Memory AP Progress Check 23 24

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory? A Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmate. B Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions. C Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying. D Dina could not remember the name of her second-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher's name suddenly came to her. E Glenn vividly remembered the details of a car crash he was involved in, but he remembered very little about the rest of the day.

Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.

Professor Belvedere wants to help her anatomy students memorize the names of different parts of the body. Which of the following techniques will best help her students? A Teaching them a rhyme for each word B Asking them questions about the meaning of each word C Writing the words in different fonts and having the students think about the font that each word is printed in D Writing the words in different colors and having the students think about the color that each word is printed in E Having them write sentences where each word of the sentence starts with the same letter as one of the parts of the body

Asking them questions about the meaning of each word

Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference? A After a car accident, Serena can no longer form new memories, though she can still remember things that happened before the accident. B Alexis believes that because she has played the lottery many times without winning, she is more likely to win than someone who has never played before. C Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss. D Raj just bought a new phone and keeps trying to turn it on by pushing the wrong button because the button is in the place where the on button was on his old phone. E Lina is trying to find a solution to a problem but is unable to see how the available tools could be used in a different way.

Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss.

When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo's performance? A Sensory memory, because he is activating information about his sensory experiences of fruit. B The spacing effect, because he is going through the list multiple times. C Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory. D Single-trial learning, because he goes through the lists only one time. E Flashbulb memories, because Gustavo has vivid memories of fruit and that helps him remember.

Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory.

Which of the following psychologists is most strongly associated with research on false memories? A Elizabeth Loftus B Noam Chomsky C Ernst Heinrich Weber D Jean Piaget E Mary Ainsworth

Elizabeth Loftus

Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation? A Gabriel is anxious about the test, so he distracts himself by playing video games. B Marcus does not study until the night before the test, when he studies for eight hours straight. C Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam. D Sharon does not study for the test, but she pays close attention, asks lots of questions, and takes good notes during class. E Mario studies by repeating his class notes to himself multiple times.

Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.

Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect? A Marcus used to use words he knew were bad because his parents would pay attention to him whenever he did. When his parents learned to stop giving him attention in response to the bad words, he stopped using them for a few months. A few months later, though, he suddenly started using the bad words again. B Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment. C Rodrigo did not like the taste of coffee at first, but after drinking it every day for a while, he started liking it more. D After listening to a long list of words, Peter remembers the words that occurred near the end of the list more than the ones he heard earlier in the list. E When watching a video of a mouth saying the word "bag" while the word "gag" is played over speakers, Charlotte hears a word that sounds somewhere between the two words.

Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment.

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves A retrieval B storage C rehearsal D encoding E transfer

Encoding

An individual's ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kinds of memory? A Semantic B Flashbulb C Procedural D Priming E Episodic

Episodic

A teenager would most probably draw on which of the following to recall her tenth birthday party? A Episodic memory B Semantic memory C Echoic memory D Eidetic imagery E State-dependent learning

Episodic memory

Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve? A Laurence studied for his first Spanish test by sitting down and cramming for two hours, and he studied for his second Spanish test by spacing out his studying for 30 minutes over the course of a week. He did better on the second test than the first. B Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. C When Ruth first moves to a new country, she keeps trying to use customs from her old country. Over time, she adjusts to her new country's ways. D Marsha remembers only information that agrees with her current understanding and ignores everything else. E Beatriz tells a story that she heard from a friend, but she cannot remember who told her the story.

Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.

After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect? A How fast were the cars going when the accident occurred? B How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? C What can you tell me about what you saw? D What did the cars look like? E Were there other people around who witnessed the accident?

How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions? A Sensory memory, because Catherine did not pair the word with one of her senses to remember it the next day. B Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory. C Retrieval, because though Catherine probably stored the memory, it was difficult for her to retrieve it. D State-dependent memory, because Catherine was too anxious to perform well. E Context-dependent memory, because Catherine did not study the word in a variety of locations.

Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory.

Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus? A Remembering events specific to one's life B Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood C Using short-term memory to recreate a picture when drawing a copy of the picture D Rehearsing a fact to remember it for a short period of time E Becoming classically conditioned

Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood

Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect? A Mnemonic B Primacy C Recency D Secondary E Clustering

Primacy

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy? A Chunking B Long-term potentiation C Semantic encoding D Self-reference E Imagery

Semantic encoding

Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall? A Letitia uses a mnemonic device to help her remember the names of all the lobes of the brain. B Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair. C Evelyn studies a list of words and is later asked to list all of the words that were on the list. D To help her remember what she needs from the grocery store, Marjorie imagines walking through her kitchen and visualizing what is missing. E Kumail scores well on a multiple-choice quiz because he recognizes all of the correct answers when he sees them.

Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair.

A person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following? A Encoding failure B Social facilitation C Retrograde amnesia D Repression E The serial position effect

The serial position effect

When rehearsal of incoming information is prevented, which of the following will most likely occur? A The information will remain indefinitely in short-term memory. B There will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory. C The sensory register will stop processing the information. D Retrieval of the information from long-term memory will be easier. E Information already in long-term memory will be integrated with the incoming information.

There will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory.

Which of the following best describes the primacy effect? A When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence B When people have better recall of things that occur at the end of a sequence C When people who know very little about a subject tend to be overly confident about how much they know about that subject, while people who know a great deal about the subject tend to downplay their knowledge about that subject D When people state that things that have happened to them recently occur more frequently than they actually do E When people tend to rely too heavily on the first piece of information they get when making decisions

When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence

John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe A anterograde amnesia B Broca's aphasia C cue-dependent forgetting D selective amnesia E retroactive interference

anterograde amnesia

When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are A at the beginning of the list B at the end of the list C in the middle of the list D hardest to pronounce E easiest to spell

in the middle of the list

The cerebellum is most directly involved in A forming emotional memories B forming explicit and spatial memories C judgment, higher-order cognition, and personality D sensory processing and relaying E motor learning

motor learning

Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as A declarative B semantic C sensory D procedural E repressed

procedural

The difference between divided attention and selective attention is that divided attention A requires more automatic processing than selective attention does B is used primarily in simple tasks, whereas selective attention is used primarily in complex tasks C is related to the development of reading skills in children, whereas selective attention is not D is more highly correlated with intelligence than selective attention is E is related only to auditory processing, whereas selective attention is related only to visual processing

requires more automatic processing than selective attention does