Mental Health: Chapter 3-Psychosocial Theories and Therapy, Chapter 3: PrepU
Against her wishes, a 14-year-old daughter has accompanied her parents to a family therapy session. Ongoing marital problems had prompted the parents to seek weekly counseling, though this is the first time that their daughter has attended. Which of the nurse-therapist's statements provides the best rationale for the daughter's attendance at this therapy session? "Even though your parents started coming for help because of their relationship with each other, a problem in one part of the family affects everyone in the family." "Your parents and I are hoping that we can teach you some conflict management strategies that you can use to intervene when your parents disagree at home." "Part of your responsibility as a member of a family is to devote time and energy to helping others, including your parents' marriage." "Even though none of this has a direct impact on you, we all believe that you deserve to be informed about what is happening in your parents' marriage."
"Even though your parents started coming for help because of their relationship with each other, a problem in one part of the family affects everyone in the family." If there is a breakdown in the system, all members are affected. Thus, a change or disruption in one family member affects the family system and all its members. This does not mean, however, that children are responsible for fixing or mediating their parents' relationship.
A person was supposed to meet a friend at a local theater to see a movie. The friend never showed up. The person's initial thought was, "My friend didn't come because my friend doesn't like me." This automatic thought was most likely inferred from which irrational belief? "I'm sure she just got confused and thought we were going to a different movie." "I'm so forgetful and confused sometimes; I probably wrote down the wrong time." "Movies are a waste of time and money anyway." "I'm worthless, so no one could really want to be my friend."
"I'm worthless, so no one could really want to be my friend." Explanation: Differentiating between thoughts and beliefs can be a major challenge. Automatic thoughts are not irrational beliefs but are inferences about the belief. Irrational beliefs promote dysfunctional negative emotions that in turn lead to psychic pain and discomfort. Behaviors directed at relief of this pain tend to be self-defeating. The statements about movies being a waste of time, the friend getting confused, and the client being forgetful do not reflect dysfunctional negative emotions.
Individual psychotherapy consists of three phases. Which statement by the group therapist would reflect that the group is in the working phase of therapy? "James, when Shane speaks, it seems you become angry and tend to withdraw." "Each of you has shared ideas and thoughts about your personal development. This has been a difficult process, and you have all grown tremendously." "Shane has asked the group if it is acceptable that he be 5 minutes late to each group session because of his job." "We will be meeting once each week for 90 minutes here at this office."
"James, when Shane speaks, it seems you become angry and tend to withdraw." Explanation: During the working phase, client behaviors and feelings are shared, and conflicts may become apparent and be talked about in the group.
An instructor is teaching a class about the use of cognitive therapies in psychiatric nursing. Which statement made by a student identifies a need for further instruction? "Solution-focused approaches have been effective with hospitalized people experiencing delusions." "The context of practice has changed considerably over the years for psychiatric nurses." "Lengths of stay for clients in inpatient settings are becoming shorter each year." "Lengths of stay for clients in inpatient settings are becoming longer each year.
"Lengths of stay for clients in inpatient settings are becoming longer each year." Explanation: The lengths of stay for clients in inpatient settings are becoming shorter each year, not longer. All the other statements are true and thus do not indicate a need for further instruction.
Which should be considered the fundamental principle of family therapy? Children are pivotal to family function. A family is a system of interrelated dependent relationships. Parental involvement is the key to family health. A family is composed of individuals who care about each other.
A family is a system of interrelated dependent relationships. Explanation: The fundamental principle of family therapy is that a family is a system of interrelated dependent relationships. The other statements are not reflective of the fundamental principle of family therapy.
What is a group that has structure and authority known as? An informal group A formal group A primary group A secondary group
A formal group A formal group has limited interaction, structure, and authority, which usually emanates from above. A faculty meeting is an example. Informal groups provide much of a person's education and contribute greatly to individual values. Members of primary groups have face-to-face contact, boundaries, norms, and explicit and implicit interdependent roles. An example is a family. Secondary groups usually are larger and more impersonal than primary groups. Members do not have emotional ties.
Which developmental conflict correlates with the toddler, according to Erikson's eight stages of man? Initiative vs. guilt Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Basic trust vs. mistrust Industry vs. inferiority
Aaron Beck Explanation: .
Which cognitive theorist conceptualized distorted cognitions as a basis for depression? Kurt Lewin Aaron Beck Edward Tolman Ivan Pavlov
Aaron Beck Explanation: Aaron Beck conceptualized distorted cognitions as a basis for depression. Kurt Lewin developed field theory, a system for understanding learning, motivation, personality, and social behavior. Edward Tolman introduced the concept of cognitions; he believed that human beings act on beliefs and attitudes and strive toward goals. Ivan Pavlov was a behavioral theorist most noted for classical conditioning.
The nurse is planning care for a family with a child having peer difficulties due to the child's conduct. The nurse demonstrates understanding of the principles of family system theories by which action? Addressing the child and family as a single inseparable unit. Developing a therapeutic relationship with the child. Working with the parents to meet the child's needs. Developing interventions for the parents and siblings to adjust to the child's needs.
Addressing the child and family as a single inseparable unit. Just as any group can be viewed as a system, a family can be understood as a system with interdependent members. Family system theories view the family as an open system whose members interact with their environment as well as among themselves. One family member's change in thoughts or behavior can cause a ripple effect and change everyone else's. The family is the unit of care; however, the members involved define themselves as a "family." A therapeutic relationship and working with the parents and/or siblings may be involved, but these are unrelated to the principles of family system theories.
Degree of agreement between the leader's norms and the group's norms, ability to deal with members' infractions, and conformity to group norms are characteristics of what kind of groups? All groups Formal groups Secondary groups Primary groups
All groups Explanation: A group is three or more people with related goals. The following characteristics vary among different types of groups: size, homogeneity or heterogeneity of members, stability, degree of cohesiveness among members, climate, conformity to group norms, degree of agreement with the leader's and the group's norms, ability to deal with members' infractions, and goal-directedness and task orientation of the group's work.
Which is the key common element in the various psychotherapeutic approaches? An effective client-therapist relationship The clients' history of therapeutic success in the past The therapist's ability to manage the clients' symptoms The underlying origin of the clients' issues
An effective client-therapist relationship The key common element in the various psychotherapeutic approaches is an effective client-therapist relationship. The nurse-client relationship is critical to the success of the use of any therapeutic modality because the client is unlikely to engage authentically if trust in the relationship is lacking.
