Medical Botany Exam 3
Anti-asthma: Tylophora indica
The leaves of this plant contain a compound known as tylophorine. This compound has anti-asthmatic properties.
tylophorine
Antiasthmatic compund produced in the leaves of the Tylophora indica plant.
What is the only edible part of a Taxus plant?
Aril
Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley)
Asparagaceae (asparagus family) Monocot, looks like a lily but not a lily Contains the cardiac glycoside: Convallotoxin
What family is Ambrosia artemisiifolia in?
Asteraceae family (sunflower family)
What distinguished genetic from environmental factors as cause of Cyclopic lambs? typically affected herd grazed at 6000-10000 ft elevations post breeding in alpine meadows two or more statements help in distinguishing the two possibilities potential carrier ewes when bred with normal looking rams from such ewes with 50% chance of being a carrier, were bred (avoiding inbreeding), gave birth only to normal lambs. none of the statements support the conclusions malformations appeared in the first few weeks of the lambing season
two or more statements help in distinguishing the two possibilities
Pollen immunotherapy
•small dose of pollen allergen given to patient •sublingual or injection body habituates to allergen 2 options: -Use the product pollen gaurd that collects all the pollen to create an individualized cocktail -Honey can also serve the same function as bees carry pollen and is subject to the plants found in the area near the hive.
Taxus baccata English yew
•taxine B •in plant parts (e.g. leaves, seeds) •red aril reported edible •antagonist (inhibits) calcium and sodium channels •hypotension, cardiac arrest, death
Rice, corn, wheat and potatoes are among the world's most commonly consumed edible plants. Together, they represent _______ family/families. three one they do not belong to any family two
two
Genetic alteration in golden rice allows it to express beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A in the grain. This makes the color of the rice grain _________. Lack of vitamin A in children especially in developing countries in Africa and Asia where rice is the staple diet, leads to frequent ____________ (due to inability to regenerate their mucous membranes), blindness, and even death. yellow, infections black, muscle wasting brown, infections salmon, muscle wasting
yellow, infections
What are some types of autoimmune and inflammation diseases?
•Asthma •Celiac disease •Crohn's disease •Diabetes type I •Psoriasis •Rheumatoid arthritis
Paclitaxel
•Found in the Taxus genus plants •binds tubulin •prevents breakdown •induces apoptosis •often used in combination with other drugs
Taxus and Cancer?
•Some Taxus alkaloids are useful ANTI-CANCER AGENTS ---inhibitors of microtubule depolymerization and interfere with cell growth and duplication. •Present in low concentrations in yew trees (6 trees per patient) •They work in relatively lower doses against cancers so toxicity minor concern. •Semisynthetic approaches
What factors lead to increased risk of immune disorder?
•antibiotics at 1st week of birth •Candida overgrowth in GI tract •lower biodiversity nearby •low gammaproteobacteria skin diversity
Taxus spp. description
•common ornamental shrub/tree •often highly manicured, trimmed •Non-flowering conifer
What factors lead to decreased risk of immune disorder?
•farm living, pets, older siblings •exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharides •exposure to allergen? •breastfeeding
What are some basic info about the aconitum species
*350 species worldwide ---250 SPECIES FOUND IN WILD N.HEMISPHERE *Used in many ways by many cultures *Known as a poison (arrow) *Common causes of toxicity: -contamination -adulteration -inadequate processing of roots -large doses -mistakenly consumed instead of edible wild plants
Plant-based therapy for allergies: Urtica dioica
- The leaf (tea & alcohol extracts) of this plant has beneficial effects outline below. Produces helpful compounds such as: -------shogaol and piperine---------------------- •anti-inflammatory, anti-histamine •especially useful for allergies •e.g. allergic rhinitis, pollinosis The stinging hairs still contain acetylcholine, histamine, and serotonin. This is inflammatory. Different part, different effects!
What are some plant families that cardiac glycosides are found in?
-Apocynaceae -Plantaginaceae -Asparagaceae -Ranunculaceae
PTC protein is a negative regulator of the SMO protein. Loss of PTC protein leads to overactivation of SMO that leads to excess Hedgehog signaling responsible for many cancers. Cyclopamine inhibits SMO protein and has been shown to be useful in some pre-clinical cancer models, however it is not been useful for clinical purposes on its own due to various reasons. Therefore scientists have developed other SMO ______________ to derive clinically useful compounds to target such cancers. Agonists Antagonists Hormones Receptors
Antagonists
What family is Tylophora indica?
