Media Law: FINAL EXAM (Chapters 1-7)

33) Natural levees are created during A) low flow conditions. B) normal flow conditions. C) floods. D) none of these--all levees are man-made.

C

37) Brine water results from A) heavy rainfall and low temperatures. B) stagnation of water in a floodplain swamp. C) high evapotranspiration rates. D) the influx of river water into the ocean.

C

43) Near the shore, waves of transition begin to ʺfeel bottomʺ and, as a result, the orbits of the water molecules in the wave become more __________. This process eventually causes __________ toform. A) circular; breakers B) circular; swells C) elliptical; breakers D) elliptical; swells

C

45) When people go swimming along a coast, they often find themselves, after a while, down the coast from where they first entered the water. They moved downshore because of A) beach drift. B) tsunamis. C) longshore currents. D) tidal currents.

C

7) Which of the following is correct regarding spheroidal weathering? A) It is a type of exfoliation associated with pressure release. B) It is a physical weathering process. C) It attacks the corners and edges of rocks. D) All of the above are true.

C

10) The hills which form cockpit karst are separated from one another by A) stalactites. B) grabens. C) river floodplains. D) sinkholes.

D

11) The steepness of a slope made of loose material is called the A) the speed of the particles. B) mass movement gradient. C) height of the slope. D) angle of repose.

D

13) A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called A) a rockfall. B) a debris avalanche. C) a soil slide. D) soil creep.

D

1) The dynamic equilibrium model refers to A) a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation by weathering and erosion in a given landscape. B) an important concept first stated by William Morris Davis. C) a theory involving the cyclic or evolutionary development of a landscape. D) a sequential development of landforms.

A

14) Human-induced mass movements produce a category of processes known as A) scarification. B) debris flows. C) translational slides. D) denudation.

A

18) Drainage density refers to A) a measure determined by dividing the length of all the the channels by the area of its drainage basin. B) the number of channels in an area. C) the arrangement of channels in a given area. D) the thickness of the water in the stream.

A

20) Which drainage pattern is produced by folded topography? A) trellis B) dendritic C) deranged D) radial

A

26) The total possible load a stream can transport is its __________, whereas a streamʹs ability to move 26) particles of specific size is its __________. A) capacity; competence B) discharge; competence C) bed load; sediment load D) competence; capacity

A

27) Which of the following stream channel forms is likely to develop when aggradation greatly exceeds erosion? A) braided channels B) straight, steep-walled channels C) meandering channels D) V-shaped valleys

A

31) Entrenchment of a channel occurs because A) rejuvenation occurs due to uplift. B) isostatic downwarping of the crust occurs. C) a decrease in stream gradient occurs. D) the river flows from consolidated rock into a region composed of loose sediments. E) a change in the bed load size-distribution occurs.

A

32) An interruption in a streamʹs graded profile of equilibrium is called a A) nickpoint. B) longitudinal interruption. C) gradation. D) base level.

A

34) A tributary that is physically unable to join the main channel on a floodplain is called a A) yazoo tributary. B) alluvial stream. C) meandering tributary. D) levee tributary.

A

35) When a river reaches a base level, its forward velocity rapidly decelerates as it enters a larger body of standing water and __________ is formed. A) a delta B) an alluvial terrace C) an estuary D) a stream terrace

A

36) The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to A) decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge. B) decrease runoff. C) create a base flow. D) increase lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge.

A

44) Wave action works to straighten a coast as wave energy focuses around headlands and tends to disperse energy in coves and bays in a process called A) wave refraction. B) breakers. C) tidal bore. D) longshore current.

A

46) Sand on a beach moves in a zigzag pattern when waves strike the beach __________, and this movement of material is known as __________. A) at an angle; beach drift B) at an angle; longshore drift C) head on; beach drift D) head on; longshore drift

A

48) Which of the following is not an example of an erosional coastal landform? A) tombolo B) notched cliff C) sea arch D) wave-cut platform

A

12) A landslide differs from a debris avalanche in that A) the materials in a landslide are not saturated with water. B) a landslide moves much more slowly than a debris avalanche. C) the materials in a debris avalanche are not saturated with water. D) a landslide moves much more quickly than a debris avalanche.

B

15) Which of the following lists of processes are in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature? A) weathering, erosion, deposition, transport B) weathering, erosion, transport, deposition C) deposition, erosion, transport, weathering D) weathering, deposition, erosion, transport

B

19) The lengths of the individual channels in a dendritic drainage pattern are __________ and this 19) increases energy __________. A) maximized; efficiency B) minimized; efficiency C) minimized; inefficiency D) maximized; inefficiency

B

2) Conflicting forces work to establish an optimum incline on a slope. When any of these conditions are disturbed or altered the materials on the slope reach a A) geomorphic cycle. B) geomorphic threshold, or change point. C) condition of metastable equilibrium at the time of disturbance. D) condition of static equilibrium.