Which is the key common element in the various psychotherapeutic approaches? The underlying origin of the clients' issues The clients' history of therapeutic success in the past An effective client-therapist relationship The therapist's ability to manage the clients' symptoms
An effective client-therapist relationship Explanation: The key common element in the various psychotherapeutic approaches is an effective client-therapist relationship. The nurse-client relationship is critical to the success of the use of any therapeutic modality because the client is unlikely to engage authentically if trust in the relationship is lacking.
In which phase of Freud's developmental stage does toilet training occur? Oral Genital Anal Latency
Anal Explanation: Toilet training occurs in the anal stage, which occurs between 18 and 36 months of age.
The nurse is working with a family that has indicated a desire to learn better communication skills. The nurse role-plays assertive communication techniques with each family member. The role-play is an example of which type of family intervention? Cognitive Advocacy Affective Behavioral
Behavioral Explanation: Behavioral interventions assist family members to interact with one another differently. Behaviorism is a school of psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and what one can do to externally bring about behavior change. It does not attempt to explain how the mind works.
Learned maladaptive behavior is a concept central to which theory of human behavior? Sociocultural theory Behavioral theory Humanistic theory Psychoanalytic theory
Behavioral theory Explanation: Behavior theory maintains that all human behavior is learned. Its major focus is on how environmental conditions result in the acquisition, modification, maintenance, and elimination of adaptive and maladaptive behaviors.
A nurse demonstrates a sound understanding of the use of ego defense mechanisms by providing which explanation? Should be used only when faced with severe stressors Are often symptomatic of moderate to severe mental illness Can be either a therapeutic or a pathological way to manage stress Are substitutes for effective coping skills
Can be either a therapeutic or a pathological way to manage stress Explanation: Depending upon their use, ego defense mechanisms can be therapeutic or pathologic, because all defense mechanisms include a distortion of reality, some degree of self-deception, and what appears to be irrational behavior. Ego defense mechanisms are considered healthy protective barriers when appropriately used to manage instinct and affect in stressful situations. Ego defense mechanisms when appropriately used are coping skills used to resolve a mental conflict, to reduce anxiety or fear, to protect one's self-esteem, or to protect one's sense of security.
Client 1 has been talking to Client 2 about Client 2's frequent denial in the group for two weeks. On the third week, Client 2 comes late to the group. When they begin to discuss Client 2's lateness, Client 2 gets up and leaves. The content of this exchange is the discussion. The process that is occurring may be that ... Client 1 is taking out individual frustrations. Client 2 is angry with Client 1 for the confrontation. the group leader is not meeting Client 1's dependency needs. other group members are not very strong.
Client 2 is angry with Client 1 for the confrontation. Explanation: A group is three or more people with related goals. Factors that influence these goals include interpersonal and intrapersonal needs, physical environment, and unique group dynamics. Group process involves the underlying feeling, tone, and messages within the group's interactions.
Which statement is inconsistent with the concept of milieu therapy, originally developed by Henry Stack Sullivan? The therapy incorporates a safe, therapeutic setting. The therapy enables clients to give one another feedback about behavior. The therapy includes the practice of interpersonal relationship skills. Clients work independently to solve day-to-day problems.
Clients work independently to solve day-to-day problems. Explanation: The concept of milieu therapy, originally developed by Sullivan, involved clients' interactions with one another, including practicing interpersonal relationship skills, giving one another feedback about behavior, and working cooperatively as a group to solve day-to-day problems.
The nurse has a client who reminds the nurse of the nurse's sister, with whom the nurse has a close and positive relationship. This phenomenon is best characterized by which term? Free association Transference Countertransference Reaction formation
Countertransference Explanation: Countertransference is the phenomenon whereby the nurse transfers feelings that the nurse has about another person onto the client. These feelings are not based on the reality of the client-nurse relationship but a past relationship that is not connected with the client
A nurse therapist feels sad after sessions with a client. The client's passiveness reminds the nurse of a family member who led a very unhappy life. What is the term for this emotional dynamic? Transference Free association Countertransference Reaction formation
Countertransference Explanation: Countertransference occurs when nurses have extreme emotional responses (positive or negative) to clients.
A client in a psychiatric clinic has a history of two distinct personality states. The client is also unable to remember important personal information. What is the client likely to be suffering from? Acute stress disorder Derealization disorder Dissociative amnesia Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative identity disorder Explanation: Dissociative identity disorder is one of the dissociative disorders characterized by disruption of the integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or environmental perception. In dissociative identity disorder, the client may assume two or more distinct identities that recurrently take control of the client's behavior. The client may also be unable to remember important personal information that is of a stressful nature. Dissociative amnesia is characterized by a fugue experience in which the client moves to a new geographical location, with no memory of past events. Derealization disorder is characterized by a feeling of being detached from one's mental processes or body. Acute stress response occurs in response to a stressful event and is characterized by reexperiencing, hyperarousal, and avoidanc
An 81-year-old resident of a long-term care facility has confided in the nurse that the client is profoundly fearful of death. Within Erikson's psychosocial theory, this statement may suggest a failure to resolve which developmental conflict? Ego integrity vs. despair Motivation vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Resignation vs. acceptance
Ego integrity vs. despair Explanation: Erikson identifies the central area of conflict and resolution in late adulthood as ego integrity vs. despair. Successfully navigating this conflict involves "letting go," and the fear of death suggests an inability to resolve this conflict.
While a nurse is performing an admission assessment for a client in an inpatient mental health setting, the client states, "All of my problems are caused by my parents." The client statement reflects which factor that influences mental health? Neuroanatomy Values and beliefs Emotional development Religion
Emotional development Explanation: Psychological influences on mental health include interactions, intelligence quotient, self-concept, skills, creativity, and emotional developmental level. Neuroanatomy is a biologic influence on mental health. Values, beliefs, and religion are sociocultural influences on mental health.
The goal of cognitive therapy is to restructure how a person perceives events in his or her life to facilitate behavioral change and what? Belief change Perceptual change Emotional reactions Relationship change
Emotional reactions Explanation: The goal of cognitive therapy is to restructure how a person perceives events in his or her life to facilitate behavioral change and the way a person responds emotionally to stress.
Which action by the group leader demonstrates effective leadership? Conducting meetings based on personality attributes Firmly disciplining negative behavior Using autocratic leadership strategies Encouraging participation by all member
Encouraging participation by all members Explanation: The key to being a good leader is to integrate group leadership, knowledge, and skills with nursing interventions that fit a selected group. Firmly disciplining negative behavior, using autocratic leadership strategies, and conducting meetings based on personality attributes are not keys to being a good leader.