Apocynaceae family Remember: T. iboga, madagascar periwinkle are also in this family
What are the three different recipes for paralyzing curare arrow poisons in 3 adjoining geographic locations in South America?
Area 1: Tube Curare ---Chondrodendron tomentosum (tubocurarine) Area 2: Pot Curare ---Chondrodendron tomentosum (tubocrarine) & Strychnos spp. mixture (toxiferine) Area 3: Calabash curare ---Strychnos SPP (eg. Toxiferine)
What family is Convallaria majalis in?
Asparagaceae
Describe the case of curry killer
Lakhvinder Cheema was murdered on 27 January 2009 in Southall, West London, by his former lover, Lakhvir Kaur Singh through the use of poison derived from the Aconitum ferox plant, which contains the highly toxic alkaloid pseudaconitine. Singh became known as "The Curry Killer" due to the food to which the poison was added. The case is of note due to the cruel method of killing and the degree of premeditation, with Singh travelling to India to procure bikh poison, prepared from Aconitum ferox. Singh received a life sentence with a 23-year minimum term.
What family is Condrodendron tomentosum in?
Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek mene 'crescent moon' and sperma 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form of the dart poison curare, is derived from the South American liana Chondrodendron tomentosum. Several other South American genera belonging to the family have been used to prepare the 'pot' and calabash' forms of curare. The family contains 68 genera with some 440 species,[2] which are distributed throughout low-lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions.
Grafting is nearly impossible in ______________ due to lack of ______________ tissue. Monocots, reticulate veins Monocots, cambium Dicots, cambium Dicots, parallel veins
Monocots, cambium
Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors
Nicotinic: ---Ligand gated channels ---found on the post-synaptic membrane of >>>>>>>>>All autonomic ganglia >>>>>>>>>All neuromuscular junctions >>>>>>>>>Some CNS pathways Muscarinic: parasympathetic ---heart, smooth muscle, glands ---G protein couple receptor
What family are taxus alkaloids found in?
Taxaceae Family -Taxaceae commonly called the yew family, is a coniferous family which includes six extant and two extinct genera, and about 30 species of plants, or in older interpretations three genera and 7 to 12 species. They are many-branched, small trees and shrubs. The leaves are evergreen, spirally arranged, often twisted at the base to appear 2-ranked. They are linear to lanceolate, and have pale green or white stomatal bands on the undersides. The plants are dioecious, rarely monoecious. The male cones are 2-5 millimetres (0.079-0.197 in) long, and shed pollen in the early spring. The female 'cones' are highly reduced to a single seed. As the seed matures, a fleshy aril partly encloses it. The developmental origin of the aril is unclear, but it may represent a fused pair of swollen leaves.[1] The mature aril is brightly coloured, soft, juicy and sweet, and is eaten by birds which then disperse the hard seed undamaged in their droppings. However, the seeds are highly poisonous to humans, containing the poisons taxine and taxol.
The phenotype of cyclopic lambs reminded scientists studying the loss of function mutants of the _________________ signaling pathway which showed craniofacial abnormalities including cyclopia that they may both be caused due to a similar molecular mechanism. The phenocopy of teratogenic action of Veratrum californicum alkaloids with the above genetic mutant phenotype eventually led scientists to pinpoint the role of cyclopamine albeit with integration of multiple fields. Sonic hedgehog Wnt Notch TGFb
Sonic hedgehog
What family is strychnos spp. in?
The Loganiaceae are a family of flowering plants classified in order Gentianales. The family includes up to 13 genera, distributed around the world's tropics. There are not any great morphological characteristics to distinguish these taxa from others in the order Gentianales. Many members of the Loganiaceae are extremely poisonous, causing death by convulsion. Poisonous properties are largely due to alkaloids such as those found in Strychnos. Glycosides are also present as loganin in Strychnos.[2]
It took both genetic and chemical approaches to establish Smoothened protein (component of the Hedgehog pathway) as the direct target of Cyclopamine action. True False
True
Ontogeny and Oncogenesis are intimately related, since signaling pathways that regulate normal development, are often misregulated in cancers. True False
True
The chemical structure shown below represents beta carotene which is a precursor for vitamin A. True False
True
What family is Urtica dioica from?
