Medical Terminology - Chapter 4 - Musculoskeletal System

comminuted fracture

fracture in which bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into many small pieces or fragments

pelv/o

pelvis

phalang/o

phalanges

chondroma

tumor, usually benign, that forms in cartilage

dis-

apart

circum-

around

scoli/o

crooked

arthralgia

joint pain

-kinesia

movement

epi-

above

anti-

against

chiropractic

healthcare profession, spine and musculoskeletal system with intention of affection nervous system and improving health

herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

herniation of protrusion of an intervertebral disk; also called herniated disk or ruptured disk. may require surgery

-trophic

pertaining to development

-logic

pertaining to study of

osteomalacia

softening of bones caused by deficiency of calcium. it is thought to be caused by insufficient sunlight and vitamin D in children

orth/o

straight

-ectomy

surgical removal

tend/o

tendon

tendin/o

tendon

extens/o

to stretch out

-asthenia

weakness

intra-

within

kyphosis

abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine. also known as hunchback or humpback.

-ion

action

prosthet/o

addition

ab-

away from

pod/o

foot

oblique fracture

fracture at an angle to the bone

pathologic fracture

fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone

impacted fracture

fracture in which bone fragments are pushed into each other

compound fracture

fracture in which bone has broken through the skin (open fracture)

spiral fracture

fracture in which the fracture line spirals around the shaft of the bone. can be caused by a twisting injury and is often slower to heal than other types of fractures

greenstick fracture

fracture in which there is an incomplete break; one side of bone is broken and the other side is bent. this type of fracture is commonly found in children due to their softer and more pliable bone structure

humer/o

humerus

kyph/o

hump

ili/o

ilium

-blast

immature

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa

synovitis

inflammation of synovial membrane

lumb/o

loin (low back between ribs and pelvis)

Ewing's sarcoma

malignant growth found in shaft of long bones that spreads through periosteum. removal is treatment of choice because this tumor will metastasize or spread to other organs

muscul/o

muscle

my/o

muscle

myos/o

muscle

-stenosis

narrowing

cervic/o

neck

crepitation

noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together in conditions such as arthritis. Also called crepitus

non-

not

cortic/o

outer layer

e-

outward

ex-

outward

patell/o

patella

-scopic

pertaining to visually examining

-porosis

porous

-graphy

process of recording

pub/o

pubis

-centesis

puncture to withdraw fluid

-gram

record

burs/o

sac

crani/o

skull

-listhesis

slipping

condromalacia

softening of the cartilage

plant/o

sole of foot

spin/o

spine

stern/o

sternum

ankyl/o

stiff joint

-plasty

surgical repair

synov/o

synovial membrane

synovi/o

synovial membrane

tars/o

tarsus

ten/o

tendon

callus

the mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during its healing

per-

through

tibi/o

tibia

flex/o

to bend

duct/o

to bring

-desis

to fuse

rotat/o

to revolve

-clasia

to surgically break

vers/o

to turn

-tonia

tone

ad-

toward

myeloma

tumor that forms in bone marrow tissue

osteochondroma

tumor, usually benign, that consists of both bone and cartilage tissue

uln/o

ulna

sub-

under

vertebr/o

vertebra

spondyl/o

vertebrae

metatars/o

metatarsus

-scopy

process of visually examining

-genic

producing

radi/o

radius; ray (X-ray)

cost/o

rib

sacr/o

sacrum

scapul/o

scapula

myel/o

bone marrow, spinal cord

maxill/o

maxilla

osteoporosis

decrease in bone mass producing a thinning and weakening of the bone with resulting fractures. the bone becomes more porous, especially in the spine and pelvis

rickets

deficiency in calcium and vitamin D found in early childhood that results in bone deformities, esp bowed legs

-pathy

disease

Bones

Called osseous tissue, are one of the hardesst materials in the body. Bones are formed from a gradual process before birth called ossification. The first model of the skeleton, made of cartilage, is formed in the fetus. Osteoblasts, immature bone cells, gradually replace the cartilage with bone. In a fully adult bone, the osteoblasts have matured into osteocytes that work to maintain the bone. The formation of strong bones is greatly dependent on an adequate supply of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

Bone and Skeleton

Each bone is unique: carries its own blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. When bones are connected to each other, it forms skeleton. Skeleton protects vital organs and stores minerals. Bone marrow is the site of blood cell production. A joint is the place where two bones meet and are held together by ligaments. This gives flexibility to the skeleton. The skeleton, joints, and muscles work together to produce movement.

