Memory Exam 1: Chapter 1-4, 13

The finding that most forgetting occurs shortly after learning and that the rate of forgetting declined over time was reported by

A. Ebbinghaus

First date scenario: Lai has been eating with chopsticks since she was a toddler. Johan is encountering chopsticks for the first time and is determined to use them and not to drop food in his lap. _______ ________be able to converse easily because _____

A. Lai will; her use of chopsticks has become automatic B. Johan will not; he will be focusing on acquiring a new perceptual motor skill.

In a memory experiment, Janelle is given two lists of 15 words: names of flowers and names of birds. After the initial presentation of the lists, she is repeatedly cued for retrieval of half of the flower names, with cues like "dai_ _", "daff_ _ _ _", "or _ _ _ _". She does not practice remembering the uncued flower names or the bird names. After a break, she is asked to recall all of the words she initially saw. How will she do?

A. She will remember more of the cued flower names than of the bird names and more of the bird names than of the uncued flower names.

The orienting system, in the Petersen & Posner model, includes

A. a dorsal top-down network that includes the parietal cortex and frontal eye fields C. two networks D. a ventral bottom up network important for disengaging attention from one location and shifting it to another

"Habit slips" occur when

A. a habitual behavior occurs though it is not appropriate to the situation

Which study schedule is likely to be more effective for long-term retention of material?

A. an hour of study in a subject and 15 minutes of self-testing/review, every day, five days a week

Bartlett's approach to the study of memory was experimental and included

A. asking subjects to draw and name, from memory, a list of objects that had been shown as line drawings B. asking subjects to describe a list of faces from memory D. Asking subjects to write down, from memory, a story or argument that they had read in the past

An alternative to the Baddeley and Hitch model of working memory suggests that what Baddely and Hitch call working memory is

A. attention on activated information in LTM

In Fitt's cognitive stage of skill acquisition, performance is

A. based on following rules that can be stated

Baddeley argued that the capacity of the phonological loop developed over evolutionary time

A. because it made language acquisition easier

Which of these is an example of a cognitive skill?

A. diagnosing engine problems

Very recent research suggests that the cortical expansion known to occur as high levels of skill performance develop may result from

A. increased numbers of synaptic connections C. generation of new oligodendrocytes D. increased myelination of neurons by the new oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes participate in skill and habit learning by

A. increasing myelination of axons activated in performance of a skill or habit

Meta-memory

A. is subject to bias such as overconfidence

Explicit or declarative memory

A. is usually expressible in language, in mature humans B. refers both to memory for personal experiences and for facts C. is usually at least potentially available for deliberate retrieval and recall

The alerting system is part of the reticular activating system. It consists of the brain nucleus known as _________ and its projections throughout the brain.

A. locus coeruleus

Some children can read aloud fluently, but have difficulty with reading comprehension. The most likely explanation is

A. low working memory span

The current depiction of attention includes three systems:

A. orienting, executive control, and vigilance systems

Bella studies half of the countries of Europe, but not the other half. When tested on her knowledge of European countries, Bella is likely to show

A. part-set cueing; she'll remember those countries she studied well, but will retrieve the remaining half worse than if she had not studied.

Explicit or declarative memory

A. refers both to memory for personal experiences and for facts B. is usually at least potentially available for deliberate retrieval and recall D. is usually expressible in language, in mature humans

State dependency effects and mood dependency effects

A. reflect encoding specificity

HM's profound inability to encode new declarative memory was caused by

A. removal of most of the hippocampus in each of his temporal lobes

Bartlett's important and influential studies of memory had one or more major flaws. This was / these included

A. small sample sizes B. no quantitative analysis of results C. lack of systematic control of experimental conditions

The concept of accessibility implies that

A. strongly associated retrieval cues are necessary to activate some memories.

Yesterday you participated in a memory experiment. You saw a series of 250 different pictures. Today you go back to the memory lab and are tested with 500 pictures. Researchers are

A. studying episodic memory C. studying visual memory D. studying recognition memory

To improve your memory for complex academic material, as you study it is very helpful to

A. summarize the information in terms of its relationships to material you already know or events you have experienced

Criteria for determining that a behavior is habitual include that

A. the behavior is enacted in the absence of motivation B. the behavior is enacted even if the behavior outcome contingency is no longer operative C. the behavior is enacted even if the outcome has been devalued