Uerticaeae family The Urticaceae are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus Urtica. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including nettles in the genus Urtica, ramie, māmaki, and ajlai
Name the two sets of nerves with opposing actions on the heart
Vagus Nerve: parasympathetic, decreases heart rate. Uses acetylcholine that binds to muscarinic receptor which have these inhibitory effects. Sympathetic cardiac nerves: increase heart rate and force of contraction. Uses norepinephrine which binds to beta-1 adrenergic receptor to bring about stimulatory effects.
What plant has been associated with episodic events of Cyclopia in sheep, goats and cattle? Verbena occidentalis Veratrum californicum Allium validium Vaccinium arboreum Corydalis caseana
Veratrum californicum
What are some genus associated with Teratogens?
Veratrum, Cannabis, Nicotiana
Teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Substance that affects the fetus during pregnancy or even buring breastfeeding. Xenobiotics of the mother pass to the embryo.
Why do tropane alkaloids from deadly night shades increase heart rate?
because they act as anatagonists on muscarinic receptors which act as channels that let in pottassium ions that cause hyperpolarization----> Thus increasing heart rate
piperine
beneficial anti-inflammatory compund from the leaf of Urtica dioica
Digitalis lanata (foxglove)
contains the cardiac glycoside- Digoxin Plantaginaceae family (foxglove family)
What family is Juniperus communis in?
cupressaceae family
Which one of the following secondary metabolites, is not derived from the plant Veratrum californicum but instead derived from a fungus? cycloposine cyclopamine cyclosporine all four are derived from Veratrum californicum jervine
cyclosporine
Beta-carotene is normally expressed in the leaves of rice plant. However Golden Rice is a GMO (genetically modified organism) that is engineered, so that it can express the enzymes in the _________ tissue to make beta-carotene within it. This can be very useful to treat vitamin A deficiency associated infections and blindness in poor countries that have rice as their staple diet. roots phloem xylem endosperm
endosperm
What is anaphylactic shock? How to treat it?
extreme allergic reaction caused by excessive release of histamine •respiratory difficulty •low blood pressure •risk of death if untreated How treated? treated with epinephrine (e.g. EpiPen auto-injection) •dilates bronchioles •increase heart output
Cyclopia: all three statements are correct two of the statements are correct and one is incorrect led to the discovery of cyclopamine was noted by sheepherders was noted by the famous Greek poet Homer
all three statements are correct
shogaol
beneficial anti-inflammatory compund from the leaf of Urtica dioica
What are some terms associated with allergies?
dermatitis •inflammation of the skin rhinitis •inflammation of the nose pollinosis •inflammation caused by proteins from pollen, act as antigens
docetaxel
semi-synthetic analogue of palcitaxel
How Cardiac Glycosides work
1. binds (disables) cardiac Na+ /K+ pump 2. cellular Na+ increases 3. leads to increase in Ca2+ by Na +/Ca2+ antiport (3 Na in, 1 Ca out) 4. intracellular Ca2+ causes muscle contraction (troponin) 5. irregular, intense contractions, death treatment with atropine- stimulates heart
Nerium oleander
-Apocynaceae family -contains oleandrin, a cardiac glycoside -Nerium oleander (/ˈnɪəriəm ... / NEER-ee-əm),[1] most commonly known as oleander or nerium, is a shrub or small tree cultivated worldwide in temperate and subtropical areas as an ornamental and landscaping plant. It is the only species currently classified in the genus Nerium, belonging to subfamily Apocynoideae of the dogbane family Apocynaceae. It is so widely cultivated that no precise region of origin has been identified, though it is usually associated with the Mediterranean Basin. -Nerium grows to 2-6 m (7-20 ft) tall. It is most commonly grown in its natural shrub form, but can be trained into a small tree with a single trunk. It is tolerant to both drought and inundation, but not to prolonged frost. White, pink or red five-lobed flowers grow in clusters year-round, peaking during the summer. The fruit is a long narrow pair of follicles, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy seeds.
Strophanthus kombe
-Contains the cardiac glycoside---> g-Sthrophanthin (ouabain) -Apocynaceae family
Aconitine
-Found in Aconitum spp. -contains piperidine ring -bind to sodium channels and keep them open for longer than expected dela ying the depolarization and repolarization process --->agonist of voltage-gated Na+ channels --->keeping them open (longer) --->delaying repolarization --->weakness, numbness, vomiting, dizziness, arrhythmia, coma, death
What are some important families that have musculoskeletal paralyzing curares?
-Menispermaceae -Loganiaceae -Fabaceae
Chondrodendron tomentosum
-Menispermaceae family -tubocurarine=The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form of the dart poison curare, is derived from the South American liana Chondrodendron tomentosum.