A nurse is applying principles of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of a client with depression. Which intervention is an example of CBT? Encouraging the client to identify destructive thoughts and practice mindfulness Rewarding the client with five tokens for attending group therapy Fostering hope by encouraging a focus on abilities rather than problems Encouraging the client to review the past and focus on strengths and accomplishments
Encouraging the client to identify destructive thoughts and practice mindfulness Explanation: Encouraging the client to identify destructive thoughts and practice mindfulness is correct, because the purpose of CBT is to focus on automatic thoughts and schemas. Rewarding the client with five tokens for attending group therapy is an example of conditioning/reinforcement behavior modification. Fostering hope by encouraging a focus on abilities rather than problems is used in motivating and raising self-esteem but does not encourage a restructuring of negative thought patterns. Encouraging the client to review the past and focus on strengths and accomplishments is also used in raising self-esteem and self-understanding but does not encourage a restructuring of negative thought patterns.
Which theorist's contribution led nurses to recognize that personality development begins at birth? B. F. Skinner Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud Harry Stack Sullivan
Erik Erikson Explanation: Erik Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory helped nurses to recognize that personality development begins at birth and continues across the lifespan until death. This was not the theoretical contribution of Harry Stack Sullivan, Sigmund Freud, or B. F. Skinner.
When the psychiatric nurse is aware of the cultural beliefs of a client diagnosed with bipolar disorder, the therapeutic process is most enhanced by what? Facilitating the nurse's understanding of how these beliefs affect the client's perception of the disorder Strengthening the therapeutic nature of the nurse-client relationship through mutual respect Facilitating the nurse's ability to effectively empathize with the client Showing the client that the nurse is truly interested in the client as a person
Facilitating the nurse's understanding of how these beliefs affect the client's perception of the disorder Explanation: When the psychiatric nurse is aware of the cultural beliefs of a client diagnosed with bipolar disorder, the therapeutic process is most enhanced by facilitating the nurse's understanding of how these beliefs affect the client's perception of the disorder. The therapeutic process is not most enhanced by strengthening the therapeutic nature of the nurse-client relationship through mutual respect, facilitating the nurse's ability to effectively empathize with the client, or showing the client that the nurse is truly interested in the client as a person.
Which stage of cognitive development is being achieved when a child demonstrates the ability to think and reason in abstract terms? Preoperational Sensorimotor Concrete operations Formal operations
Formal operations Explanation: The child learns to think and reason in abstract terms, further develops logical thinking and reasoning, and achieves cognitive maturity in the formal operations stage. In the sensorimotor stage, the child develops a sense of self as separate from the environment and the concept of object permanence. In the concrete operations stage, the child begins to apply logic to thinking. In the preoperational stage, the child develops the ability to express himself with language.
The nurse observes an elderly client teaching an adolescent how to crochet a pot holder. The nurse evaluates this behavior as evidence of resolution of Erickson's developmental stage of what? Trust vs. mistrust Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Generativity vs. stagnation
Generativity vs. stagnation The ability to teach and help others reveals progression through the developmental stage of generativity (in which individuals are industrious and offer themselves to society) vs. stagnation (characterized by introversion and lack of outward connection with others).
The nurse observes an elderly client teaching an adolescent how to crochet a pot holder. The nurse evaluates this behavior as evidence of resolution of Erickson's developmental stage of what? Industry vs. inferiority Trust vs. mistrust Initiative vs. guilt Generativity vs. stagnation
Generativity vs. stagnation Explanation: The ability to teach and help others reveals progression through the developmental stage of generativity (in which individuals are industrious and offer themselves to society) vs. stagnation (characterized by introversion and lack of outward connection with others).
Which group role is best reflected by the client who consistently validates members' contributions, tries to be the "mediator" between members, and interprets the group's procedures? Individual Task Group cohesion Group building and maintenance
Group building and maintenance Explanation: Group building and maintenance roles are oriented toward overall group functioning. They alter or maintain the way of working to strengthen, regulate, and perpetuate the group. Individually oriented behavior, which often stems from anxiety, distracts from and temporarily stymies the group and its progress. Task roles promote growth and productivity. Group cohesion relates to bonding and solidarity, the feeling of "we" instead of "I."
In group, Client 1 talks about how stressful and important Client 1's job is. Client 2 comments that Client 1 seems to think Client 1 is "better than the rest of us." Client 3 supports Client 1's comment and says Client 3 doesn't understand why everyone wants Client 1 to "break down and cry." This dynamic illustrates what? Transference Countertransference Content communication Group process
Group process Explanation: Content and process are important concepts of group communication. What is being said during discussion is the content. How the group handles its communication is process. Who talks to whom, what is said, and what is left unspoken are examples of process. Reference:
Which psychotherapy pioneer introduced the term parataxis? B. F. Skinner Harry Stack Sullivan Carl Rogers Sigmund Freud
Harry Stack Sullivan Explanation: Harry Stack Sullivan introduced the term parataxis, which refers to the presence of distorted perception or judgment exhibited by the client during therapy. B. F. Skinner introduced behavioral therapy. Sigmund Freud is responsible for the development of psychoanalysis. Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy.
When focusing on the primary goal of crisis therapy, a psychiatric nurse counsels a single mother who is recovering from a suicide attempt to help her achieve which goal? Rely more on her extended family's offer to act as a support system Help regain confidence in her pervious ability to cope with the stress of being a single parent Help her identify reliable, affordable help with her childcare needs Comply with her prescribed therapies including the use of an antidepressant
Help regain confidence in her pervious ability to cope with the stress of being a single parent Explanation: The psychiatric nurse uses counseling interventions to assist clients in improving or regaining their previous coping abilities since the primary goal of crisis therapy is to regain precrisis levels of function. When focusing on the primary goal of crisis therapy, a psychiatric nurse counsels a single mother who is recovering from a suicide attempt to help her regain confidence in her pervious ability to cope with the stress of being a single parent.
A psychologist chose the profession because the psychologist was inspired by an aunt who was a successful psychologist. Which of Freud's ego defense mechanisms is this indicative of? Displacement Compensation Identification Denial
Identification Explanation: Identification is an ego defense mechanism where a person models the actions and opinions of influential others while searching for identity or aspiring to reach a personal, social, or occupational goal. In this case the psychologist has taken up the profession as the psychologist admires an aunt who is successful in the same profession. Denial is the failure of an individual to accept his or her situation. Compensation is an ego defense mechanism where an individual tries to work hard and achieve well in one area in order to compensate for the perceived deficiencies in another area. Displacement is an ego defense mechanism where a client expresses intense feelings toward persons who are less threatening than the one who aroused those feelings.
