mgmt test 4

- Extraverts get their energy from being around other people - Introverts are worn out by others and need solitude to recharge their energy which of the myer-briggs personality types is this comparing?

Extraversion (E) vs. Introversion (I)

Developed the LPC theory, the first truly situational theory of leadership; He went beyond the earlier behavioral approached by arguing that the style of behavior used by a leader is a reflection of that individual's personality & that most leader personalities fall into one of two categories: task oriented or relationship oriented; proposed that leadership style could be assessed by a questionnaire called the least-preferred coworker (LPC) measure who is this describing?

Fiedler

what are mechanisms used in impression management to manage perception?

appearance & association

Working a full 40-hour week in fewer than the traditional five days what type of work schedule is this describing?

compressed work schedule

- Also called interpersonal problem solving - Involves bringing the parties together to confront the conflict what is this describing?

conflict resolution

which big five personality trait is this: the number of things a person can effectively work on at one time

conscientiousness

Shows concern for subordinates & attempt to establish a warm, friendly & supportive climate which leadership behavior style discovered in the ohio studies is this describing?

consideration behavior

which type of political behavior is this describing: occurs when a manager does a favor in hopes of receiving one in return

creation of an obligation

does this manager have a high or low risk propensity? : might be expected to experiment with new ideas & gamble on new products. Might lead the organization in new & different directions. May be a catalyst for innovation. May jeopardize the continued well-being of the organization if the risky decisions prove to be bag ones.

high risk propensity

is this manager highly or less authoritarian: may be autocratic & demanding

highly authoritarian

is this person highly or less authoritarian: may accept directives on orders from someone with more authority because the other person is "the boss"

highly authoritarian

- further someone's career - receive rewards or promotions - garner attractive job assignments - boost self-esteem - gain power & control these are reasons why someone would engage in what?

impression management

a direct & intentional effort by someone to enhance his or her image in the eyes of others what is this describing?

impression management

which type of political behavior is this describing: occurs when something is given in return for support

inducement

what are these: agreeableness conscientiousness neuroticism extraversion openness

the big five personality traits

what is this defining: a popular personality framework based on five key traits

the big five personality traits

what gives something a negative valence?

the individual does not want the outcome

what gives something a valence of zero?

the individual is indifferent to the outcome

what gives something a positive valence?

the individual wants the outcome

found that there are two basic leader behaviors/styles: initiating-structure behavior & consideration behavior. Assumed these behaviors to not be independent & leaders could engage in both. Ultimately concluded that situational influences occur making consistent prediction difficult. this is the conclusion of which studies?

the ohio studies

provides reinforcement at varying intervals of time, such as occasional visits by the supervisor which type of reinforcement schedule is this describing?

variable interval schedule

provides reinforcement after varying numbers of behaviors are performed, such as the use of compliments by a supervisor on an irregular basis which type of reinforcement schedule is this describing?

variable ratio schedule

- Gives more responsibility for task performance to the workers who are actually performing the tasks - Empowers workers by giving them greater authority & decision-making freedom - Allow the organization to capitalize on the knowledge & motivation of their workers - Enables the organization to shed its bureaucracy & promote flexibility & responsiveness these are all reasons why an organization creates _____ ______ .

work teams

- can be used to empower workers - eliminates layers from the organizational hierarchy these are impacts of what?

work teams

provides reinforcement at fixed intervals of time, such as regularly weekly paychecks; Provides the least incentive for good work because employees know they will be paid regularly regardless of their efforts which type of reinforcement schedule is this describing?

fixed interval schedule

provides reinforcement after a fixed number of behaviors regardless of the time interval involved, such as a bonus for every fifth sale which type of reinforcement schedule is this describing?

fixed ratio schedule

allows employees some control over the hours they choose to work what type of work schedule is this describing?

flexible work schedule (flextime)

1. _______ 2. storming 3. norming 4. performing

forming

members get acquainted & test interpersonal behaviors which stage of group development is this describing?

forming

a worker previously motivated by money (existence) may have just been awarded a pay rise to satisfy the need. He then tries to establish more friendships to satisfy relatedness needs. If for some reason he finds it is impossible to become better friends with others in the workplace, he eventually gets frustrated & regresses to being motivated to earn more money. this is an example of what?