Spirea japonica
-Spiraea japonica, the Japanese meadowsweet or Japanese spiraea, is a plant in the family Rosaceae. Synonyms for the species name are Spiraea bumalda Burv. and Spiraea japonica var. alpina Maxim. -contains the veatchine toxin which is the least toxic of the aconite alkaloid group -traditional medicine detoxified this plant of its toxins and used for treatment ----- It is considered to be a useful stomachic, being used to treat hyperacidity, heartburn, gastritis and peptic ulcers, for which it is one of the most effective plant remedies. It is also frequently used in the treatment of afflictions of the blood.
What warning would you give to a gardner or florist who is handling plants in the ranunculaceae family that might contain aconite alkaloids?
-Wear gloves, these compounds can seep into the skin when handling. -Dont use fatty hand lotions as these compounds are lipid soluble. Toxicity may be due to ability to pass through fat-containing barriers (cell membranes and skin). -Of course, do not eat them.
What is an aril?
-a fleshy seed coat that surrounds the seeds of certain fruits -Aril, accessory covering of certain seeds that commonly develops from the seed stalk, found in both angiosperms and gymnosperms
Ranunculaceae family seems to be a popular family for toxins. Name all that you have learnt so far.
-aconite alkaloids -cardiac glycosides -protoanemonin
Ouabain
-cardiac glycoside---->ouabain -this used as an arrow poison that has the potential to kill elephants ----notice that 5 membered lactone ring at the end Description: •ouabain •similar effect •incr. cardiac output (not heart rate), the strength of heart beats increases -less readily absorbed by GI tract, rapidly eliminated= That is how the hunters are still able to eat the meat. -can be used as treatment for systolic heart failure which is characterized by thin, weak, heart muscle.
Aclepias spp.
-commonly known as milkweed plant apocynaceae family -the monarch caterpillar eats this to avoid predation. Birds can't eat the toxins as they get sick. -contains cardenolides
Juniperus communis (common juniper) vs Yew- Don't confuse!
-cupressaceae family -A juniper berry is the female seed cone produced by the various species of junipers. It is not a true berry but a cone with unusually fleshy and merged scales, which gives it a berry-like appearance. The cones from a handful of species, especially Juniperus communis, are used as a spice, particularly in European cuisine, and also give gin its distinctive flavour. Juniper berries may be the only spice derived from conifers.
Eythrina spp.
-part of the fabaceae family -produces erythrinan alkaloids--> Called Erysodine -Has colorines=bright red seeds -In mexico, seeds are used as rat poison - In mexico, fish poison is made from barks and leaves Erythrina is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains about 130 species, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. They are trees, with the larger species growing up to 30 m (98 ft) in height. The generic name is derived from the Greek word ερυθρóς (erythros), meaning "red", referring to the flower color of certain species. Hummingbirds love takign nectar from this flower.
Name the three major categories of toxins that affect the heart
1. Aconite Alkaloids-Ranunculaceae 2.Taxus Alkaloids-Taxaceae 3. Cardiac Glycosides- many families
What are the 2 flavors of cardiac glycosides?
1. Cardenolide type (what we will discuss in class) 2. Bufadienolide (not discussed in class, same mechanism, used by toads and plants)
Mechanism of allergic reaction
1. Pollens enters sensitizing the immune system 2. Specific antibodies to the pollen are produced 2. Antibodies attach to mast cells found in tissues. 4. Next time the pollen enters, it attached to antibodies causing histamine and other chemicals to be released from the mast cells. 5. Allergic reaction is triggered resulting in runny eyes and nose, throat and nose itching, sneezing, nose and sinus congestion.
Tubocurarine
>>>>>Mechanism of Action: Antagonist of the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Tubocurarine binds instead of the acetylcholine and therefore no signal/depolarization occurs. >>>>>>Tubocurarine is a naturally occurring mono-quaternary alkaloid obtained from the bark of the Menispermaceous South American plant Chondrodendron tomentosum, a climbing vine known to the European world since the Spanish conquest of South America. Curare had been used as a source of arrow poison by South American natives to hunt animals, and they were able to eat the animals' contaminated flesh subsequently without any adverse effects because tubocurarine cannot easily cross mucous membranes. Thus, tubocurarine is effective only if given parenterally, as demonstrated by Bernard, who also showed that the site of its action was at the neuromuscular junction.[1] Virchow and Munter confirmed the paralyzing action was limited to voluntary muscles.