In recent years, the client has been experiencing increasing levels of anxiety when in large crowds. The client has recently begun behavioral therapy, which will emphasize which component? Identifying seminal childhood moments that may have contributed to the problem Uncovering trauma that may be the unconscious source of anxiety Identifying and promoting adaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety Hypnotherapy
Identifying and promoting adaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety Explanation: Behavior therapy focuses on modifying overt symptoms without regard to the client's private experience or inner conflicts. Consequently, hypnotherapy would not normally be used, and past life events would not be the focus.
A nurse is preparing to assess a family. The nurse best adopts the view of the family unit as a system by using which approach? Focusing on each individual member's health problems Identifying strengths and problem areas within the family structure Educating the sick client with methods to maintain independence Fostering emotional support for each family member
Identifying strengths and problem areas within the family structure When viewing the family unit as a system, the nurse does not focus on one individual member. Instead the nurse works at all times simultaneously with a mental picture of the family system and the individuals in that system. The nurse focuses on determining strengths and problem areas within the family structure and function.
A nurse is planning an educational program for families with a mentally ill relative. Which goal is consistent with the current objectives of family education? Fewer hospital admissions Increased independence with activities of daily living Improved family quality of life Improved medication compliance
Improved family quality of life Explanation: The successful outcome measures for family education are reduced family burden and improvement in the family's quality of life. Client improvement often accompanies this outcome but is not a primary goal.
One of the most valuable applications of group therapy is to allow group members to gain an understanding concerning what personal aspect? Helping others learn how to solve their problems Decreasing the cost of their acute mental health services Allowing other group members to realize that they often distort their own problems out of proportion. Interacting with others and receiving feedback on how others perceive and react to the client
Interacting with others and receiving feedback on how others perceive and react to the client Explanation: The main purpose of group therapy is the development of intellectual understanding known as insight, or the understanding of how others see the client or what the client is doing in various relationships. By interacting with other members of the group, the client has an opportunity to receive multiple sources of supportive feedback on the issues influencing the mental health problem. This cannot be done in individual therapy or with other types of treatment; therefore, this is the the primary purpose of group therapy.
Interpersonal theorists, such as Harry Stack Sullivan, emphasize which tenet? Alleviating symptoms by utilizing biological tools, such as medicines The importance of conditioning responses in working with people The existence of the id, ego, and superego Interpersonal socialization of humans throughout their developmental stages
Interpersonal socialization of humans throughout their developmental stages Explanation: Development is somewhat predictable as progression through stages and achieved by means of interactions with others. Freud emphasized the id, ego, and superego. Conditioning stems from the behavioral theory. Alleviating symptoms by utilizing biological tools, such as medications, is related to the biophysiological theory.
Interpersonal theorists, such as Harry Stack Sullivan, emphasize which tenet? The existence of the id, ego, and superego Alleviating symptoms by utilizing biological tools, such as medicines Interpersonal socialization of humans throughout their developmental stages The importance of conditioning responses in working with people
Interpersonal socialization of humans throughout their developmental stages Explanation: Development is somewhat predictable as progression through stages and achieved by means of interactions with others. Freud emphasized the id, ego, and superego. Conditioning stems from the behavioral theory. Alleviating symptoms by utilizing biological tools, such as medications, is related to the biophysiological theory.
Which indicates that the nurse, acting as a leader for a group of recovering clients with alcohol abuse, is addressing the responsibility of maintaining the group's process? Keeping the group on task by restating goals Deciding how often the group will meet Selecting individuals for membership in the group Determining that the group's format will be closed
Keeping the group on task by restating goals In a therapy group, the nurse-therapist has both task and maintenance role functions. Group task functions are concerned with the practical issues of leading a group, whereas group maintenance functions focus on less-tangible group processes. Keeping the group focused on its goals is "maintenance" in its nature. Deciding how often the group will meet, selecting individuals for membership in the group, and determining the group's format are considered tasks rather than maintenance items.
One particular member of a medication group always seeks out the nurse for one-on-one conversation before each meeting and during scheduled breaks during meetings. What should be the nurse's initial response? Explain to the member that the nurse is not participating in the group for social purposes. Confront the member with the fact that this behavior is unfair to other members and inhibits cohesiveness. Make a point of engaging with other group members before and after meetings and during breaks. Arrive just in time for meetings and leave promptly after they conclude.
Make a point of engaging with other group members before and after meetings and during breaks. Explanation: An appropriate initial response to a member's monopolization of the nurse is to engage more closely with other members. This strategy should likely be employed prior to confronting or redirecting the client, even though this may later be necessary. Arriving just in time and leaving promptly makes it impossible for other members to interact with the nurse during these times; these interactions may be beneficial for other members.
A 55-year-old client is being treated for narcissistic personality disorder. The therapist shows caring and appropriate regard for the client. The therapist's behavior is an example of which concept of behavior theory? Discrimination Shaping Modeling Conditioning
Modeling Explanation: Modeling involves demonstrating desired behavior patterns to a learner. Therapists model behaviors when they teach social skills, such as caring and appropriate regard for others. The therapist models regard for others with the expectation that the learner will copy that behavior. The caring behavior is then reinforced. Given sufficient practice of the caring behavior paired with its reinforcement, regard for others gradually becomes part of the client's behavioral inventory.
A client has recently joined a group and presented a scenario in which the client ran out of funds to pay the rent this month. The therapist states, "Has anyone else in the group had this experience? Can you share any ideas about how you resolved this situation when it happened to you?" The therapist's intervention utilizes which theory to intervene? Psychoanalysis group Problem-solving group Reeducational group Personality reconstruction group
Problem-solving group Explanation: The intervention attempts to engage the entire group in a problem-solving approach to the client's current problem.
The psychiatrist states that repressed memories in the client's unconscious are causing depression. This reasoning implies that the psychiatrist uses which theory? The humanistic perspective Behavioral theory Cognitive-behavioral theory Psychoanalytic theory
Psychoanalytic theory Explanation: Central to psychoanalytic theory is the idea of the unconscious. A goal of psychoanalysis is to expand awareness of unconscious functioning and its relation to daily living.