Joints

Joints are formed when two or more bones meet. This is also referred to as an articulation. There are three types of joints based on the amount of movement allowed between the bones: synovial joints, cartilaginous joints, and fibrous joints. Most joints are freely moving synovial joints, which are enclosed by an elastic joint capsule. The joint capsule is lined with synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint. As noted earlier, the ends of bones in a synovial joint are covered by a layer of articular cartilage. Cartilage is very tough, but still flexible. It withstands high levels of stress to act as a shock absorber for the joint and prevents bone from rubbing against bone. Cartilage is found in several other areas of the body, such as the nasal septum, external ear, eustachian tube, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and intervertebral disks. Example of synovial joint is the ball-and-socket joint found at the shoulder and hip. The ball rotating in the socket allows for a wide range of motion. Bands of strong connective tissue called ligaments bind bones together at the joint. Some synovial joints contain a bursa, which is a saclike structure composed of connective tissue and lined with synovial membrane. Most commonly found between bones and ligaments or tendons, bursas function to reduce friction. Some common bursa locations are the elbow, knee, and shoulder joints. Not all joints are freely moving. Fibrous joints allow almost no movement since the ends of the bones are jointed by thick fibrous tissue, which may even fuse into solid bone. The sutures of the skull are an example of a fibrous joint. Cartilaginous joints allow for slight movement but hold bones firmly in place by a solid piece of cartilage. An example of this type of joint is the public symphysis, the point at which the left and right public bones meet in the front of the lower abdomen.

Types of Bones

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Long bones are longer than they are wide (femur and humerus). Short bones are roughly as long as they are wide (carpals and tarsals). Irregular bones receives their name because the shape of the bones are very irregular (the vertebrae are irregular bones). Flat bones are usually plate-shaped bones such as the sternum, scapulae, and pelvis. Majority is long bones who have similar structure with a central shaft or diaphysis that widens at each end, which is called an epiphysis. Each epiphysis is covered by a layer of cartilage called articular cartilage to prevent bone from rubbing directly on bone. The remaining surface of each bone is covered with a thin connective tissue membrane called the periosteum, which contains numerous blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. The dense and hard exterior surface bone is called cortical or compact bone. Cancellous or spongy bone is found inside the bone. As its name indicates, spongy bone has spaces in it, giving it a spongelike appearance. These spaces contain red bone marrow, which manufactures most of the blood cells and is found in some parts of all bones. The center of the diaphysis contains an open canal called the medullary cavity. Early in life, this cavity also contains red bone marrow, but as we age, the red bone marrow of the medullary cavity gradually converts to yellow bone marrow, which consists primarily of fat cells.

Bone Projections and Depressions

Some are rounded and smooth in order to articulate with another bone in a joint. Others are rough to provide muscles with attachment points. The general term for any bony projection is a process. Then there are specific terms to describe the different shapes and locations of carious processes. Some of the common bony process include the following: The head is a large, smooth, ball-shaped end on a long bone. It may be separated from the body or shaft of the bone by a narrow area called the neck. A condyle refers to a smooth, rounded portion at the end of a bone. The epicondyle is a projection located above or on a condyle. The trochanter refers to a large rough process for the attachment of a muscle. A tubercle is a small, rough process the provides the attachment for the tendons and muscles. The tuberosity is a large, rough process that provides the attachment of tendons and muscles. Sinus: a hallow cavity within a bone. Foramen: a smooth, round opening for nerves and blood vessels. Fossa: consists of a shallow cavity or depression on the surface of a bone. Fissue: a slit-type opening.

