABG of pH: 7.32, PaCO2: 40 mm Hg, HCO3-: 18 mEq/L indicates metabolic acidosis. The ABGs of pH: 7.50, PaCO2: 30 mm Hg, and HCO3-: 24 mEq/L indicate respiratory alkalosis. The ABGs of pH 7.40, PaCO2: 40 mm Hg, and HCO3-: 24 mEq/L indicate a normal result/no imbalance.

A client is diagnosed with hypocalcemia and the nurse is teaching the client about symptoms. What symptom would the nurse include in the teaching? a. tingling sensation in the fingers b. polyuria c. flank pain d. hypertension

a. tingling sensation in the fingers Tingling or numbness in the fingers is a symptom of hypocalcemia. Flank pain, polyuria, and hypertension are symptoms of hypercalcemia.

A patient's serum sodium concentration is within the normal range. What should the nurse estimate the serum osmolality to be? a. <136 mOsm/kg b. 275-300 mOsm/kg c. >408 mOsm/kg d. 350-544 mOsm/kg

b. 275-300 mOsm/kg In healthy adults, normal serum osmolality is 270 to 300 mOsm/kg (Crawford & Harris, 2011c).

Which is the most common cause of symptomatic hypomagnesemia? a. Intravenous drug use b. Alcoholism c. Sedentary lifestyle d. Burns

b. Alcoholism Alcoholism is currently the most common cause of symptomatic hypomagnesemia. Intravenous drug use, sedentary lifestyle, and burns are not the most common causes of hypomagnesemia.

The nurse is caring for a client in heart failure with signs of hypervolemia. Which vital sign is indicative of the disease process? a. Low heart rate b. Elevated blood pressure c. Rapid respiration d. Subnormal temperature

b. Elevated blood pressure Indicative of hypervolemia is a bounding pulse and elevated blood pressure due to the excess volume in the system. Respirations are not typically affected unless there is fluid accumulation in the lungs. Temperature is not generally affected.

An elderly client takes 40 mg of furosemide twice a day. Which electrolyte imbalance is the most serious adverse effect of diuretic use? a. Hyperkalemia b. Hypokalemia c. Hypernatremia d. Hypophosphatemia

b. Hypokalemia Hypokalemia (potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L) usually indicates a deficit in total potassium stores. Potassium-losing diuretics, such as furosemide, can induce hypokalemia. Hyperkalemia refers to increased potassium levels. Loop diuretics can bring about lower sodium levels, not hypernatremia. Furosemide does not affect phosphorus levels.

A client seeks medical attention for an acute onset of severe thirst, polyuria, muscle weakness, nausea, and bone pain. Which health history information will the nurse report to the health care provider? a. Ingests alcohol occasionally b. Takes high doses of vitamin D c. Follows a high-fiber eating plan d. Works as a customer service representative

b. Takes high doses of vitamin D Hypercalcemia can affect many organ systems and symptoms occur when the calcium level acutely rises. Hypercalcemia crisis refers to an acute rise in the serum calcium level. Severe thirst and polyuria are often present. Additional findings include muscle weakness, nausea, and bone pain. Excessive ingestion of vitamin D supplements may cause excessive absorption of calcium. Therefore, the nurse would report this finding to the health care provider. The client's symptoms are not associated with occasional alcohol intake, a high-fiber eating plan, or the client's employment status. These findings would not need to be reported.

A nurse is providing client teaching about the body's plasma pH and the client asks the nurse what is the major chemical regulator of plasma pH. What is the best response by the nurse? a. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system b. bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system c. sodium-potassium pump d. ADH-ANP buffer system

b. bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system The major chemical regulator of plasma pH is the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates blood pressure. The sodium-potassium pump regulate homeostasis. The ADH-ANP buffer system regulates water balance in the body.

A client weighing 160.2 pounds (72.7 kg), who has been diagnosed with hypovolemia, is weighed every day. The health care provider asked to be notified if the client loses 1,000 mL of fluid in 24 hours. What weight would be consistent with this amount of fluid loss? a. 156.0 lbs (70.8 kg) b. 157.0 lbs (71.2 kg) c. 158.0 lbs (71.7 kg) d. 159.0 lbs (72.1 kg)

c. 158.0 lbs (71.7 kg) A loss of 0.5 kg, or 1.1 lb, represents a fluid loss of about 500 mL. Therefore, a loss of 1,000 mL would be equivalent to the loss of 2.2 lbs (1 kg), bringing the client's weight to 158.0 lbs (71.7 kg).