When the client, age 3, has a temper tantrum, the client's parents remove toys from the playroom for 1 hour. A behavioral theorist would consider this which type of intervention? Negative reinforcement Punishment Positive reinforcement Modeling
Punishment Explanation: Behavior theory involves pairing certain responses with certain stimuli. In the behaviorist view, only the study of directly observable behavior and the stimuli and reinforcing conditions that control it could serve as a basis for formulating scientific principles of human behavior. People may learn a certain response (behavior) either to receive a reward or to avoid a punishment. A reinforcer may be either pleasant (positive) or aversive (negative). Modeling involves the demonstration of desired behaviors.
A therapist believes that some clients experience anxiety and depression due to irrational beliefs that are causing the client emotional distress. Which would this therapist most likely use when working with this client? Rational emotive behavior therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy Psychoanalytic therapy Bibliotherapy
Rational emotive behavior therapy Explanation: Rational emotive behavior therapy is based on the assumption that people are born with the potential to be rational (self-constructive) and irrational (self-defeating). Rational emotive behavior therapy primarily emphasizes changing irrational beliefs that cause emotional distress into reasonable and rational thoughts.
Which is the most effective goal for clients who are learning about the adaptive use of the ego defense mechanism? Reduce workload and communicate better Avoid conflict and unpleasant consequences Reduce fear and protect self-esteem Eliminate anxiety and apprehension
Reduce fear and protect self-esteem Explanation: Ego defense mechanisms help to reduce fear and protect self-esteem. It is not a goal to eliminate anxiety, avoid conflict, or reduce workload.
Which is not an area of focus within psychiatric rehabilitation? Reduction in acute symptoms of psychosis Emphasis on recovery of hope and of function Focus on client strengths rather than the illness Stronger collaborative relationships with treatment services
Reduction in acute symptoms of psychosis Explanation: Psychiatric rehabilitation is tertiary care that focuses on improving the client's level of functioning and self-governance for long-term self-care. Focusing on client strengths rather than the illness, hope, and collaboration achieve self-management. Reducing acute symptoms is a goal for the secondary level of care.
The nurse is conducting an admission interview with an adult mental health client. The client begins to talk in a childish voice about riding a bike and playing outside. What defense mechanism is this client demonstrating? Regression Suppression Repression Projection
Regression Regression refers to going back to an earlier and happier time of development. Suppression involves wishing to put something unpleasant out of awareness and voluntarily doing so. Repression involves involuntarily placing material of life experience out of the conscious. Projection is when a person refuses to recognize behavior in oneself and instead "projects" it or sees it in someone else.
The nurse is conducting an admission interview with an adult mental health client. The client begins to talk in a childish voice about riding a bike and playing outside. What defense mechanism is this client demonstrating? Regression Projection Suppression Repression
Regression Explanation: Regression refers to going back to an earlier and happier time of development. Suppression involves wishing to put something unpleasant out of awareness and voluntarily doing so. Repression involves involuntarily placing material of life experience out of the conscious. Projection is when a person refuses to recognize behavior in oneself and instead "projects" it or sees it in someone else.
Based on the theory of transference, if a client's childhood experiences teach the client to mistrust authority figures, the client will do what as an adult? Resist advice given by the mental health care professionals Freely discuss the client's experiences with people with power and authority Strive to be a truthful authority figure to the client's family and friends. Develop paranoid tendencies toward all of the unit's staff
Resist advice given by the mental health care professionals Explanation: It is believed that relationships with other people are patterned by early infant and childhood relationships with significant people in one's environment. These patterns of relationships are repeated later in individuals' lives and may interfere with client-therapist relationships because of transference, or the client's unconscious assignment to the therapist of feelings and attitudes originally associated with important figures in the client's early life. Based on these ideas, if a client's childhood experiences teach the client to mistrust authority figures, as an adult the client will resist advice given by the mental health care professionals.
Which action reflects group development in the initial stage? Seeking similarities Evaluating the group experience Focusing on group accomplishments Engaging in conflicts
Seeking similarities Explanation: The initial stage of group development is characterized by a group that works on getting acquainted, depends on the leader for direction, searches for purpose of the group, restricts content, searches for similarity, and gives advice
A group of psychiatric-mental health nurses are reviewing information about different theorists who have played a role in shaping pyschiatric-mental health nursing practice. The group demonstrates understanding of the information when they identify which theorist as proposing that adult sexuality is an end product of a complex process of development that begins in early childhood and involves a variety of body functions or areas that correspond to stages of relationships, especially with parents? Sigmund Freud B. F. Skinner Harry Stack Sullivan Erik Erikson
Sigmund Freud Explanation: Freud believed that adult sexuality is an end product of a complex process of development that begins in early childhood and involves a variety of body functions or areas (oral, anal, and genital zones) that correspond to stages of relationships, especially with parents. This belief was not associated with Skinner, Erikson, or Sullivan.
Which theorist developed the psychoanalytic theory? Harry Stack Sullivan Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud B. F. Skinner
Sigmund Freud Explanation: Sigmund Freud was responsible for the psychoanalytic theory. Erik Erikson formed developmental theory. Harry Stack Sullivan was responsible for interpersonal theory. B. F. Skinner proposed behavior theory.
A client has lost a job of 20 years. This is an example of which type of crisis? Situational Developmental Maturational Adventitious
Situational Explanation: Situational crises are unanticipated or sudden events that threaten the individual's integrity. Maturational crises are predictable events in the normal course of life. Developmental crises are also called maturational crises. Adventitious crises include natural disasters like floods, earthquakes, or hurricanes.
A client refuses to talk to anyone about the recent death of the client's mother. Which defense mechanism is this client using? Sublimation Intellectualization Displacement Suppression
Suppression Suppression is consciously inhibiting an impulse or emotion that is unacceptable to the person. Sublimation is diverting unacceptable urges into personally and socially acceptable channels. Intellectualization is unconsciously transferring emotions into the realm of intellect—using reasoning as a means of avoiding confrontation with an objectionable impulse. Displacement is unconsciously transferring feelings onto another person or object.
Which defense mechanism is being used when a student decides not to think about a parent's illness but to rather concentrate on studying for an upcoming test? Suppression Substitution Projection Introjection
Suppression Suppression is the conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts and feelings from conscious awareness. Substitution is replacing the desired gratification with one that is more readily available. Projection is the unconscious blaming of unacceptable inclinations or thoughts on an external object. Introjection is accepting another person's attitudes, beliefs, and values as one's own.
In terms of Maslow's hierarchy of need, families living in poverty may be focused more on which type of needs rather than self-actualization? Security Safety Esteem Survival
Survival Explanation: In terms of Maslow's need hierarchy, families living in poverty may be more focused on survival needs than self-actualization needs.