frustration regression

If needs remain unsatisfied, the person will become frustrated, regress to a lower level, & begin to pursue those things again what is this describing?

frustration-regression

the extent to which a person accepts a goal as his or her own which goal attribute of the goal-setting theory is this describing?

goal acceptance

the extent to which a person is personally interested in reaching the goal which goal attribute of the goal-setting theory is this describing?

goal commitment

the extent to which a goal is challenging & requires effort which goal attribute of the goal-setting theory is this describing?

goal difficulty

assumes that behavior is a result of conscious goals & intentions. Therefore, by setting goals for people in the organization, manager should be able to influence their behavior. consists of 4 attributes: goal difficulty, goal specificity, goal acceptance & goal commitment. what is this describing?

goal setting theory of motivation

the clarity & precision of the goal which goal attribute of the goal-setting theory is this describing?

goal specificity

*hint* paula works at a big petroleum company

great organizational citizen

the needs for self-esteem & self-actualization what ERG theory of motivation need is this describing?

growth needs

which big five personality trait is this: a person's rigidity of beliefs & range of interests

openness

consulting with subordinates, soliciting suggestions, & allowing participation in decision making which kind of leader behavior in the path-goal theory is this describing? 1. directive leader behavior 2. supportive leader behavior 3. participative leader behavior 4. achievement oriented leader behavior

participative leader behavior

- personal characteristics of subordinates - environmental characteristics of subordinates these are the factors that appropriate leader style depends on according to which theory?

path-goal theory

a theory of leadership suggesting that the primary functions of a leader are to desired rewards available in the workplace & to clarify for the subordinate the kinds of behavior that will lead to those rewards what is this describing?

path-goal theory

leaders can change their style or behavior to meet the demands of a particular situation this is an assumption of which theory?

path-goal theory

what the individual perceives the sent role to mean what is this describing?

perceived role

1. forming 2. storming 3. norming 4. _________

performing

members enact roles & direct effort toward goal attainment & performance which stage of group development is this describing?

performing

results from a discrepancy between the role requirements & the individual's personal values, attitudes, & needs what is this describing?

person-role conflict

which type of political behavior is this describing: relies on manipulation of logic & emotions

persuasion

what is this defining: the extent to which a person believes that power & status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems like organizations

Authoritarianism

suggests that people's needs are grouped into three possibly overlapping categories - existence, relatedness, and growth what is this defining?

ERG theory of motivation

- The judging type enjoy completion or being finishing - The perceiving type enjoy the process & open-ended situations which of the myer-briggs personality types is this comparing?

Judging (J) vs. Perceiving (P)

suggests that the appropriate style of leadership varies with situational favorableness what is this describing?

LPC theory

what is this an example of: Dov Charney, founder & former CEO of American Apparel, has a high degree of ____________ . He came to believe his position of power in the company gave him the right to do anything he wanted with company resources & employees.

Machiavellianism

what is this defining: behavior directed at gaining power & controlling the behavior of others

Machiavellianism

what is this describing: suggests that people must satisfy five groups of needs in order - physiological, security, belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

- The sensing type prefers concrete things - Intuitives prefer abstract concepts which of the myer-briggs personality types is this comparing?

Sensing (S) vs. Intuition (I)

- Thinking individuals base their decisions more on logic & reason - Feeling individuals base their decisions more on feelings & emotions which of the myer-briggs personality types is this comparing?

Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F)

which personality type is this describing: Individuals who are extremely competitive, very devoted to work, have a strong sense of time urgency. Likely to be aggressive, impatient & very work-oriented. Have a lot of drive & want to accomplish as much as possible as quickly as possible.

Type A

which personality type is this describing: Individuals who are less competitive, less devoted to work, & have a weaker sense of time urgency. Less likely to experience conflict with others & more likely to have a balanced, relaxed approach to life. They can work at a constant pace without time urgency.

