Medical Terminology Chapter 6 PART TWO

What do the organs of the lymphatic system do?

1. collect excess tissue fluid throughout the body and return it to the circulatory system. 2. Works with the immune system to form the groups of cells, tissues, organs, and molecules that serve as the body's primary defense against the invasion of pathogens. -systems work together defending the body against foreign invaders and substances, as well as removing our own cells that have become diseased.

What are the three sets of tonsils?

1. palatine tonsils 2. pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) 3. lingual tonsils

Hodgkin's disease

Also called Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer of the lymphatic cells found in concentration in the lymph nodes.

acquired immonodeficiency syndrom [AIDS]

Disease involving a defect in the cell-mediated immunity system. A syndrome of opportunistic infections occurring in the final stages of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This virus attacks T4 lymphocytes and destroys them, reducing the person's ability to fight infection.

severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS)

Disease seen in children born with a non-functioning immune system. Often these children are forced to live in sealed sterile rooms.

AIDS-related complex (ARC)

Early stage of AIDS. There is a positive test for the virus, but only mild symptoms of weight loss, fatigue, skin rash, and anorexia

Iatrogenic Diseases

Hospital mistakes

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus

What are the two processes of the immune response?

Humoral immunity (anti-body mediated immunity) and cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity).

lymphadenitis

Inflammation of the lymph nodes. Referred to as swollen glands.

Where is the spleen located and what is it composed of?

LUQ. consists of lymphatic tissue that is highly infiltrated with blood vessels.

Is the lymphatic system a low or high pressure system in the vessels?

Low pressure, so these vessels have valves along their length to ensure that lymph can only move forward toward the thoracic cavity.

Are the lymphatic vessels closed in a loop like the circulatory system?

No, instead they serve as one-way pipes conducting lymph from the tissues toward the thoracic cavity.

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system consists of a network of lymph vessels that pick up excess tissue fluid, cleanse it, and return it to the circulatory system. It also picks up fats that have been absorbed by the digestive system. The immune system fights disease and infection.

Are lymph nodes concentrated to specific regions?

Yes.

pathology

a branch of medicine concerned with determining the underlying causes and development of diseases. physician called a pathologist.

immunology

a branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases and other disorders of the immune system. Physician called an immunologist.

lymphadenopathy

a general term for lymph node diseases

Corticosteroids

a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that has very strong anti-inflammatory properties. Particularly useful in treating autoimmune diseases. Prednisone, Solu-Medrol

allergist

a physician who specializes in testing for and treating allergies

Immune Response

a series of mechanisms all geared to neutralize the agent.

Humoral immunity

a series of mechanisms all geared to neutralize the agent. , also called B cells, which respond to antigens by producing a protective protein, called an antibody, (also called immunoglobulin). Antibodies combine with the antigen to form an antigen-antibody complex. This complex either targets the foreign substance for phagocytosis or prevents the infectious agent from damaging healthy cells.

lymphangioma

a tumor in a lymphatic vessel

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

mononucleosis

acute infectious disease with a large number of abnormal mononuclear lymphocytes. Caused by Epstein-Barr virus. Abnormal liver function may occur.

adenoid/o

adenoids

When does the thymus begin to shrink?

after adolescence

Natural immunity

also called innate immunity. is not specific to a particular disease and does not require prior exposure to the pathogenic agent. ex. macrophage.

splenomegaly

an enlarged spleen

Lymph Glands

another name for lymph nodes. house lymphocytes and antibodies and therefore work to remove pathogens and cell debris as lymph passes through them on its way back to the thoracic cavity. - Also serve to trap and destroy cells from cancerous tumors.

hives

appearance of wheals as part of an allergic reaction

Lymph nodes

are small organs composed of lymphatic tissue located along the route of the lymphatic vessels.

Immunizations/ Vaccinations

are special types of active acquired immunity. Instead of actually being exposed to the infectious agent and having the disease, a person is exposed to a modified or weakened pathogen that is still capable of stimulating the immune response but not actually causing the disease.

Sites for lymph nodes: Axillary

armpits. drain arms and shoulder region; cancer cells from breasts may be present.

axill/o

axilla, underarm

immunosuppressant

block certain actions of the immune system. Required to prevent rejection of a transplant organ. CellCept, Neoral

Antihistamines

blocks the effects of histamine released by the body during an allergic reaction. Zyrtec, Benadryl

Monospot

blood test for infectious mononucleosis

immunity

body's ability to defend itself against pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, toxins, and cancerous tumors.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

cancer of the lymphatic tissues other than Hodgkin's lymphoma

What does thymosin do?

change lymphocytes to T lymphocytes, (simply called T cells), which play an important role in the immune response.

Sites for lymph nodes: Mediastinal

chest. drain chest cavity.

spleen simplified

cleanses blood and removes old red blood cells

lymph node simplified

cleanses lymph fluid

Tonsil Facts

contain a large number of leukocytes and act as filters to protect the body from invasion of pathogens through the digestive or respiratory systems. This is an non vital organ.

Active Acquired Immunity

develops following direct exposure to the pathogenic agent. The agent stimulates the body's immune response, a series of mechanisms all geared to neutralize the agent.

Sarcoidosis

disease of unknown cause that forms fibrous lesions commonly appearing in the lymph nodes, liver, skin, lungs, spleen, eyes, and small bones of the hands and feet.

autoimmune disease

disease resulting from body's immune system attacking its own cells as if they were pathogens. Ex. lupus, RA, MS

Thoracic duct

drains lymph from the rest of the body and empties into the left subclavian vein.