The mental health nurse is helping a client learn more about the client's psychotropic medication. The nurse, in this instance, is functioning with which type of approach to nursing practice? Leader Surrogate Resource person Teacher
Teacher Explanation: According to Peplau, the nurse is taking on the teaching role of the nurse in this nurse-client relationship. The nurse is helping the client learn more about the client's psychotropic medication. In the role of resource person, the nurse would provide the client with specific answers to questions within a larger context. In the role of leader, the nurse would offer direction to a client or group. In the role of the surrogate, the nurse would serve as a substitute for another, such as a parent or sibling.
A mental health nurse is discussing the potential adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). According to Peplau's interpersonal theory, the nurse is functioning in which nursing role? Teacher Stranger Resource person Leader
Teacher Explanation: Peplau believed that the nurse serves as a therapist, counselor, socializing agent, manager, technical nurse, mother surrogate, and teacher. In this situation, the nurse is functioning in the teacher mode by helping the client to learn formally or informally.
Health promotion and health maintenance interventions related to psychiatric-mental health nursing include what? Ensuring clients are taking their medications Instructing clients about medication side effects Removing stress-inducing stimuli from the client's environment Teaching stress-reduction techniques
Teaching stress-reduction techniques Explanation: Examples of interventions related to psychiatric health promotion and health maintenance include scheduling routine follow-up appointments with health care providers, instructing clients about early signs and symptoms of psychiatric problems, teaching stress-reduction techniques, providing literature about or referring clients to substance abuse awareness programs, and educating clients that positive mental health is a direct function of choices. Clients may not want to pursue treatment; however, that may be the only way to achieve a desired goal
The nurse is caring for a 4-year-old child during a well-child visit. According to the Sullivan's stages of development, which behavior would the nurse expect to find in this child? The child expresses individual views and ideas to the child's parents. The child may prefer to be in the mother's lap. The child performs actions to earn praise from parents. The child spends more time with friends than family.
The child performs actions to earn praise from parents. Explanation: According to Sullivan's life stages, this child is in the childhood stage. During this stage, children look at their parents as sources of praise and appreciation. If the child is in the infant stage (0-language), the child's primary need is to have bodily contact and tenderness and would most likely prefer to sit in the mother's lap. The preadolescent child (8-12 years) tends to move away from family as the primary satisfaction in the relationship and start making friends. In the juvenile stage (5-8 years), the child learns to negotiate individual needs. Expressing views and ideas to the parents begin at this age.
The significance of the use of praise in the therapeutic relationship between the psychiatric nurse and the school-aged client is particularly important for which reason? The client takes pleasure in individual accomplishments and develops confidence A client's ability to express oneself is limited by the stage of development The client needs to relate to the nurse as a surrogate parent The nurse is subject to developing countertransference issues with the client
The client takes pleasure in individual accomplishments and develops confidence Explanation: The relationship that develops between the therapist and client is very important. In accordance with Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, a school-aged child is in a stage of industry vs. inferiority with a need to fulfill the virtue of competence. The nurse can establish and maintain the therapeutic relationship by recognizing and validating successes through praise.
A client is using cognitive therapy as an adjunct treatment for bipolar disorder. Which would be an overall goal for this client related to the use of cognitive therapy for this condition? The client will no longer have to take medication. The client will relinquish all control. The client will continue to have sessions with the therapist once a week for life. The client will engage in self-care independent of professional assistance.
The client will engage in self-care independent of professional assistance. Explanation: Cognitive therapy assumes that individuals have an innate ability to solve their own problems; thus, the overarching treatment goal is for the patient to engage in self-care independent of professional assistance.
A client has completed treatment for an addiction to prescription pain medications. As part of the client's therapy, the family participates in a family therapy program. Which reason would best explain the need for a family system approach to therapy? The family needs to focus on helping the client until equilibrium is regained. The family needs to learn signs of relapse if the client begins taking pills again. The dynamics of the entire family have and will continue to shift to accommodate a change. The family has unresolved issues toward the client.
The dynamics of the entire family have and will continue to shift to accommodate a change. Explanation: When a family system is affected in some way, the dynamics of that family shift to a new balance. The family reorganizes or begins functioning at a different level than it did prior to the change, disturbance, or intervention. A change in one member affects all members.
Among other problems, a client states the client is lonely and doesn't know how to interact with others. The nurse suggests that the client join an ongoing therapy group the nurse conducts. The client agrees reluctantly and, over the next several weeks, the group and therapist focus on the new client's issues. At this time, the nurse notes that the group is becoming less functional. Which statement best explains why? The group should not be expected to help the client with social skills. The nurse should not try to force group therapy on the client. The nurse is not skilled in group techniques. The client is taking too much of the group's time.
The nurse is not skilled in group techniques. Explanation: Therapy groups consist of clients and staff members who discuss and address issues such as social skills training, specific illnesses and related medications, conversational skills, and anger management. The main focus is working in the present with the issues that each client brings. The active leader structures, supports, and encourages participation from others. The skilled nurse would not focus exclusively on a single client's issues.
The nursing theorist Peplau identified which as the essence of psychiatric-mental health nursing? Nursing care independent of physicians The nurse's use of self The nurse-client relationship A neurobiologic approach
The nurse-client relationship Peplau was known for first highlighting the importance of the relationship between the nurse and the client as the basis for the therapeutic relationship. She believed that this relationship was the essence of psychiatric-mental health nursing.
Why are the developmental theories important to nursing practice? They outline the process of human growth and development. They explain the importance of legal and ethical care. They define human adaptation to others and to the environment. They describe how parts work together as a system.
They outline the process of human growth and development. Explanation: Developmental theories outline the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death. Nurses apply this knowledge to develop interventions for people across the lifespan. Systems theory, adaptation theories, and legal/ethical care are also important to nursing, but these do not explain the importance of human growth and development in nursing care.