The hippocampal complex includes

A. the hippocampus B. the entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex D. the parahippocampal cortex and postrhinal cortex

When material is overlearned

A. the learner continues to practice retrieval past the point of 100% mastery C. retention after long intervals is greater (than for material that has not be overlearned) D. the rate of forgetting is slowed (compared to material that is not overlearned)

If you have a relatively short list of words or topics to remember, the most useful mnemonic techniques of the following are probably

A. the peg-word technique or constructing an acronym

Ebbinghaus demonstrated that material he had seemed to forget actually left some trace in memory when he

A. took less time to relearn a list than the last time he had learned it

Pre-school children's ability to repeat back a series of non-words predicts

A. vocabulary growth

If you are asked who was President of the United States during the Civil War

A. you are unlikely to retrieve any contextual cues from the occasions on which you learned this B. you are retrieving the answer from semantic memory C. you are likely to correctly answer "Lincoln"

The German researcher who began the systematic study of memory was

B. Ebbinghaus

An experimental subject reads many sentences. One is: "The painter tried for days to mix pigment to capture the color of the ripening tomatoes." At test, the subject is presented with single words and asked to indicate if the word was in a sentence. If a subject indicates that "red" was in a sentence, this implies

B. The subject stored an inference, rather than the exact wording

Patients with medial temporal lobe lesions can learn implicit memory tasks and new perceptual motor skills, but

B. do not remember that they have learned the tasks, even though they can perform them

A rat is learning, through a number of trials, that if a T-maze smells of basil, he should turn left to find food, but if the T-maze smells of rosemary, he should turn right. This is analogous to _____________ in humans

B. episodic memory late

In a verbal working memory span test, researchers

B. have the subject read or listen to a series of sentences, then recall the last word in each sentence

The frontal lobes are important in

B. initiating retrieval of stored memory C. source monitoring D. execution of procedural memory

Research findings support the idea that information is lost from working memory by

B. interference from other information or tasks

Habits

B. may be enacted without conscious motivation C. begin as intentional goal-directed behaviors D. come to be automatically elicited by contextual cues

Scanning students' brains as they looked at pictures of faces or of familiar places, O'Craven and Kanwisher found

B. patterns of activation similar to those produced by just THINKING about the places or faces

A rat has learned that vertical stripes on the walls of a T - maze mean run to the left to escape, but horizontal stripes on the walls mean the escape is to the right. Placed in the maze, the rat's -performance is rapid and error free; he escapes in seconds. This is analogous to _____ in humans.

B. procedural memory

The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus

B. projects primarily to area CA3 of the hippocampus C. generates new neurons throughout the lifespan D. receives cortical input through the entorhinal cortex

When material is overlearned

B. retention after long intervals is greater (than for material that has not be overlearned) C. the rate of forgetting is slowed (compared to material that is not overlearned) D. the learner continues to practice retrieval past the point of 100% mastery

Activating information already stored in long-term memory is called

B. retrieval / pattern completion

Rick knows that Angela Merkel is the name of a chancellor of Germany. Rick is retrieving this information from storage in

B. semantic memory

Bartlett's important and influential studies of memory had one or more major flaws. This was / these included

B. small sample sizes C. no quantitative analysis of results D. lack of systematic control of experimental conditions

If, when driving a car, you always stop at stop signs and can do so while carrying on a conversation then

B. stopping at stop signs is an habitual behavior

The most primitive of the attentional systems is probably

B. the alerting system

The attentional system that enables a person or an animal to suppress a dominant response and select a subdominant response is

B. the executive control system

The power law of practice states that

B. the largest changes in speed and accuracy of performance come early in learning, and gains become smaller and smaller with increased practice

According to the HERA (Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry) model of memory

B. the right PFC is more involved in retrieval of episodic memory than is the left PFC

In Godden and Baddeley's (1975) experiment, scuba divers remembered best when

B. they retrieved in the same environment that they learned in.

Geiselman and Bjork presented subjects with a number of word triplets, spoken in either a male or a female voice. Research subjects were asked to rehearse each set of words for 5, 10, or 15 seconds using "primary" or rote rehearsal OR using "secondary" or elaborative rehearsal. Then they were tested for recognition. This would be considered a study of