The nurse is caring for four clients on a medical unit. The nurse is most correct to review which client's laboratory reports first for an electrolyte imbalance? a. A 7-year-old with a fracture tibia b. A 65-year-old with a myocardial infarction c. A 52-year-old with diarrhea d. A 72-year-old with a total knee repair

c. A 52-year-old with diarrhea Electrolytes are in both intracellular and extracellular water. Electrolyte deficiency occurs from an inadequate intake of food, conditions that deplete water such as nausea and vomiting, or disease processes that cause an excess of electrolyte amounts. The 52-year-old with diarrhea would be the client most likely to have an electrolyte imbalance. The orthopedic client will not likely have an electrolyte imbalance. Myocardial infarction clients will occasionally have electrolyte imbalance, but this is the exception rather than the rule.

A client with excess fluid volume and hyponatremia is in a comatose state. What are the nursing considerations concerning fluid replacement? a. Restrict fluids and salt for 24 hours. b. Correct the sodium deficit rapidly with salt. c. Administer small volumes of a hypertonic solution. d. Monitor the serum sodium for changes hourly.

c. Administer small volumes of a hypertonic solution. In clients with normal or excess fluid volume, hyponatremia is usually treated effectively by restricting fluid with clients who are not neurologically impaired. When the serum sodium concentration is overcorrected (exceeding 140 mEq/L) too rapidly or in the presence of hypoxia or anoxia, the client can develop neurological symptoms. However, if neurologic symptoms are severe (e.g., seizures, delirium, coma), or if the client has traumatic brain injury, it may be necessary to administer small volumes of a hypertonic sodium solution with the goal of alleviating cerebral edema. Incorrect use of these fluids is extremely dangerous, because 1 L of 3% sodium chloride solution contains 513 mEq (mmol/L) of sodium and 1 L of 5% sodium chloride solution contains 855 mEq (mmol/L) of sodium. The recommendation for hypertonic saline administration in clients with craniocerebral trauma is between 0.10 to 1.0 mL of 3% saline per kilogram of body weight per hour.

A client reports tingling in the fingers as well as feeling depressed. The nurse assesses positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs. Which decreased laboratory results does the nurse observe when the client's laboratory work has returned? a. Potassium b. Phosphorus c. Calcium d. Iron

c. Calcium Calcium deficit is associated with the following symptoms: numbness and tingling of the fingers, toes, and circumoral region; positive Trousseau's sign and Chvostek's sign; seizures, carpopedal spasms, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, irritability, bronchospasm, anxiety, impaired clotting time, decreased prothrombin, diarrhea, and hypotension. Electrocardiogram findings associated with hypocalcemia include prolonged QT interval and lengthened ST.

Before seeing a newly assigned client with respiratory alkalosis, a nurse quickly reviews the client's medical history. Which condition is a predisposing factor for respiratory alkalosis? a. Myasthenia gravis b. Type 1 diabetes mellitus c. Extreme anxiety d. Opioid overdose

c. Extreme anxiety Extreme anxiety may lead to respiratory alkalosis by causing hyperventilation, which results in excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) loss. Other conditions that may set the stage for respiratory alkalosis include fever, heart failure, injury to the brain's respiratory center, overventilation with a mechanical ventilator, pulmonary embolism, and early salicylate intoxication. Type 1 diabetes may lead to diabetic ketoacidosis; the deep, rapid respirations occurring in this disorder (Kussmaul respirations) don't cause excessive CO2 loss. Myasthenia gravis and opioid overdose suppress the respiratory drive, causing CO2 retention, not CO2 loss; this may lead to respiratory acidosis, not alkalosis.

With which condition should the nurse expect that a decrease in serum osmolality will occur? a. Influenza b. Hyperglycemia c. Kidney failure d. Uremia

c. Kidney failure Failure of the kidneys results in multiple fluid and electrolyte abnormalities including fluid volume overload. If renal function is so severely impaired that pharmacologic agents cannot act efficiently, other modalities are considered to remove sodium and fluid from the body.

The nurse is caring for a client with multiple organ failure and in metabolic acidosis. Which pair of organs is responsible for regulatory processes and compensation? a. Kidney and liver b. Heart and lungs c. Lungs and kidney d. Pancreas and stomach

c. Lungs and kidney The lungs and kidneys facilitate the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is one of the components of carbonic acid. The lungs regulate carbonic acid levels by releasing or conserving CO2 by increasing or decreasing the respiratory rate. The kidneys assist in acid-base balance by retaining or excreting bicarbonate ions.

The nurse is caring for a patient with diabetes type I who is having severe vomiting and diarrhea. What condition that exhibits blood values with a low pH and a low plasma bicarbonate concentration should the nurse assess for? a. Respiratory acidosis b. Respiratory alkalosis c. Metabolic acidosis d. Metabolic alkalosis

c. Metabolic acidosis Metabolic acidosis is a common clinical disturbance characterized by a low pH (increased H+ concentration) and a low plasma bicarbonate concentration. Metabolic alkalosis is a clinical disturbance characterized by a high pH (decreased H+ concentration) and a high plasma bicarbonate concentration. Respiratory acidosis is a clinical disorder in which the pH is less than 7.35 and the PaCO2 is greater than 42 mm Hg and a compensatory increase in the plasma HCO3 occurs. Respiratory alkalosis is a clinical condition in which the arterial pH is greater than 7.45 and the PaCO2 is less than 38 mm Hg.

Which is the preferred route of administration for potassium? a. Subcutaneous b. Intramuscular c. Oral d. IV (intravenous) push

c. Oral When the client cannot ingest sufficient potassium by consuming foods that are high in potassium, administering oral potassium is ideal because oral potassium supplements are absorbed well. Administration by IV is done with extreme caution using an infusion pump, with the patient monitored by continuous ECG. To avoid replacing potassium too quickly, potassium is never administered by IV push or intramuscularly. Potassium is not administered subcutaneously.

Which electrolyte is a major cation in body fluid? a. Chloride b. Bicarbonate c. Potassium d. Phosphate

c. Potassium Potassium is a major cation that affects cardiac muscle functioning. Chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate are anions.

A nurse can estimate serum osmolality at the bedside by using a formula. A patient who has a serum sodium level of 140 mEq/L would have a serum osmolality of: a. 210 mOsm/kg. b. 230 mOsm/kg. c. 250 mOsm/kg. d. 280 mOsm/kg.

d. 280 mOsm/kg. Serum osmolality can be estimated by doubling the serum sodium or using the formula: Na × 2 = glucose/18 + BUN/3. Therefore, the nurse could estimate a serum osmolality of 280 mOsm/kg by doubling the serum sodium value of 140 mEq/L.

A client has been diagnosed with an intestinal obstruction and has a nasogastric tube set to low continuous suction. Which acid-base disturbance is this client at risk for developing? a. Respiratory acidosis b. Respiratory alkalosis c. Metabolic acidosis d. Metabolic alkalosis

d. Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis is a clinical disturbance characterized by a high pH and a high plasma bicarbonate concentration. The most common cause of metabolic alkalosis is vomiting or gastric suction with loss of hydrogen and chloride ions. Gastric fluid has an acid pH, and loss of this acidic fluid increases the alkalinity of body fluids.

To evaluate a client for hypoxia, the physician is most likely to order which laboratory test? a. Red blood cell count b. Sputum culture c. Total hemoglobin d. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis

d. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis Red blood cell count, sputum culture, total hemoglobin, and ABG analysis all help evaluate a client with respiratory problems. However, ABG analysis is the only test that evaluates gas exchange in the lungs, providing information about the client's oxygenation status.

The emergency department (ED) nurse is caring for a client with a possible acid-base imbalance. The physician has ordered an arterial blood gas (ABG). What is one of the most important indications of an acid-base imbalance that is shown in an ABG? a. PaO2 b. PO2 c. Carbonic acid d. Bicarbonate

d. Bicarbonate Arterial blood gas (ABG) results are the main tool for measuring blood pH, CO2 content (PaCO2), and bicarbonate. An acid-base imbalance may accompany a fluid and electrolyte imbalance. PaO2 and PO2 are not indications of acid-base imbalance. Carbonic acid levels are not shown in an ABG.

The nurse is caring for a client with laboratory values indicating dehydration. Which clinical symptom is consistent with the dehydration? a. Cool and pale skin b. Crackles in the lung fields c. Distended jugular veins d. Dark, concentrated urine

d. Dark, concentrated urine Dehydration indicates a fluid volume deficit. Dark, concentrated urine indicates a lack of fluid volume. Adding more fluid would dilute the urine. The other options indicate fluid excess.

A nurse is caring for a client with metastatic breast cancer who is extremely lethargic and very slow to respond to stimuli. The laboratory report indicates a serum calcium level of 12.0 mg/dl, a serum potassium level of 3.9 mEq/L, a serum chloride level of 101 mEq/L, and a serum sodium level of 140 mEq/L. Based on this information, the nurse determines that the client's symptoms are most likely associated with which electrolyte imbalance? a. Hyperkalemia b. Hypocalcemia c. Hypokalemia d. Hypercalcemia

d. Hypercalcemia The normal reference range for serum calcium is 8.6 to 10.2 mg/dl. A serum calcium level of 12 mg/dl clearly indicates hypercalcemia. The client's other laboratory findings are within their normal ranges, so the client doesn't have hypernatremia, hypochloremia, or hypokalemia.

A nurse is caring for a client with metastatic breast cancer who is extremely lethargic and very slow to respond to stimuli. The laboratory report indicates a serum calcium level of 12.0 mg/dl, a serum potassium level of 3.9 mEq/L, a serum chloride level of 101 mEq/L, and a serum sodium level of 140 mEq/L. Based on this information, the nurse determines that the client's symptoms are most likely associated with which electrolyte imbalance? a. Hyperkalemia b. Hypokalemia c. Hypocalcemia d. Hypercalcemia

d. Hypercalcemia The normal reference range for serum calcium is 8.6 to 10.2 mg/dl. A serum calcium level of 12 mg/dl clearly indicates hypercalcemia. The client's other laboratory findings are within their normal ranges, so the client doesn't have hypernatremia, hypochloremia, or hypokalemia.

A client hospitalized for treatment of a pulmonary embolism develops respiratory alkalosis. Which clinical findings commonly accompany respiratory alkalosis? a. Headache or blurry vision b. Abdominal pain or diarrhea c. Hallucinations or tinnitus d. Light-headedness or paresthesia

d. Light-headedness or paresthesia The client with respiratory alkalosis may complain of light-headedness or paresthesia (numbness and tingling in the arms and legs). Headache, blurry vision, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may accompany respiratory acidosis. Hallucinations and tinnitus rarely are associated with respiratory alkalosis or any other acid-base imbalance.

A client with pancreatic cancer has the following blood chemistry profile: Glucose, fasting: 204 mg/dl; blood urea nitrogen (BUN): 12 mg/dl; Creatinine: 0.9 mg/dl; Sodium: 136 mEq/L; Potassium: 2.2 mEq/L; Chloride: 99 mEq/L; CO2: 33 mEq/L. Which result should the nurse identify as critical and report immediately? a. CO2 b. Sodium c. Chloride d. Potassium

d. Potassium The nurse should identify potassium: 2.2 mEq/L as critical because a normal potassium level is 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L. Severe hypokalemia can cause cardiac and respiratory arrest, possibly leading to death. Hypokalemia also depresses the release of insulin and results in glucose intolerance. The glucose level is above normal (normal is about 75 to 110 mg/dl), and the chloride level is a bit low (normal is about 100 to 110 mEq/L). Although these levels should be reported, neither is life-threatening. The BUN (normal is ~ 8 to 26 mg/dl) and creatinine (normal is ~ 0.8 to 1.4 mg/dl) are within normal range.