A client is undergoing individual psychotherapy. The client is yelling at the therapist because of a fight with the client's spouse about their children several years ago. In this instance, the client is exhibiting which response? Parataxis Resistance Transference Countertransference
Transference Explanation: Transference is the client's unconscious assignment of feelings and attitudes originally associated with important figures in the client's early life to the therapist. Countertransference is the emotional reaction to the client based on the therapist's unconscious needs and conflicts. Resistance is defined as the conscious or unconscious psychological defense against bringing repressed thoughts into conscious awareness. Parataxis is the presence of distorted perception or judgment exhibited by the client during therapy
A client asks the nurse to help the client understand what a psychologist meant when the psychologist said that the client displaced anger. Which is the best definition for displacement the nurse can provide? Replacing consciously unacceptable emotions, drives, attitudes, or needs by those that are more acceptable Making up for a real or imagined inability or deficiency by engaging in a specific behavior to maintain self-respect or self-esteem Negating a previous unconsciously tolerable action or experience to reduce or alleviate feelings of guilt Transferring feelings—such as frustration, hostility, or anxiety—from an idea, person, or object to one that is less threatening
Transferring feelings—such as frustration, hostility, or anxiety—from an idea, person, or object to one that is less threatening Explanation: Displacement refers to the transfer of feelings from one object to another. It involves neither replacement or making up for feelings nor negating them.
The following statements are heard in a group: "You can't say that because you don't really know me." "I wonder if the therapist is going to leave?" and "I'm not sure whether or not I can really talk freely." These best reflect which group theme? Guilt and punishment Fear for safety Trust and belonging Loss and abandonment
Trust and belonging The theme expressed in these statements represents the latent lack of trust in the leader or other group members. These statements are not related to guilt and punishment, fear for safety, or loss and abandonment.
The following statements are heard in a group: "You can't say that because you don't really know me." "I wonder if the therapist is going to leave?" and "I'm not sure whether or not I can really talk freely." These best reflect which group theme? Loss and abandonment Trust and belonging Guilt and punishment Fear for safety
Trust and belonging Explanation: The theme expressed in these statements represents the latent lack of trust in the leader or other group members. These statements are not related to guilt and punishment, fear for safety, or loss and abandonment
According to Maslow, mentally healthy people who achieve self-actualization are able to do what? Use varied approaches to solve problems Be dependent in thought and action Make decisions based in fantasy Form distant relationships with others
Use varied approaches to solve problems Explanation: According to Maslow, mentally healthy people who achieve self-actualization are able to form close relationships with others, make decisions pertaining to reality rather than fantasy, be independent or autonomous in thought and action, and use a variety of approaches as they perform tasks and solve problems.
A client is being discharged from the psychiatric unit this afternoon, and a nurse needs to teach the client about discharge medications. The client is exhibiting signs of moderate anxiety about the upcoming discharge. Based on Peplau's views regarding anxiety, the nurse would expect to implement the education plan at which time? When the client is completely free of anxiety When the client's anxiety stabilizes at its current level When the client's anxiety decreases to a mild level When the client's anxiety escalates to the panic level
When the client's anxiety decreases to a mild level Explanation: Mild anxiety is useful for learning; therefore, it would be appropriate to begin educating the client when anxiety decreases to a mild level. Severe anxiety interferes with learning. Anxiety should be relieved as much as possible, but it would be unrealistic to expect that the client would become completely free of anxiety.
A group is trying to handle issues related to dominance, control, and power within the group. In what stage of group development is this group? Mature Initial Termination Working
Working During the working stage of group development, the group solves selected problems of working together; handles conflicts between members or between members and the leader; and works on issues of dominance, control, and power within the group.
A group is trying to handle issues related to dominance, control, and power within the group. In what stage of group development is this group? Mature Initial Working Termination
Working Explanation: During the working stage of group development, the group solves selected problems of working together; handles conflicts between members or between members and the leader; and works on issues of dominance, control, and power within the group
A basic function of psychiatric nurses is to implement a group that focuses on helping individuals coping with their illness. This refers to ... a supportive therapy group. an interactive group. a psychoeducational group. a cognitive behavior therapy group.
a supportive therapy group. Explanation: Supportive therapy groups are usually less intense than psychotherapy groups and focus on helping individuals cope with their illnesses and problems as well as build interpersonal connections. Implementing supportive therapy groups is one of the basic functions of the psychiatric nurse.
According to Yalom (2005), there are 11 therapeutic factors through which changes occur in group psychotherapy. Which factor correlates with learning to give to others? altruism universality catharsis group cohesiveness
altruism Altruism is learning to give to others. Universality refers to finding out that others have similar problems. Catharsis is the open expression of affect to purge or "cleanse" oneself. Group cohesiveness is the group members' relationship to the therapist and other group members.
According to Yalom (2005), there are 11 therapeutic factors through which changes occur in group psychotherapy. Which factor correlates with learning to give to others? altruism group cohesiveness catharsis universality
altruism Explanation: Altruism is learning to give to others. Universality refers to finding out that others have similar problems. Catharsis is the open expression of affect to purge or "cleanse" oneself. Group cohesiveness is the group members' relationship to the therapist and other group members.
Some behavioral therapists believe that seclusion and restraint are forms of punishment. It may be assumed that these therapists view seclusion and restraint as: an unavoidable consequence of aberrant behaviors. continuous negative reinforcement for a response. an unpleasant stimulus that happens after a certain unwanted behavior. a treatment administered only when all others have failed.
an unpleasant stimulus that happens after a certain unwanted behavior. Explanation: Punishment is viewed as a consequence in response to behavior for the intention of changing the undesired behavior.
The most superficial and accessible levels of cognition and generally the first to be targeted in treatment are ... automatic thoughts. core beliefs. cognitive schema. intermediate beliefs.
automatic thoughts. Explanation: The most superficial and accessible levels of cognition and generally the first to be targeted in treatment are automatic beliefs.
For Freud, the therapist's emotional reactions to the client based on personal unconscious needs and conflicts is termed ... interpersonal relations. countertransference. transference. situational conflict.
countertransference. Explanation: For Freud, the term countertransference means the therapist's emotional reactions to the client based on personal unconscious needs and conflicts. Countertransference interferes with the therapeutic relationship.
For Freud, the therapist's emotional reactions to the client based on personal unconscious needs and conflicts is termed ... situational conflict. countertransference. transference. interpersonal relations.
countertransference. Explanation: For Freud, the term countertransference means the therapist's emotional reactions to the client based on personal unconscious needs and conflicts. Countertransference interferes with the therapeutic relationship.
Many families take years to understand that a member is mentally ill and identify the warning signs of relapse. During this period, they try to normalize puzzling behaviors. This is called ... denial. reaction formation. avoidance. ignorance.
denial. Explanation: Denial is an often unconscious effort to ease or avoid the discomfort of acknowledging the presence of illness or dysfunction.