B

23) The largest material that can be carried by a stream is carried as A) truck load. B) bed load. C) dissolved load. D) suspended load.

B

25) Which of the following rock types is most affected by fluvial solution? A) rhyolite B) limestone C) granite D) sandstone

B

28) A meandering stream is one that is A) completely unstable. B) delicately balanced between equilibrium and chaos. C) completely stable. D) closed in terms of energy and matter input.

B

3) Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of A) rainfall of less than 25 cm (10 in.) per year. B) higher mean annual rainfall and temperatures. C) temperatures below freezing. D) lower mean annual rainfall and temperatures.

B

30) A cutoff on a meandering stream results in the formation of A) a point bar. B) an oxbow lake. C) a terrace. D) a levee. E) a braided stream.

B

38) About 2 percent of the oceanic mass comprises the A) bottom-most layers of each ocean basin that are surprisingly warmer than surface layers. B) mixing zone of blended solutes and temperatures. C) thermocline transition zone. D) deep cold zone that is near freezing.

B

39) The littoral zone extends inland to A)the foreshore dune. B) the highest water line that occurs during a storm. C) the trough between the primary and secondary dune. D) the backshore dune.

B

4) Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is A) oxygen. B) water. C) nitrogen. D) carbon dioxide.

B

42) Which of the following occurs when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in alignment (i.e., in opposition 42) or conjunction)? A) neap tides occur B) maximum tidal ranges occur C) a lower tidal range occurs D) none of the above this type of alignment does not happen in nature

B

47) Which of the following would not be found along a tectonically active shoreline? A) cliffs B) barrier islands C) sea stacks D) terraces

B

49) Sand that extends from a coast into open water is called a A) barrier island. B) barrier spit. C) lagoon. D) tombolo.

B

5) In most areas, the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken-up rock called A) bedrock. B) regolith. C) sediment. D) parent rock.

B

50) As regards wetlands, which of the following is correctly matched? A) salt marshes -- low productivity due to the salinity B) salt marsh -- poleward of the 30th parallel in either hemisphere C) salt marsh -- between the equator and the 30th parallel in both hemispheres D) mangrove swamps -- poleward of the 30th parallel in either hemisphere

B

6) The fact that water expands as much as 9 percent of its volume as it freezes is the basis of A) crystallization. B) frost wedging. C) chemical weathering processes. D) pressure-release jointing.

B

16) Watersheds are defined by A) stream orders. B) size of streams. C) drainage divides. D) fluvial units.

C

17) The high ground that separates one valley from another is known as __________, and it directs surface water runoff known as __________ toward a stream. A) an interfluve; alluvial discharge B) the maximum contour elevation; alluvial discharge C) an interfluve; sheet flow D) the maximum contour elevation; sheet flow E) the continental divide; overland flow

C

21) Which of the following channel characteristics adjusts in response to changes in energy of flow and sediment load in the channel? A) channel slope B) channel width and depth C) both A and B D) none of the aboveriver channel form is controlled exclusively by the type of rock or sediment through which the river flows

C

22) A squeeze-and-release action works to loosen and lift rocks in a stream channel. This is an example of A) suspension. B) abrasion. C) hydraulic action. D) deposition.

C

24) The suspended load of a stream consists of particles that are A) dragged along the stream bed. B) rolled and bounced along the stream bed. C) held aloft in the stream flow. D) dissolved in solution.

C

29) Maximum velocity in a stream is found A) near the inside of a meander. B) at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the shallowest parts of the stream channel. C) at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream channel. D) near the bottom.

C

40) Which of the following is correct regarding mean sea level? A) It is at the same level along the entire North American coast. B) The sea level along the Gulf Coast is the lowest for the coasts of the lower 48 states. C) A consistent value has yet to be determined due to all the variables involved in producing the tides. D) It is calculated based on average tidal levels recorded hourly at a given site over a period of many years.

D

41) Which of the following is not correct regarding tides? A) They are influenced by the size, depth, and topography of ocean basins. B) They are complex daily oscillations in sea level. C) They are influenced by shoreline configuration and latitude. D) They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun.

D

8) The yellow-red stains that occur on some rock surfaces are the result of __________ which is a form of __________ weathering. A) hydration; chemical B) hydration; physical C) solution; chemical D) oxidation; chemical E) oxidation; physical

D

9) Cave formations develop from the precipitation of A) phosphate. B) sulfate. C) halite. D) calcite.

D