MGMT363 - Chapter 1

What is the definition of 'Method of Science?'

People accept some belief because scientific studies have tended to replicate that result using a series of samples, settings, and methods.

What is the definition of 'Method of Intuition?'

People hold firmly to some belief because it "just stands to reason"—it seems obvious or self-evident.

What is the definition of 'Method of Experience?'

People hold firmly to some belief because it is consistent with their own experience and observations.

What is the definition of "Method of Authority?'

People hold firmly to some belief because some respected official, agency, or source has said it is so.

What is the definition of Numerous small decisions?

People making many small decisions every day that are invisible to competitors.

In an organizational behavior scatterplot, what numbers are considered strong, moderate, and weak?

- .50 is considered "strong" in organizational behavior research, given the sheer number of things that can affect how employees feel and act. - A .30 correlation is considered "moderate," and many studies discussed in this book will have results in this range. - A .10 correlation is considered "weak" in organizational behavior research.

The use of statistical methods to combine the results of several individual but similar studies is known as Multiple choice question. - Evidence-based management. - The Rule of One-Eighth. - Causal inference. - A meta-analysis.

- A meta-analysis.

What are the three possible correlations to have on a scatterplot?

- A perfect 1.0 correlation; knowing the score for social recognition allows you to predict the score for drive-through times perfectly. - A correlation of .50, so the trend in the data is less obvious than in - A correlation of .00—no statistical relationship.

Organizational behavior seeks to understand, explain, and improve employees' attitudes and _____. Multiple choice question. - Ethics - Beliefs - Values - Behaviors

- Behaviors

______ argues that management decisions and organizational practices should be based on scientific research and findings. Multiple choice question. - The Rule of One-Eighth - Evidence-based management - The resource-based view - Meta-analysis

- Evidence-based management

Ernesto is studying ways to improve the task performance of his company's employees and writes a report in which he states that "employee motivation will be positively correlated with the implementation of performance-based reward systems." This statement is an example of a(n) - Theory. - Hypothesis. - Principle. - Experiment.

- Hypothesis.

According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, ability, personality, and cultural values would be categorized as - Individual mechanisms. - Organizational mechanisms. - Individual outcomes. - Individual characteristics.

- Individual characteristics.

According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, ______ would include such elements as motivation, stress, and job satisfaction. Multiple choice question. - Group mechanisms - Individual outcomes - Excluded characteristics - Individual mechanisms

- Individual mechanisms

According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, ______ would include such elements as motivation, stress, and job satisfaction. Multiple choice question. - Individual outcomes - Group mechanisms - Individual mechanisms - Excluded characteristics

- Individual mechanisms

According to the resource-based view, resources that are unique and impossible to copy are referred to as - Socially complex. - Atypical. - Inimitable. - Basic.

- Inimitable.

The measure of how well an employee does his or her work tasks and responsibilities is known as Multiple choice question. - Job satisfaction. - Motivation. - Job performance. - Organizational commitment.

- Job performance.

The group mechanism that details how individuals gain power over others within the organization is referred to as Multiple choice question. - Leadership personality and values. - Leadership styles and behaviors. - Personality and cultural values. - Leadership power and negotiations.

- Leadership power and negotiations.

The individual mechanism that deals with how employees acquire and apply knowledge to a job is referred to as Multiple choice question. - Learning & Decision Making - Organizational commitment. - Trust, justice, and ethics. - Organizational structure.

- Learning & Decision Making

A ______ takes all of the correlations found in studies of a particular relationship and calculates a weighted average of them. Multiple choice question. - Working hypothesis - Meta-analysis - Causal inference - Beta-analysis

- Meta-analysis

Match the method of knowledge (at left) with its description (at right). - Method of experience - Method of intuition - Method of authority - Method of science - Accepting a belief because a trusted source respected source has said it is so - Accepting a belief on the basis of scientific studies - Holding to a belief because it is consistent with your experience and observations - Holding to a belief because it "feels right" or appears self-evident

- Method of Science Accepting a belief on the basis of scientific studies. - Method of Authority Accepting a belief because a trusted source respected source has said it is so. - Method of Experience Holding to a belief because it is consistent with your experience and observations. - Method of Intuition Holding to a belief because it "feels right" or appears self-evident.

Pete reads all of the latest management theory books on the best-seller list and tries to implement the practices recommended by the authors. He surmises that their recommended practices must be effective because they are best-selling authors. Which of the following bases of knowledge is Pete using? - Method of science - Method of intuition - Method of experience - Method of authority

- Method of authority

Shawna instinctively believes that most people have an inherent tendency to avoid work. She believes the only way they'll do their jobs is if she "rides herd" over them all day long. Which method of knowledge does Shawna use in developing her management style? - Method of intuition - Method of authority - Method of experience - