Med term Exam 4

kyphosis

abnormal condition of a hump (in the thoracic spine) (also called a hunchback or humpback)

lordosis

abnormal condition of bending forward (in the lumbar spine) (also called swayback)

bunion

abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe, the metatarsal-phalangeal joint. It is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes (also called hallux valgus)

exophthalmos

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

pituitary gland

approximately the size of a pea and located at the base of the brain.

Graves disease

autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the production of more thyroid hormone than the body needs (hyperthyroidism)

lord/o

bent forward (increased concavity of the spine)

cerebral embolism

blocking of a cerebral artery by a blood clot in the brain. (stopped bleeding or no bleeding) can lead to an ischemic stroke.

cerebral thrombosis

blood clot in the brain and can cause ischemic stroke

Ossicles

bones of the middle ear that carry sound vibrations. The ossicles are composed of the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). The stapes connects to the oval window, which transmits the sound vibrations to the cochlea of the inner ear.

encephal/o

brain

chondr/o

cartilage

cerebell/o

cerebellum

cerebr/o

cerebrum

multiple sclerosis (MS)

chronic degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain and spinal cord; signs and symptoms fluctuate over the course of the disease; more common symptoms include fatigue, balance and coordination impairments, numbness, and vision problems.

Parkinson's disease (PD)

chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Signs and symptoms include resting tremors of the hands and feet, rigidity, expressionless face, shuffling gait, and eventually dementia. It usually occurs after the age of 50 years. (also called parkinsonism)

diabetes mellitus (DM)

chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by under-activity of the islets of Langerhans and characterized by elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia). DM can cause chronic renal disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy. In extreme cases the patient may develop ketosis, acidosis, and finally coma.

Ménière disease

chronic disease of the inner ear characterized by a sensation of spinning motion (vertigo), ringing in the ear (tinnitus), aural fullness, and fluctuating hearing loss; symptoms are related to a change in volume or composition of fluid within the labyrinth

Islets of Langerhans

clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas, made up of different cell types that secrete various hormones, including insulin and glucagon. Non-endocrine cells found throughout the pancreas produce enzymes that facilitate digestion

Cochle/o

cochlea

external ear

consists of the auricle and external auditory canal (meatus)

middle ear

consists of the tempanic membrane and the tympanic cavity containing the ossicles

crepitus

crackling sensation heard or felt when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint.

crani/o

cranium (skull)

otopyorrhea

discharge of pus from the ear

Rhabdomyolysis

dissolution of striated muscle (caused by trauma, extreme exertion, or drug toxicity; in severe cases renal failure can result)

neuroectomy

excision of a nerve

acr/o

extremities, height

cervical vertebrae

first set of seven bones, forming the neck (C1-C7)

ankylosing spondylitis

form of arthritis that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend of the spine (also called Strumpell-Marie arthritis or disease, or rheumatoid spondylitis)

metabolic syndrome

group of signs and symptoms including insulin resistance, obesity characterized by excessive fat around the waist and abdomen, hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of the "good" cholesterol HDL (to much fat in their blood system)

audi/o

hearing

kyph/o

hump (increased convexity of the spine)

otomastoiditis

inflammation of the ear and the mastoid bone

poliomyelitis

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord. (also referred to as polio, and is caused by 1 of 3 polio viruses)

sciatica

inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods.

myringitis

inflammation of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

stroke

interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients. The cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die within minutes. The parts of the body controlled by the involved cells will experience dysfunction. Speech, movement , memory, and other CNS functions may be affected in varying degrees. Ischemic stroke is a result of a blocked blood vessel. Hemorrhagic stroke is a result of bleeding. (also called cerebrovascular accident [CVA], or brain attack)

disk/o

intervertebral disk

arthr/o

joint

Patella

kneecap

cerebrum

largest portion of the brain

Tibia and fibula

lower leg bones

mening/o, meningi/o

meninges

abduction

movement away from the midline

extension

movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position, increasing the angle between the bone and the joint

supination

movement that turns the palm up

adduction

movement toward the midline

otalgia

pain in the ear

Fibromyalgia

pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles (a common condition characterized by widespread pain and stiffness of muscles, fatigue, and disturbed sleep)

adrenal glands

paired glands, one of which is located superior to each kidney. (stress)

Bell palsy

paralysis of muscles on one side of the face caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve- cranial nerve VII. Signs include a sagging mouth on the affected side and nonclosure of the eyelid; paralysis is usually temporary.

subdural

pertaining to below the dura mater

tinnitus

ringing in the ears

tympanic membrane

semitransparent membrane that separates the external auditory meatus and the middle ear cavity. the temp anak membrane transmit sound vibrations to the ossicles. (also called the eardrum)

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

myel/o

spinal cord

lumbar vertebrae

third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine (L1-L5)

dips/o

thirst

tympan/o

tympanic membrane (eardrum), middle ear

Humerus

upper arm bone

Femur

upper leg bone

auricle

External, visible part of the ear located on both sides of the head; direct sound waves into the external auditory canal. (also called pinna)

kal/i

Potassium

natr/o

Sodium

medulla oblongata

Contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, and muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining blood pressure

Scoliosis

Abnormal condition of (lateral) curved (spine)

scoli/o

(lateral) curved (spine)

calc/i

Calcium