Right lymphatic duct

drains the right arm and the right side of the head, neck, and chest. Then empties lymph into the right subclavian vein.

lymphedema

edema appearing in the extremities due to an obstruction of the lymph flow through the lymphatic vessels.

Spleen functions

filters out and destroys old red blood cells, recycles the iron, and also stores some of the blood supply for the body.

Lymph

fluid once inside the lymphatic vessels.

Antigen

foreign proteins from a pathogenic agent, are what stimulates an immune response.

Scratch test

form of allergy testing in which the body is exposed to an allergen through a light scratch on the skin.

Kaposi's sarcoma

form of skin cancer frequently seen in patients with AIDS. It consists of brownish-purple papules that spread from the skin and metastasize to internal organs.

GVHD

graft vs. host disease

inguin/o

groin region

Sites for lymph nodes: Inguinal

groin. drain legs and lower pelvis

immunocompromised

having an immune system that is unable to respond properly to pathogens. Also called immunodeficiency disorder.

nosocomial infection

hospital acquired infection

allergy

hypersensitivity to a common substance in the environment or to a medication. The substance causing the allergic reaction is called an allergen.

Ig

immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

in 1987 they issued mandatory guidelines to ensure that all employees at risk of exposure to body fluids are provided with personal protective equipment.

opportunistic infections

infectious diseases associated with patients who have compromised immune systems and therefore a lowered resistance to infections and parasites. May be the result of HIV infection.

adenoiditis

inflammation of the adenoids

tonsillitis

inflammation of the tonsils

Elephantiasis

inflammation, obstruction, and destruction of the lymph vessels resulting in enlarged tissues due to edema.

protease inhibitor drugs

inhibit protease, an enzyme viruses need to reproduce. Crixivan, Fortovase

reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs

inhibits reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed by viruses to reproduce. Epivir, Retrovir

Cellular Immunity

involves production of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. These defense cells are called cytotoxic, meaning that they physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells.

anaphylactic shock

life-threatening condition resulting from a severe allergic reaction. may include bee stings, medication, or ingestion of foods. Circulatory and respiratory issues occur, including respiratory distress, hypotension, edema, tachycardia, and convulsions.

phagocytic macrophages

line the blood sinuses in the spleen to engulf and remove pathogens

lymph/o

lymph

lymphaden/o

lymph node

What are the primary structures that comprise the lymphatic and immune system?

lymph nodes lymphatic vessels spleen thymus gland tonsils

lymphangi/o

lymph vessel

lacteal

lymph vessels located around the small intestines. Function: tumor of the thymus gland

Where do lymphatic vessels drain?

lymphatic ducts. -right lymphatic duct OR -the thoracic duct

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, the thymus gland, and the tonsils.

What are the two forms of immunity?

natural and acquired

Thymus simplified

necessary for development of immune system

Sites for lymph nodes: Cervical

neck. drain head and neck; may be enlarged during upper respiratory infections

Is the spleen a vital organ?

no. however without the spleen, a person's susceptibility to a bloodstream infection may be increased.

nucle/o

nucleus

Self-inoculation

occurs when a person becomes infected in a different part of the body by a pathogen from another part of his or her own body.

Cross-infection

occurs when a person, either a patient or healthcare worker, acquires a pathogen from another patient or healthcare worker.

lymphatic

pertaining to lymph

lymphangial

pertaining to lymph vessels

-toxic

pertaining to poison

inguinal

pertaining to the groin region

splenic

pertaining to the spleen

thymic

pertaining to the thymus gland

tonsillar

pertaining to the tonsils

axillary

pertaining to the underarm region

pneumocystis pneumonia

pneumonia common in patients with weakened immune systems, such as AIDS patients, caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci fungus.

immun/o

protection

tonsil simplified

protects against pathogens in the pharynx

-globulin

protein

lymphadenectomy

removal of a lymph node. this is usually done to test for malignancy

graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

serious complication of one marrow transplant (graft). Immune cells from the donor bone marrow attack the recipient's (host's) tissues.

urticaria

severe itching associated with hives, usually seen in allergic reactions to food, stress, or medications.

lymphatic capillaries

smallest lymph vessels; collect excessive tissue fluid

splen/o

spleen

adenoidectomy

surgical removal of the adenoids

splenectomy

surgical removal of the spleen

thymectomy

surgical removal of the thymus gland

tonsillectomy

surgical removal of the tonsils

-edema

swelling

Reinfection

takes place when a patient becomes infected again with the same pathogen that originally brought him or her to the hospital.

acquired immunity

the body's response to a specific pathogen and may be established either passively or actively.

inflammation

the tissues' response to injury from pathogens or physical agents; characterized by redness, pain, swelling, and feeling hot to touch.

How are pathogenic agents recognized in the body?

they display proteins that are different from a person's own natural protein.

thym/o

thymus gland

Thymosin

thymus gland hormone

-phage

to eat

tonsill/o

tonsils

lymphatic vessel simplified

transports lymph fluid

lymphoma

tumor in a lyphmhatic vessel

thymoma

tumor of the thymus gland

Where is the thymus gland located and what does it do?

upper portion of the mediastinum. Essential for the proper development of the immune system. Assists the body with the immune function and the development of antibodies.

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

virus that causes AIDS; also known as a retrovirus

Passive Acquired immunity

when a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animal. This may take the form of material antibodies crossing the placenta to a baby or an antitoxin or gamma globulin injection.