A nurse reviews the arterial blood gas (ABG) values of a client admitted with pneumonia: pH, 7.51; PaCO2, 28 mm Hg; PaO2, 70 mm Hg; and HCO3--, 24 mEq/L. What do these values indicate? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

d. Respiratory alkalosis A client with pneumonia may hyperventilate in an effort to increase oxygen intake. Hyperventilation leads to excess carbon dioxide (CO2) loss, which causes alkalosis — indicated by this client's elevated pH value. With respiratory alkalosis, the kidneys' bicarbonate (HCO3-) response is delayed, so the client's HCO3- level remains normal. The below-normal value for the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) indicates CO2 loss and signals a respiratory component. Because the HCO3- level is normal, this imbalance has no metabolic component. Therefore, the client is experiencing respiratory alkalosis.

A client comes to the emergency department with status asthmaticus. His respiratory rate is 48 breaths/minute, and he is wheezing. An arterial blood gas analysis reveals a pH of 7.52, a partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of 30 mm Hg, PaO2 of 70 mm Hg, and bicarbonate (HCO3??') of 26 mEq/L. What disorder is indicated by these findings? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

d. Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis results from alveolar hyperventilation. It's marked by a decrease in PaCO2 to less than 35 mm Hg and an increase in blood pH over 7.45. Metabolic acidosis is marked by a decrease in HCO3? to less than 22 mEq/L, and a decrease in blood pH to less than 7.35. In respiratory acidosis, the pH is less than 7.35 and the PaCO2 is greater than 45 mm Hg. In metabolic alkalosis, the HCO3? is greater than 26 mEq/L and the pH is greater than 7.45.

A client with Guillain-Barré syndrome develops respiratory acidosis as a result of reduced alveolar ventilation. Which combination of arterial blood gas (ABG) values confirms respiratory acidosis? a. pH, 7.50; PaCO2 30 mm Hg b. pH, 7.40; PaCO2 35 mm Hg c. pH, 7.35; PaCO2 40 mm Hg d. pH, 7.25; PaCO2 50 mm Hg

d. pH, 7.25; PaCO2 50 mm Hg In respiratory acidosis, ABG analysis reveals an arterial pH below 7.35 and partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) above 45 mm Hg. Therefore, the combination of a pH value of 7.25 and a PaCO2 value of 50 mm Hg confirms respiratory acidosis. A pH value of 7.5 with a PaCO2 value of 30 mm Hg indicates respiratory alkalosis. A ph value of 7.40 with a PaCO2 value of 35 mm Hg and a pH value of 7.35 with a PaCO2 value of 40 mm Hg represent normal ABG values, reflecting normal gas exchange in the lungs.

A client admitted with acute anxiety has the following arterial blood gas (ABG) values: pH, 7.55; partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2), 90 mm Hg; partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), 27 mm Hg; and bicarbonate (HCO3-), 24 mEq/L. Based on these values, the nurse suspects: a. metabolic acidosis. b. metabolic alkalosis. c. respiratory acidosis. d. respiratory alkalosis.

d. respiratory alkalosis. This client's above-normal pH value indicates alkalosis. The below-normal PaCO2 value indicates acid loss via hyperventilation; this type of acid loss occurs only in respiratory alkalosis. These ABG values wouldn't occur in metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis.

The nurse assesses a client who is diagnosed with bulimia nervosa and at risk for alterations in both fluid and electrolyte balance. Complete the following sentence by choosing from the lists of options. During the assessment, the nurse focuses on monitoring the client for ____________________ as evidenced by ___________________.

hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmia Fluid and electrolyte imbalances are common for clients who are diagnosed with eating disorders, including bulimia nervosa. The client who vomits as a result of purging behavior when diagnosed with bulimia nervosa is at risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances, including hypokalemia (i.e., low serum potassium level). The client who experiences low serum potassium levels (i.e., hypokalemia) due to a diagnosed eating disorder must be monitored for cardiac arsrhythmia, a potentially life-threatening consequence of this electrolyte imbalance. The client who is diagnosed with bulimia nervosa is at risk for hypovolemia (e.g., dehydration) and hyponatremia (i.e., low serum sodium level), not hypervolemia or hypernatremia (i.e., elevated serum sodium level). While peripheral edema is a symptom of hypervolemia and extreme thirst is a symptom of hypernatremia, this client is at risk for hypovolemia (e.g., dehydration), which is manifested by dry mucous membranes, and hyponatremia, which is manifested by muscle weakness.