Two staff nurses in a psychiatric emergency department are being considered for a promotion that will be announced via memo on a unit bulletin board. They work in a collaborative team environment, have been colleagues for 15 years, and socialize outside work. Nurse A hears from a third colleague that Nurse B was promoted. Nurse A goes into the staff coffee room and slams several cupboard doors. A custodian enters and remarks, "You seem pretty upset." Nurse A replies, "I am not at all upset." In this instance, Nurse A is probably using: compensation. denial. repression. reaction formation.
denial. Explanation: Denial is an unconscious process of escaping an unpleasant reality by ignoring its existence. In this case, the nurse is unable to acknowledge true feelings. Reaction formation is an unconscious process that occurs when a person displays a feeling that is the opposite of anger. Repression happens when a person attempts to exclude an event from awareness. Compensation is a mechanism in which a person unconsciously tries to make up for perceived deficits by excelling in another area to maintain self-esteem
A nurse is performing discharge planning for a client who will be returning home to live with family members. Which concept will be most important for the nurse in considering client needs? formal support system transference family dynamics modeling
family dynamics Explanation: Family dynamics are most important in determining client needs. This involves patterns of both social and interpersonal interactions and the behavior of one person can influence the others in this open system of a family. Therefore the nurse would want to determine the family dynamics in order to be sure the client's needs would be met in this environment. Family members would be part of the informal, not formal, support system. While transference involves displacement of thought, feelings and behaviors related to significant others, the client would displace these with a therapeutic relationship instead of with significant others such as family members. Modeling involves internalizing behaviors of others but may not be a positive aspect to meet a client's needs based on family members.
A nurse is performing discharge planning for a client who will be returning home to live with family members. Which concept will be most important for the nurse in considering client needs? modeling transference family dynamics formal support system
family dynamics Explanation: Family dynamics are most important in determining client needs. This involves patterns of both social and interpersonal interactions and the behavior of one person can influence the others in this open system of a family. Therefore the nurse would want to determine the family dynamics in order to be sure the client's needs would be met in this environment. Family members would be part of the informal, not formal, support system. While transference involves displacement of thought, feelings and behaviors related to significant others, the client would displace these with a therapeutic relationship instead of with significant others such as family members. Modeling involves internalizing behaviors of others but may not be a positive aspect to meet a client's needs based on family members.
Within a group, facilitating verbal and nonverbal communication to meet treatment goals individually and with the entire group refers to the ... group leader. gatekeeper. individual role. maintenance role.
group leader. Explanation: One of the responsibilities of group leadership is to facilitate both verbal and nonverbal communication to meet the treatment goals of the individual members and the entire group
A nurse is reading a journal article that reviews the various theories of human behavior and mental illness. One of the theories described states that all human beings have the potential for goodness and that therapy helps clients explore their own ability to develop self-worth. The nurse is reading about which theory? sociocultural theory psychoanalytic theory interpersonal theory humanistic theory
humanistic theory Explanation: Humanistic theories are based on the belief that all human beings have the potential for goodness. Humanist therapists focus on clients' ability to learn about and accept themselves. They do not investigate repressed memories. Through therapy, clients explore personal capabilities in order to develop self-worth. They learn to experience the world in a different way.Interpersonal theories stress the importance of human relationships; instincts and drives are less important. Sociocultural theories consider the the role of the individual within the family and society. Interventions are based on the understanding and significance of family and cultural norms. Psychoanalytic theory conceptualizes the human mind in terms of conscious and unconscious mental processes.
When describing the influence of Harry Stack Sullivan on psychiatric-mental health nursing, which would an instructor address as a major concept? interpersonal relations harmony between the individual and society unconditional positive regard collective unconscious
interpersonal relations Explanation: Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949), an American psychiatrist, extended the concept of interpersonal relations to include characteristic interaction patterns. Rogers addressed the concept of unconditional positive regard. Fromm addressed the need for harmony and understanding between an individual and society. Jung addressed the collective unconscious such that individuals had both extroverted and introverted tendencies.
Which concept states that if a certain behavior is rewarded with praise, the behavior will probably be repeated? operant conditioning modeling self-efficacy behaviorism
operant conditioning Explanation: In operant conditioning, the focus is on the consequences of a behavioral response, not a specific stimulus. If a behavior is reinforced or regarded with success, praise, money, and so on, the behavior will probably be repeated. Modeling is one person trying to be similar to another. Self-efficacy is a person's sense of the individual's ability to deal effectively with the environment. Behaviorism is a learning theory that focuses only on objectively observable behaviors and discounts any independent activities of the mind.
Which concept states that if a certain behavior is rewarded with praise, the behavior will probably be repeated? self-efficacy operant conditioning modeling behaviorism
operant conditioning Explanation: In operant conditioning, the focus is on the consequences of a behavioral response, not a specific stimulus. If a behavior is reinforced or regarded with success, praise, money, and so on, the behavior will probably be repeated. Modeling is one person trying to be similar to another. Self-efficacy is a person's sense of the individual's ability to deal effectively with the environment. Behaviorism is a learning theory that focuses only on objectively observable behaviors and discounts any independent activities of the mind.
The nurse is demonstrating countertransference with a client with which behavior? discussing the client's behavior with a family member explaining to the client that it is normal for the client to feel attachment relating to the client because the client resembles a favorite cousin maintaining a professional demeanor with the client
relating to the client because the client resembles a favorite cousin Explanation: Countertransference is a concept identified by Sigmund Freud and involves the mental health care worker's feelings toward a client. It is problematic when the nurse assigns these based on an interpersonal experience, such as with the client resembling a cousin. The nurse may be hampered in treatment of the client based on these feelings. The nurse discussing the client's behavior or maintaining a professional demeanor do not represent use of interpersonal experiences by the nurse. The client may feel attachment as part of transference based on his/her own interpersonal experience.
It is evident that a client has entered Piaget's stage of formal operations when the client ... expresses sadness about the loss of the client's dog. talks about humans being homo sapiens. speaks about a recent ballad as being reflective of the client's life story. can sleep through the night without having enuresis.
speaks about a recent ballad as being reflective of the client's life story. Explanation: Comparing a ballad to real-life events reflects the ability to think abstractly.
When a therapist is interviewing a client diagnosed with depression, the client's feelings toward the client's parents as a child are being directed at the therapist. This is an example of: transference. countertransference. psychoanalysis. object relations.
transference. Transference is the displacement of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors originally associated with significant others from childhood onto a person in a current therapeutic relationship. Countertransference is defined as the direction of all of the therapist's feelings and attitudes toward the client. Psychoanalysis is the therapeutic process of accessing the unconscious conflicts that originate in childhood and then resolving the issues with a mature adult mind. Object relations is the psychological attachment to another person or object.