Type B

setting challenging goals, expecting subordinates to perform at high levels, encouraging subordinates, & showing confidence in subordinates' abilities which kind of leader behavior in the path-goal theory is this describing? 1. directive leader behavior 2. supportive leader behavior 3. participative leader behavior 4. achievement oriented leader behavior

achievement oriented leader behavior

which big five personality trait is this: a person's ability to get along with others

agreeableness

*hint* which of the following is suggested as a way to manage stress

all of the above

At Emery Air Freight, management felt that the containers used to consolidate small shipments into fewer, larger shipments were not being packed efficiently. Through a system of self-monitored feedback & rewards, Emery increased container usage from 45 to 95 percent & saved over $3 million during the first 3 years of the program. this is an example of what?

behavior modification

starts by specifying behaviors that are to be increased (such as producing more units) or decreased (such as coming to work late). These target behaviors are then tied to specific kinds of reinforcement. method for applying the basic elements of reinforcement theory in an organizational setting. what is this describing?

behavior modification or OB Mod

allowing social interaction & making employees feel like part of a team or work group which need of Maslow's hierarchy is this solving?

belongingness

physiological security ______________ esteem self-actualization

belongingness

which need in Maslow's hierarchy is this describing: Related to social processes

belongingness

which need of Maslow's hierarchy is this an organizational example of: friends at work

belongingness

the five traits (agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, extraversion & openness) are ranked on a scale from high to low, with high being on the left & low being on the right. personality traits towards the left end of each dimension are more positive in organizational settings. this is how the ______ ______ _______ _______ works.

big five personality test

what other members of the team expect the individual to do what is this describing?

expected role

which type of political behavior is this describing: the use of force

coercion

The power to force compliance by means of psychological, emotional, or physical threat what is this describing?

coercive power

A person has vowed to never work for a big, impersonal corporation intends instead to open her own business & be her own boss. A series of financial setbacks leads her to have no choice but to take a job with a large company. Thus, cognitive dissonance occurs: the affective & cognitive components of the person's attitude conflict with intended behavior. To reduce the discomfort of cognitive dissonance, she may tell herself that the situation is only temporary & she can go back on her own in the near future. She may also revise her cognitions & decide that working for a large company is more pleasant than expected. what is this an example of?

cognitive dissonance

what is this a definition of: caused when an individual has conflicting attitudes

cognitive dissonance

lets subordinates know what is expected of them, gives guidance & direction, & schedules work which kind of leader behavior in the path-goal theory is this describing? 1. directive leader behavior 2. supportive leader behavior 3. participative leader behavior 4. achievement oriented leader behavior

directive leader behavior

- Fill the needs of the employee - Be favorably comparable to awards offered by other organizations - Be viewed as distributed equitably - System recognizes any difference in needs & the way in what individuals choose to satisfy them rewards must have all of these things in order be an ....

effective reward system

the process of enabling workers to set their own work goals, make decisions, & solve problems within their sphere of responsibility & authority what is this defining?

empowerment

what the individual actually does in the role what is this describing?

enacted role

The personal power the accrues to someone based on the information or expertise they possess what is this describing?

expert power

what type of locus of control does this person have: people who think that forces beyond their control dictate what happens to them

external locus of control

which big five personality trait is this: a person's comfort level with relationships

extraversion

suggests that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for performance; people view their outcomes & inputs as a ratio & then compare it to someone else's ratio what is this describing?

equity theory

job title which need of Maslow's hierarchy is this an organizational example of

esteem

physiological security belongingness _________ self-actualization

esteem

providing a variety of extrinsic symbols of accomplishment, such as job titles, nice offices, and similar rewards; provide more challenging job assignments & opportunities for the employee to feel a sense of accomplishment which need of Maslow's hierarchy is this solving?

esteem

which need in Maslow's hierarchy is this describing: Compromise the need for a positive self-image & self-respect & the need for recognition & respect from others

esteem

correspond to the physiological & security needs what ERG theory of motivation need is this describing?

existence needs

1. Behavior is determined by a combination of forces in the individual & in the environment 2. People make decisions about their own behavior in organizations 3. Different people have different types of needs 4. People make choices from alternative plans of behavior, based on perceptions of the extent a given behavior will lead to desired outcomes these are the 4 assumptions necessary which theory to occur?

expectancy theory

suggests that motivation depends on two things - how much we want something & how likely we think we are to get it what is this defining?

expectancy theory

Clearly defines the leader-subordinate role, clarifying expectations, establishes formal lines of communication & determines how tasks will be performed which leadership behavior style discovered in the ohio studies is this describing?

initiating-structure

which two basic leader behavior styles did the ohio studies discover?