Oleandrin
A cardiac glycoside found in Nerium oleander
What are the three main aconite alkaloids?
A. Aconitine-arrythmias B. Atisine-numbness and tingling C.Veatchinine-scant knowledge; starting compounds of other alkaloids
Contrast aconite and taxus alkaloids
Aconite alkaloids: --->agonist of voltage-gated Na+ channels --->keeping them open (longer) --->delaying repolarizatio Taxus alkaloids: ----->antagonist (inhibits) calcium and sodium channels ----->No depolarization is occuring!
What is an allergen?
Allergen = antigen (e.g. a foreign protein, lipid or carbohydrate) initiates exaggerated immune response in allergies
What plant is responsible for allergies in Late Summer/Early Fall transition period?
Ambrosia artemisiifolia (ragweed, notorious for allergies)
The precautionary principle that has been laid out in the international guidelines regulating GMOs that often inadvertently stifle genuine benefits to humanity (such as in the case of Golden Rice) is equivalent to which of the following phrase: Slow and steady wins the race A bird in hand is better than two in the bush An apple a day keeps the doctor away Better safe than sorry All of the choices are applicable
Better safe than sorry
Digitoxin
Cardiac glycoside: half−life 168 h, excreted in the bile (partially as digoxin ) •used in systolic heart failure (weak left ventricle) •incr. cardiac output (not heart rate), increasing this strength helps combat this systolic heart failure -----> Digitoxin is harder to process than digoxin, and is processed in the liver than the kidney. That means kidney patients with heart failure can be given Digitoxin instead of digoxin as their damaged kidneys will not be tasked with metabolic demands. Digitoxin is a safe alternative for heart patients with kidney failure. found in the digitalis genus, plantiganaceae (foxglove) family
convallotoxin
Classified as a cardiac glycoside found in the plant Convallaria majalis
Catha edulis
Colloquially known as Khat. This plant is known for its alkaloid cathinone which is a stimulant. Could also have -CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES. -USED AS HOLIDAY ORNAMENT Celastraceae family Khat or qat (Amharic: ጫት ch'at; Oromo: Jimaa, Somali: qaad, khaad or khat, Arabic: القات al-qāt) is a flowering plant native to the East and West Hararghe zones of Ethiopia. Khat contains the alkaloid cathinone, a stimulant, which is said to cause excitement, loss of appetite, and euphoria. Among communities from the areas where the plant is native, khat chewing has a history as a social custom dating back thousands of years analogous to the use of coca leaves in South America and betel nut in Asia.[2] The World Health Organization (WHO) classified it in 1980 as a drug of abuse that can produce psychic dependence,[3] although the WHO does not consider khat addiction to be a serious problem.[2] The legality of khat varies by region. In many countries, khat might not be a specifically controlled substance but may nevertheless be illegal under more general laws. It is a specifically controlled substance in some countries including Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. By contrast, the production, sale, and consumption are legal in the nations where its use is traditional of those cultures, including Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Yemen.[4] In Israel, which hosts a population of Yemenite Jews, only the consumption of the plant's leaves in its natural state is permitted
Dietary Allergies: Triticum aestivum
Common name is wheat. Poaeceae family Can be the cause of gluten hypersensitivity (celiac Disease). Cotains gluten protein (prolamin). Digested only partially and the proline and glutamines left over can cause problems.
What toxin that we have learnt so far in the semester affects the smooth muscle?
Ergot alkaloids--> gangrene, abortion, induce contractions, tighten blood vessels to reduce post-partum hemhorrage.
What is the trend observed in the last several decades in regards to infectious diseases and immune disorders?
Immune disorders increasing infectious diseases decreasing
What family is Arachis Hypogea in?
Fabaceae (pea) family. Look at the irregular shaped flower with keel. The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and agriculturally important family of flowering plants. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, which are easily recognized by their fruit (legume) and their compound, stipulate leaves. Many legumes have characteristic flowers and fruits. The family is widely distributed, and is the third-largest land plant family in number of species, behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae, with about 765 genera and nearly 20,000 known species
What family is Quercus spp. part of?