Skeleton

Two divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. Axial Skeleton includes the bones of the head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk of the body. These bones form the central axis for the whole body and protect many of the internal organs such as the brain, lungs, and heart. The head or skull is divided into two parts consisting of the cranium and facial bones. These bones surround and protect the brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral cavity from injury. The muscles for chewing and moving the head are attached to the cranial bones. The cranium encases the brain and consists of the frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital bones. The facial bones surround the mouth, nose, and eyes, and include the mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, vomer, palatine, nasal, and lacrimal bones. The hyoid bone is a single U-shaped bone suspended in the neck between the mandible and larynx. It is a point of attachment for swallowing and speech muscles. The trunk of the body consists of the vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage. The vertebral or spinal column is divided into five sections: cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx. Located between each pair of vertebrae, from the cervical through the lumbar regions, is an intervertebral disk. Each disk is composed of fibrocartilage to provide a cushion between the vertebrae. The rib cage has 12 pairs of ribs attached at the back to the vertebral column. Ten of the pairs are also attached to the sternum in the front. The lowest two pairs are called floating ribs and are attached only to the vertebral column. The rib cage serves to provide support for organs, such as the heart and lungs. Appendicular Skeleton Consists of the pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities. These are the bones for our appendages or limbs and along with the muscles attached to them, they are responsible for body movement. The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula bones. It functions to attach the upper extremity, or arm, to the axial skeleton by articulating with the sternum anteriorly and the vertebral column posteriorly. The bones of the upper extremity include the humerus, ulna, radius, carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges. The pelvic girdle is called the os coxae or the innominate bone or hipbone. It contains the ilium, ischium, and pubis. It articulates with the sacrum posteriorly to attach the lower extremity, or leg, to the axial skeleton. The lower extremity bones include the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges.

fracture

a broken bone

Colles' fracture

a common type of wrist fracture

Paget's disease

a fairly common metabolic disease of the bone from unknown causes. it usually attacks middle=aged and older adults and is characterized by bone destruction and deformity. named for sir james paget, a british surgeon

stress fracture

a slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces, like running, rather than a single forceful impact.

lord/o

bent backward

inter-

between

oste/o

bone

ostealgia

bone pain

exostosis

bony, outward projection from the surface of a bone; also called bone spur

orthopedics

branch of medicine, musculoskeletal system, aka orthopedic surgery, physician is an orthopedist or orthopedic surgeon.

transverse fracture

complete fracture is straight across bone at right angles to long axis of bone

carp/o

carpus

chondr/o

cartilage

pector/o

chest

thorac/o

chest

ped/o

child; foot

clavicul/o

clavicle

coccyg/o

coccyx

hyper-

excessive

pseudo-

false

femor/o

femur

fibr/o

fibers

fasci/o

fibrous band

fibul/o

fibula

closed fracture

fracture in which there is no open skin wound; simple fracture

compression fracture

fracture involving loss of height of a vertebral body. may result from trauma, but in older people, esp women, it may be caused by conditions like osteoporosis

osteopathy

general term for bone disease

prosthetics

healthcare profession, artificial body parts, prosthetist

podiatry

healthcare profession, disorders of feet and lower legs, podiatrist

orthotics

healthcare profession, orthopedic appliances such as braces and splints, orthotist

ankylosing spondylitis

inflammatory spinal condition resembling rheumatoid arthritis and results in gradual stiffening and fusion of the vertebrae. more common in men than in women

medull/o

inner region

-scope

instrument for viewing

-tome

instrument to cut

hypo-

insufficient

ischi/o

ischium

arthr/o

joint

articul/o

joint

lamin/o

lamina (part of vertebra)

mandibul/o

mandible

poly-

many

-iatry

medical treatment

metacarp/o

metacarpus

osteogenic sarcoma

most common type of bone cancer. usually begins in osteocytes found at ends of long bones

kinesi/o

movement