initiating-structure behavior & consideration behavior

what type of locus of control does this person have: people who believe that individuals are in control of their lives

internal locus of control

which stressor is this describing: associated with relationships that confront people in organizations; Group pressures regarding restriction of output & norm conformity; individuals with conflicting personalities working closely together

interpersonal demands

conflict between roles what is this describing?

interrole conflict

occurs when the person gets conflicting demands from different sources within the context of the same role what is this describing?

intrarole conflict

occurs when a single source sends clear but contradictory messages what is this describing?

intrasender conflict

occurs when two or more part-time workers share one full-time job what type of work schedule is this describing?

job-sharing

leaders have different kinds of relationships with different subordinates; Supervisors establish a special relationship with a small number of trusted subordinates, referred to as the "in-group". The in-group usually receives special duties requiring responsibility & autonomy; they may also receive special privileges;Subordinates who are not part of this group are called the "out-group", & they receive less of the supervisor's time & attention what is this describing?

leader member exchange theory

The measuring scale that asks leaders to describe the person with whom her or she is able to work least well Higher numbers are associated with positive qualities & lower numbers as associated with negative qualities A high total score is assumed to reflect a relationship orientation (because the least preferred coworker is still being described in positive terms) & a low score reflects a task orientation what is this describing?

least preferred coworker (LPC) measure

Power granted through the organizational hierarchy; the power defined by the organization to be accorded to people occupying particular positions what is this describing?

legitimate power

is this manager highly or less authoritarian: may allow subordinates a bigger role in decision making

less authoritarian

is this person highly or less authoritarian: may still carry out appropriate & reasonable directives from the boss, but are more likely to question things, express disagreement with the boss, & even refuse to carry out orders if they are objectionable

less authoritarian

is this type of individual more or less machiavellian? : more emotional, less willing to lie to succeed, value loyalty & friendship highly, & get little personal pleasure from manipulating others

less machiavellian

what is this defining: the degree to which a person believes that his or her behavior has a direct impact on the consequences of that behavior

locus of control

does this manager have a high or low risk propensity? : might lead to a stagnant & overly conservation organization or help the organization successfully weather turbulent & unpredictable times by maintaining stability

low risk propensity

is this type of individual more or less machiavellian? : rational & nonemotional, may be willing to lie to attain personal goals, may put little weight on loyalty/friendship, may enjoy manipulating others' behavior

more machiavellian

which big five personality trait is this: extent to which a person is poised, calm, resilient, & secure

neuroticism

1. forming 2. storming 3. _______ 4. performing

norming

members share acceptance of roles & sense of unity which stage of group development is this describing?

norming

standards of behavior that the group accepts & expects of its members what is this defining?

norms

which stressor is this describing: associated with the job setting; Working outdoors in extreme hot/cold temperatures, jobs that have rotating work shifts making stable sleep patterns difficult, poorly designed offices that make privacy difficult or allow for too little social interaction, offices with poor lighting & inadequate work surfaces

physical demands

_________ security belongingness esteem self-actualization

physiological

adequate wages & the work environment itself, which provides restrooms, adequate lighting, comfortable temperatures, & ventilation which need of Maslow's hierarchy is this solving?

physiological

which need in Maslow's hierarchy is this describing: food, sex, air; represent basic issues of survival & biological function.

physiological

which need of Maslow's hierarchy is this an organizational example of: base salary

physiological

what is the correct order of maslow's hierarchy of needs?

physiological security belongingness esteem self-actualization

- Be aware the others may assume your motives are political, even if they are not - Giving subordinates autonomy, responsibility, challenges, & feedback to reduce politics - Avoid using power if possible - Get disagreements out in the open - Avoid covert activities - Keep performance evaluations transparent, tie rewards directly to performance & minimize competition among managers for resources what are all of these strategies aimed at managing?

political behavior

what is this defining: activities carried out for the specific purpose of acquiring, developing, & using power & other resources to obtain one's preferred outcomes

political behavior

focus on how people relate to their social environment. Encompasses the need to belong and the need to earn the esteem of others. what ERG theory of motivation need is this describing?

relatedness needs

The personal power the accrues to someone based on identification, imitation, loyalty, or charisma what is this describing?

referent power

The power to give or withhold rewards, such as salary increases, bonuses, promotions, praise, recognition, & interesting job assignments what is this describing?

reward power

the formal & informal mechanisms by which employee performance is defined, evaluated, & rewarded what is this describing?

