Medical Botany- Exam 2

Who was Lind and what did he contribute to our understanding of Vitamin C?

- Lind was a Scottish naval surgeon that investigated scurrvy in the royal navy - Scurvy is a condtion understood as a vitamin deficiency characterized by swollen joings, spongy bleeding gums, large brusies, and eventual death - Citrus fruit prevented and cured scurvy

Why did potatoes catch on as a favored staple in Europe in the 18th century?

-Able to be stored for long periods of time -Grows well in cold and dry climates

What have been sources for candidate drugs?

-Animals -Observing unorthodox medicine

Iceman provided circumstantial evidence of

-Aspects of self-medication -Suffering from parasites

Match the Scientific name with the common name:

-Cucurbita pepo: zucchini and pumpkins! -Cucumis sativus: cucumber -Citrullus lanatus: water melon -Trichosanthes cucumerina: snake gourd -Ecballium elaterium: squirting cucumber -Momordia charantia: Bitter gourd or bitter melon

What is significant about Dong quai?

-Dong quai, is the crushed dry root of (Angelica sinensis) and is recommened for regulating the menstrual cycle, relieving menstrual pain, and treating problems associated with menopause -Underwent a standard trial and it was deemed there was no significant differences between women receiving dong quai and women receiving the placebo.

What is significant about Ginkgo?

-Extract from the ginkgo tree known as EGb761 which its extracts have been employed for conditions heart, lung, and brain. It is now used to treat cognitive disorders

Match toxins with plant Families in which some members known to contain it:

-Lycorine: Amaryllidaceae -Solanine & Chaconine: Solanaceae -Cucurbitacin: Cucurbitaceae -Ricin: Euphorbiaceae -Phytohemagglutinin: Fabaceae -Abrin: Fabaceae

What is wormwood? Family? Where was it used first? What is it purported to do?

-Sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) is a common type of wormwood native to Asia—its principle active component is a compound called artemisinin -Wormwood belongs to Asteraceae family -It was first used by Chinese physicians 2000 years ago -Wormwood was used to treat malaria

Top 5 Crops:

-Wheat -Rice -Corn -Potatoes -Sugarcane

Many plants have modified stems that may be vertical and even grow underground with functions such as asexual reproduction and/or food storage. Modified stems even when underground have recognizable nodes and internodes! Some plants such as sweet potatoes modify roots for storage as well in the form of tuberous roots. Match the terms on the left with appropriate options from the right related to some underground plant parts.

-elongated storage tips of a rhizome found in potatoes: Tuber -horizontal underground stems with reduced scale like leaves and adventitious roots and buds found at nodes can give rise to new plants: rhizome such as ginger -Erect underground stems with both fleshy and papery leaves and have all plant parts including flowers roots and: true bulbs seen in onions and daffodils -True bulbs and corms: modified underground stems in monocots such as onions and taro

List several at least 3 findings we learned from Iceman. What evidence did he provide about proposed medicating?

-he carried two walnut-sized pieces of a tough substance threaded onto a leather thong—which turned out to be woody brown rot fungus (Piptoporus betulimis) that is a parasite in birch tree -he had signs of anemia Iceman suffered from whip worms, a parasitic nematode and was maybe self medicating with rot fungus which causes diarrhea

What did one learn from the ancient Indians about this?

-used an infusion of the seeds from bavachee (Psoralea corylifolia) to treat vitiligo -plant contained psoralens

What did one learn from the ancient Egyptians about vitiligo?

-used juice extracted from bishops flower (Ammimajus) to treat vitiligo -plant contained psoralens

IDENTIFY RELATED PLANT OR FUNGAL SOURCE OF THE FOLLOWING Methoxsalen?

.Apiaceae /Fabaceae

5 environmental challenges to crops such as potatoes:

1.Disease: Fungus, Bacterial, etc 2.Parasites 3. Environmental Changes: warmer temperatures, Frost (Global Warming) 4.Conventional Biological Diversity: restricted accessibility of seeds and other plant products from different countries 5.

What is foraging to farming?

A hypothesis that proposes that mutualism can evolve as an accidental consequence of metabolic exchanges. Farming the bacteria becomes an evolutionary stable strategy, turning a previously free interaction into an obligate one. When there are limited resources in its environment, the plant becomes a forager.

What is vitiligo?

A pigmentation disorder characterized by smooth white patches of pigment free skin

Which receptor do tropane alkaloids bind to?

ACETYLCHOLINE antagonist

Which toxin is associated with Carapichea ipecacuanha (Ipecac)?

ALKALOID- EMETINE -inducing vomiting -we do not use it anymore

The common neurotransmitter released at the two synapses indicated by the five- pointed stars is:

Acetylcholine

All autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions contain __________ type of _______________ receptor that undergo depolarization when neurotransmitter binds to it

All autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions contain Nicotine type of acetylcholine receptor that undergo depolarization when neurotransmitter binds to it

Lycorine is a toxin that inhibits protein synthesis, may inhibit ascorbic acid synthesis causing allelopathic effects (growth-inhibition) on competitors and has weak anti-cholinesterase effects. It is produced by plants belonging to the _____________ _ family.