Fagaceae Fagaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes beeches, chestnuts and oaks, and comprises eight genera with about 927 species.[2] Fagaceae in temperate regions are mostly deciduous, whereas in the tropics, many species occur as evergreen trees and shrubs. They are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of cup-like (cupule) nuts. Their leaves are often lobed and both petioles and stipules are generally present. Their fruits lack endosperm and lie in a scaly or spiny husk that may or may not enclose the entire nut, which may consist of one to seven seeds. In the oaks, genus Quercus, the fruit is a non-valved nut (usually containing one seed) called an acorn
Genetically modified organisms or GMOs were first created in middle ages by crossing two favourable cultivars of a cereal crop to one another. True False
False
In the Cartagena Protocol of 2000 (an inter-national agreement on biosafety), legislation allows countries to restrict, postpone, or ban any product or technology only after offering solid evidence that the item poses a threat or danger as grave as the case of Chernobyl (for nuclear energy) or Thalidomide (for pharmaceuticals). True False
False
To create golden rice, the researchers used open source, freely available information for genetic constructs and Agrobacterium vector and they did not have any intellectual property issues to navigate prior to beginning the project. True False
False
Veratrum californicum is a plant in the Melanthiaceae family and is closely related to the Meliaceae family. True False
False
What are the 2 important and closely related families in the Pinales order?
Family -Cupressaceae: Juniperus L. -Taxaceae: Taxus L.
Digoxin
Found in the digitalis genus, classified as a cardenolide --notice that five membered lactone ring at the end •used in systolic heart failure (weak left ventricle) •incr. cardiac output (not heart rate), increasing this strength helps combat this systolic heart failure •reduces hospitalizations -Relatively easier to metabolize but is rapidly excreted after being processed by the kidney
Apocynaceae (Dogbane Family)
Identification: Milky sap Whorled petals (look like a pinwheel) Stigma united into clavuncle Info: -5000 spp. -Most toxic to some degree -Some produce cardioactive steroids, cardenolides -Others produce monoterpene indole alkaloids with nervous system effects
Strychnos spp.
Paralyzing curares : Toxiferine (similar to tubocurarine) >>>>>Mechanism of Action: Antagonist of the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Toxiferine binds instead of the acetylcholine and therefore no signal/depolarization occurs Another toxin in some speciese---> Strychnos nux vomica ===>>Strychnine (spasms/convulsions)(different mechanism of action)
Dietary Allergies: Arachis hypogaea
Peanut can cause severe allergies. Some individuals need epi-pen. Ara h 1 protein (vicillin)
Adonis spp.
Pheasant's eye Ranunculaceae family Contains cardiac glycosides
What family is Triticum aestivum?
Poaceae
What plant is responsible for allergies in summer and fall?
Poaceae Family (grass family)
What plant is responsible for allergies in spring?
Quercus spp.
What are some famous genus associated with aconite alkaloids?
Ranunculaeae (buttercup/dogbane family)--> aconitum genus Rosaceae fmaily---> Spirea japonica
What family is Spirea japonica in?
Rosaceae
Specific warnings in the consumption of Nerium oleander!
Whole plant is toxic, fresh or dried. Smoke of the plant is also toxic Use of its sticks to stir can also be harmful
Strychnine
a direct antagonist for the glycine receptor. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that causes hyperpolarization. It causes chloride channels to release Cl- into the cell to cause an IPSP. Strychnine stops this. This causes too much activiety in neurons that causes spasms and convulsions. The activity is so much that the patient dies from exhaustion and the diaphragm collapsing from the constant spasms and stress. -Found in the strychnos spp. Textbook Explanation: Glycine acts primarily as an agonist of the glycine receptor, which is a ligand-gated chloride channel in neurons located in the spinal cord and in the brain. This chloride channel will allow the negatively charged chloride ions into the neuron, causing a hyperpolarization which pushes the membrane potential further from threshold. Strychnine is an antagonist of glycine; it binds noncovalently to the same receptor, preventing the inhibitory effects of glycine on the postsynaptic neuron. Therefore, action potentials are triggered with lower levels of excitatory neurotransmitters. When the inhibitory signals are prevented, the motor neurons are more easily activated and the victim will have spastic muscle contractions, resulting in death by asphyxiation
Expression of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in genetically modified plants is intended to mainly protect plants from: viral cankers insect pests fungal diseases none of the choices bacterial infections
insect pests
How was it actually determined that Veratrum californicum was indeed responsible for causing monkey faced lambs? isolating compounds from the plant using chromatography from observation of side effects of use in traditional medicine isolating compounds from the plant using chromatography and testing for teratogenicity observing teratogenic effects of the plant derived compounds
isolating compounds from the plant using chromatography and testing for teratogenicity