reward system

During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals with high risk propensity were more likely to engage in social interaction and venture to places where there may be a higher risk of exposure to the virus whereas those with a lower risk propensity were more likely to rigidly maintain social-distance guidelines and avoid areas where virus exposure was more likely what is this an example of?

risk propensity

fill in the blank: The potential consequences of _____ __________ to an organization are heavily dependent on that organization's environment

risk propensity

what is this defining: the degree to which an individual is willing to take chances & make risky decisions

risk propensity

arises when the sent role is unclear & the individual does not know what is expected of him or her what is this describing?

role ambiguity

clear & reasonable expectations what is this aiming to avoid?

role ambiguity

consistent expectations what is this aiming to avoid?

role conflict

occurs when the message & cues composing the sent role are clear but contradictory or mutually exclusive what is this describing?

role conflict

which stressor is this describing: An employee who is feeling pressure from her boss to work longer hours while also being asked by her family for more time at home will experience stress as a result of role conflict; A new employee experiencing role ambiguity because of poor orientation & training practices by the organization will suffer from stress

role demands

occurs when expectations for the role exceed the person's ability to perform what is this describing?

role overload

recognizing an individual's limits what is this aiming to avoid?

role overload

the set of defined roles & interrelationships among those roles that the group members define & accept what is this defining?

role structure

Expected role -> sent role -> perceived role -> enacted role this is the process of the development of a _______ through a series of ______ ________.

role; role episodes

job continuity (no layoffs), a grievance system (to protect against arbitrary supervisory actions), & an adequate insurance & retirement benefit package (for security against illness & provision of income in later life) which need of Maslow's hierarchy is this solving?

security

physiological ___________ belongingness esteem self-actualization

security

which need in Maslow's hierarchy is this describing: The desire for housing & clothing & the need to be free from worry about money & job security

security

which need of Maslow's hierarchy is this an organizational example of: pension plan

security

members develop group structure & patterns of interaction which stage of group development is this describing?

storming

it allows us to disregard minor bits of information; this is only helpful if our basic perception is accurate. If selective perception causes us to ignore important information, it can become quite detrimental. this is why ________ _________ is beneficial.

selective perception

what is this an example of: A manager caught an employee napping on the job when he needed to be working on a big project. If she already has a negative opinion of this worker, her opinion will now become even more negative. If she has always viewed him positively, she may overlook this current incident as an anomaly.

selective perception

what is this defining: the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs

selective perception

A manager could give employees a chance to participate in making decisions about their work & the opportunity to learn new things which need of Maslow's hierarchy is this solving?

self-actualization

challenging job which need of Maslow's hierarchy is this an organizational example of

self-actualization

physiological security belongingness esteem __________

self-actualization

which need in Maslow's hierarchy is this describing: Involve realizing one's potential for continued growth & individual development

self-actualization

the messages & cues that team members use to communicate the expected role to the individual what is this describing?

sent role

providing social & emotional support to others on the team which role is this describing?

socioemotional role

1. forming 2. _________ 3. norming 4. performing

storming

- In the absence of stress, we may experience lethargy & stagnation - An optimal level of stress can result in motivation & excitement these are the ways that ______ affects organizations.

stress

- poor quality work & lower productivity - faulty decision making & disruptions in working relationships - increase in people calling in sick or quitting - missed deadlines - withdrawing/feelings of indifference - burnout these are the consequences of what on a business?

stress

Wellness programs, stress management programs, health promotion programs & fitness programs these are all ways organizations can help employees with with?

stress

exercise, relaxation, time management, & support these are all ways people manage what?

stress

what is this describing: a person's response to a strong stimulus, which is called a stressor

stress

being friendly & approachable, showing concern for subordinates' welfare, & treating team members as partners which kind of leader behavior in the path-goal theory is this describing? 1. directive leader behavior 2. supportive leader behavior 3. participative leader behavior 4. achievement oriented leader behavior

supportive leader behavior

which stressor is this describing: associated with the task itself; Having to make fast decisions, decisions with less than complete information, or decisions that have relatively serious consequences

task demands

concentrating on getting the group's task accomplished which role is this describing?

task specialist role

allows part of work time offsite, usually at home what type of work schedule is this describing?

telecommuting

an index of how much a person values a particular outcome what is this describing?

valence