Menstrual & Ovarian cycle
Stein-leventhal syndrome is associated with:
-hirsutism -infertility -anovulation
clinical findings of endometrial hyperplasia:
-obesity -PCOS -AUB
Sonographic appearance of endometrial carcinoma:
-thickened endo -heterogeneous UT -endo fluid
What's the range of endo thickness during early proliferative phase?
4-8mm
What's the range of endo thickness during late proliferative (periovulatory) phase?
6-10mm
What's the range of endo thickness during secretory phase?
7-14mm
Hypomenorrhea
Decreased/scant menstrual flow
How big can the dominant (graafian) follicle get to be?
Dominant follicle can get up to 2.7cm
During follicular phase, the anterior pituitary gland releases ____ to initiate follicular development of the ovary.
During follicular phase, the anterior pituitary gland releases FSH to initiate follicular development of the ovary.
Most common female genital tract malignancy:
Endometrial carcinoma
Term for increased number of endometrial cells
Endometrial hyperplasia
which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimulates endometrial thickening?
Estrogen
Estrogen replacement therapy may help reduce risk of what?
Estrogen replacement therapy may help reduce risk of osteoporosis
Ovarian cycle
Follicular phase (days 1-14) Ovulation (day 14) Luteal phase (days 15-28)
If fertilization takes place, _____ ______ sustains endo thickness.
If fertilization takes place, corpus luteum sustains endo thickness.
If pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum depends on what hormone to remain maintained.
If pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum depends on LH to remain maintained.
Hormone responsible for ovulation:
LH
Most common presentation with endometrial carcinoma:
PMB, elevated CA-125
Corpus luteum PRIMARILY releases:
Progesterone is primarily released by the corpus luteum.
which of the following hormones is released during the 2nd half of the menstrual cycle? a. LH b. FSH c. hCG d.Progesterone
Progesterone! none of the other answers make sense.
Endometrial cycle
Proliferative (days 1-14) Secretory (days 15-28)
Secretory phase of endometrial cycle is stimulated by ___.
Secretory phase of endo cycle is stimulated by progesterone, which maintains thickness of endo for implantation.
What common breast cancer drug may cause endometrial carcinoma and or hyperplasia?
Tamoxifen
What cells produce hCG?
Trophoblastic cells produce hCG
T/F: during first half of menstrual cycle, the endo undergoes thickening as a result of estrogen stimulation
True, 1st half of menstrual cycle, endo undergoes thickening due to ESTROGEN stimulation
When ovary is in follicular phase, the endometrium is in ____ phase.
When ovary is in follicular phase, the endometrium is in proliferative phase.
When ovary is in luteal phase, the endometrium is in ______ phase.
When ovary is in luteal phase, the endometrium is in secretory phase.
menorrhagia
abnormally heavy bleeding
the strucure noted within the graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the:
cumulus oophorus
sonographic appearance of endo in secretory phase:
echogenic, thickened appearance.
sonographic appearance of endo in early proliferative phase:
echogenic, thin line
68 y/o presents with vaginal bleeding. what's causing this?
endometrial atrophy
Most common cause of PMB
endometrial atrophy
Fertilization usually occurs on day ___?
fertilization usually occurs on day 15
What maintains corpus luteum?
hCG maintains corpus luteum.
Menometrorrhagia
heavy & prolonged bleeding between periods.
if fertilization does not occur, ____ begins on day 1.
if fertilization does not occur, menses begins on day 1.
Asherman syndrome
intrauterine adhesions/synechiae due to scar formation of surgeries/D&C etc. -HYPOMENORRHEA -no bleeding
metrorrhagia
irregular bleeding between cycles
another term for periovulatory phase
late proliferative phase
if pregnancy does not occur, corpus luteum regresses, becoming the:
no pregnancy = corpus luteum--> corpus albicans
Corpus luteum produces:
progesterone & estrogen
sonographic appearance of endo in late proliferative phase:
tiple line sign