Amaryllidaceae

True (Poison) hemlock belongs to the _______ family, and its most deadly toxin is Coniine.

Apiaceae

Which plant family does this image below represent? (hint: includes edible root vegetable as well as highly toxic plants, phototoxic plants, etc.)

Apiaceae (includes: carrots, parsley, giant hogweed, etc.)

Where has potato production increased? Where has it decreased?'

Asia - China leading, Bangladesh Europe

IDENTIFY RELATED PLANT OR FUNGAL SOURCE OF THE FOLLOWING Artemisinin?

Asteraceae

An ER patient has the following signs/symptoms: high fever, hallucinations, flushed skin, and dilated pupils. Which plant are they most likely to have ingested?

Atropa belladonna

How do bacteria affect diatom growth?

Bacteria can affect diatom growth by secreting IAA (indiolic acetic acid) as this is the most abundant plant hormones in plants.

Name the individual species for each of the following vegetables in Brassicaceae Family: -Brussel Sprouts -Cauliflower -Kale -Broccoli -Cabbage -collard greens

Brussel Sprouts- Brassica oleracea Cauliflower- Brassica oleracea Kale-Brassica oleracea Broccoli-Brassica oleracea Cabbage-Brassica oleracea Collar Greens- Brassica oleracea *All Brassica olercea*

How are potatoes propagated:

By cutting the eye of the tuber and planting it

Which plant does this image below represent?

Castor Bean (Ricinus communis)

What is an "infochemical?"

Chemical cues that organisms use in their surroundings in order to get important information regarding their biotic and abiotic factors

Gourd lovers BEWARE! Toxic squash syndrome occurs due to cross-fertilization in plants belonging to the __________ family.

Cucurbitaceae

Commercially, potatoes have been generally propagated by?

Cut out the eye from the tuber and plant them in the soil.

Which one of the following combinations is accurate for the five key terms below? KEY LIST a. Wormwood extract b. Chinese medicine, 2000 years ago c. pure Artemisinin d. pure Quinine e. Malaria

E, B, A Wormwood extract, Chinese medicine, 2000 years ago, Malaria

Which of the following is not a clinical manifestation of poisoning by tropane alkaloids? A. Mad as Hatter B. Dry as Bone C. Blind as a bat D. Hot as a hare E. Pale as a potato

E. Pale as a potato (it should be red as a beet)

What plant family do castor beans (Ricinus communis) belong to?

Euphorbiaceae

Red kidney beans are a rich source of proteins and also contain lectin-type proteins called phytohaemagglutinin. It is best to eat raw, uncooked beans to ensure best digestion and maximal absorption of the amino acids from it. True or False

False

The molecule shown below is a Tropane alkaloid. True or False

False (should have a tropane ring)

The two toxins produced by the plants that belong to a genus from the family Apiaceae are solanine and chaconine. True or False

False Solanine and Chaconine belong to the Solanaceae family

The toxin encoded by the Castor Bean (Ricinus communis) plant is a glycoside that works by inhibiting transcription. True or False

False not a glycoside... it is a protein and inhibits translation

The toxin shown below represents Cucurbitacin. True or False

False (should be a steroid containing 4 rings)

Statement 1: Both traditional and orthodox medicine must include a double-blind component while only one must have a placebo. Statement 2: Lind tested hypothesis that some plants from the Rutaceae prevented and cured scurvy.

First statement is incorrect and second is correct

Greatest Scourge to Potatoes:

Fungi-like organism, multicellular

IDENTIFY RELATED PLANT OR FUNGAL SOURCE OF THE FOLLOWING Statins?

Fungus

IDENTIFY RELATED PLANT OR FUNGAL SOURCE OF THE FOLLOWING EGb761?

Ginkgo

What role did Crop Trust play in all of this?

Helps storage of seeds

Tropane alkaloids contain:

In tropane alkaloids, nitrogen looks like it is reading something

Genetic Challenges to traditional breeding of potatoes:

Inability to inbreed or self-pollinate

Where is the CIP? (International Center of Potatoes)

Lima, Peru: where potatoes were first domesticate

A) they metabolize drugs B) they outnumber human cells and influence the human physiology C) they make important micronutrients such as vitamins D) lack of diversity may be associated with allergies and autoimmune conditions

Microbiome??

Distinguish between orthodox medicine and non-orthodox medicine:

Orthodox medicine: safety comes from carefully controlled clinical trials, employs double-blind test, physicians learn side effects and unfavorable side effects Traditional medicine: uses rely on history, safety rests on previous generations experience

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and the microbial metabolite p-Cresol are both substrates for hepatic sulfotransferase metabolic enzymes in the liver. Therefore, individuals with high p-Cresol levels may have ___________ paracetamol metabolism and a _____________ risk for hepatotoxicity.