B. working memory and episodic memory

Consider the following list of words: crocodile, salamander, gecko, alligator, turtle, newt, saxophone, tortoise, iguana, toad. The Von Restorff effect means that

C. "saxophone" will be well remembered because it benefits from distinctiveness.

Researchers have subjects view 40 words to remember, presented briefly, one at a time on a computer screen. Some of the subjects are told only to read the words silently as they appear. Some are told to read each word aloud as it appears. Some are told to read the words silently while saying "the the the the" over and over, as fast as they can. After a five minute break, subjects are presented with 80 words, one at a time - the 40 they saw and 40 "foils" or "distractors." Ranked by recognition accuracy the groups would be

C. Best: read aloud condition; second best: read silently condition; worst: articulatory suppression group

The German researcher who began the systematic study of memory was

C. Ebbinghaus

You have 100 technical vocabulary terms to learn. You have prepared flash cards with terms on one side, definitions on the other side. Your best strategy is to

C. Over many days, repeatedly practice retrieval of definitions of all of the words and retrieval of the words from the definitions, generating examples for each concept

An experimental subject reads many sentences. One is: "The painter tried for days to mix pigment to capture the color of the ripening tomatoes." At test, the subject is presented with single words and asked to indicate if the word was in a sentence. If a subject indicates that "red" was in a sentence, this implies

C. The subject stored an inference, rather than the exact wording

A sequence of movements that can be performed automatically with minimal attention can be called

C. a motor program

The Atkinson & Shiffrin "modal mode" of memory depicts memory as

C. a series of memory systems, each with characteristic capacity and storage/retention durations

In his book Remembering, Bartlett reported that subjects in his memory experiments for stories and arguments

C. changed passages by eliminating detail and substituting familiar ideas for unfamiliar ideas

In Baddeley's model of working memory, the central executive

C. directs the maintainence of information in the phonological loop and/or visuo-spatial sketch pad and performs operations on the information

Lola tells a story about the time she went in a hot-air balloon with her father when she was nine years old. She is retrieving this story from

C. episodic memory

Representation, in memory science, means

C. how we store information when it is not currently in use.

In serial reaction time tasks, implicit learning is evident when

C. reaction times decrease for repeated long sequences of stimuli more than for randomly ordered stimuli

Retrieval from episodic memory draws on

C. right PFC (prefrontal cortex) more than does retrieval from semantic memory

Organization leads to deeper levels of processing. In general, the kind of organization that leads to the best memory performance is

C. self-generated

If you have a long ordered sequence of topics or words to remember, the most effective mnemonic technique of the following is probably

C. the method of loci

The Petersen and Posner model of attention asserts that there are/is

C. three attentional systems, consisting of five brain networks

Some contemporary neuroscientists suggest the the hippocampus, evolved for spatial memory and navigation, serves also

C. to bind together elements of stored explicit memories

The distinction between episodic and semantic memory was made by

D. Tulving

The modern distinction between explicit or declarative memory and implicit or procedural memory was made

D. after reports of Henry Moulson's (HM's) devastating memory loss following bilateral brain surgery became widely known in the scientific community

The attentional system that focuses attention on one task, one problem, or one stimulus is the

D. executive control system

The highly salient memories people have of their own circumstances during major public events, such as 9/11, presidential assassinations, or Hurricane Sandy are called

D. flashbulb memories - are not more accurate than other episodic memories. Often confidence in them is high, but confidence is not a reliable predictor of accuracy.

Very recent research demonstrated that precisely targeted continuous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the precuneus in human subjects

D. improved ability to recognize the contexts of particular memories

The basal ganglia

D. initiate and inhibit the flow of motor, sensory, and emotional information through the thalamus

For skill performance to become automatic

D. it must have been practiced past the point of asymptotic performance

What is the term for the observation that linking to-be-learned information to personally-relevant information about oneself creates strong encoding?

D. self-reference effect

Incidental learning means that

D. that people encode information not by actively trying to learn and remember but rather as by-product of perceiving and understanding the world.

Grid cells are found in ____________ and fire as an animal ___________.

D. the entorhinal cortex; moves through the environment

The perirhinal cortex is particularly important in ________ and receives more input from ________ than from ___________

D. visual recognitions; the occipital lobe; other cortical areas