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and the microbial metabolite p-Cresol are both substrates for hepatic sulfotransferase metabolic enzymes in the liver. Therefore, individuals with high p-Cresol levels may have reduced paracetamol metabolism and a increased risk for hepatotoxicity.

You go to your favorite restaurant and notice that the price of the veggie sandwich has increased by nearly 20%. You enquire with the waiter, who says, "the members of the Solanaceae family, such as onions and jalapenos have become way more expensive". You will __________ with the placement of plants into the family.

Partially agree because jalapenos will form in Solanacea but onions won't (onions = amaryllidaceae)

What is the placebo effect?

Patients conditions may improve simply because they believe they are receiving a powerful medicine and good care

Potatoes were first domesticated in ______________ since wild potatoes first evolved there.

Peru in the Andes

Rice, corn, wheat and potatoes are among the world's most commonly consumed edible plants. Together, they represent _______ family/families

Poaceae: Wheat, Rice, Corn AND Solanaceae: Potato

What is hybrid breeding? Why has it been so difficult? What is such a game changer?

Potatoes are resistant to self-pollination, increasing pressure on plants.

What is quorum sensing? Describe how this relates to signaling molecules.

Quorum sensing is the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density. Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as a function of cell density.

What are some examples of bacterial mediators?

Quorum sensing molecules, morphogenic compounds, bacterial lipid-based molecules, phytohormones, and vitamins are all essential for cross-kingdom interactions

Choose the best term that fits this description in a general sense: "A cellular component to which a plant-derived drug or a synthetic drug reacts to bring about a measurable response in the cell".

Receptor/Target

Which family do these plants belong to? What are some properties of the genera?

SOLANACEAE FAMILY (Tropane Alkaloids) Properties: -Mad as a Hatter (Hallucinations) -Blind as a Bat (pupils dilated) -Hot as a Hare (vasodilation) -Red as a Beet (flushing) -Dry as a Bone (absence of sweat)

Define axenic culture.

Support particularly fruitful studies of specific interactions among phylogenetically distinct taxa

Where was the potato domesticated and what favored this?

The Andes Ranges (Peru)-- First naturally evolved in these climates: cold and dry... therefore, the populations in this places were the first to domesticate these crops

How is biofilm developed?

The development of biofilm constitutes a progressive procedure. The first step is that cells adhere to surfaces through biopolymer secretion and then start to propagate. Propagating microorganisms are embedded within a self-produced matrix containing extracellular polymeric substances.

What is the genus for the species in the Solanaceae family, in which the extracted compound is used for eye dilation

The genus is Atropa

What are two model systems for understanding larvae morphogenesis?

The hydroid Hydractinia which belongs to the Cnidaria and exist as single-sex colonies covering snail shells. Although this is not a typical biofouling organism, its life cycle is regarded as representative of biofouling organisms such as algae, barnacles, bryozoans, etc. They undergo sexual reproduction by light-stimulated release of eggs and within three days, the fertilized eggs develop into planula larvae that can metamorphose into the juvenile form. Another model is the tubeworm Hydroides elegans which is a significant biofouling pest in tropical and subtropical harbors. The larvae requires specific bacterial signals also requires bacterial signals produced within nature and dense biofilms to initiate metamorphosis for reproduction.

The scourge of potatoes that killed millions of humans, in Ireland, during the 19th century was?

The irish potato famine Caused by: Phytophthora infestans

Overall Theme of New Potatoes Review:

The potato that is commercially are endangered of becoming extinct because of climate change. Can we go to older land pants to regrow them and see if they are resistant to climate change, new diseases, and insects. Find good potato varieties to breed into good potatoes that are resistant to everything.

Briefly describe the "self-medicating" of the scarlet macaw:

They eat the poisonous unripe fruit of the sandbox tree (Hura crepitans). They survive the poisonous fruit because the also eat clay, which neutralizes the fruit's toxins.

What are the major IAA pathways?

Trp-indpendent pathway and Trp-dependent pathway

The difference between traditional and orthodox medications is how their usefulness is determined.

True

Vitiligo can occur in any ethnic population.

True

The secondary metabolite shown below is a tropane alkaloid produced by some members in the Solanaceae family. True or False

True (racemic mixture??)

What part of the plant is consumed?

Tuber

You go to your favorite restaurant and notice that the price of your favorite vegetable curry has increased by nearly 40%. You enquire with the waiter, who says, "the members of the Solanaceae family, such as tomatoes and potatoes, the main ingredients have become very expensive". You will __________ with the placement of plants into the family

agree

The compound used for eye dilation (that is in the family solanaceae and is part of the genus atropa) is a:

atropine

Which subunit of the Abrin protein is the lectin subunit that binds carbohydrates?

lectin: B SUBUNIT, A subunit is enzyme

IDENTIFY RELATED PLANT OR FUNGAL SOURCE OF THE FOLLOWING Etoposide?

mayapple

Purified Psoralens=

methoxsalen

Soon one of your instructors will have to have eyes dilated. The compound used for this was likely derived from:

solanaceae

The following plant belongs to:

the Fabaceae family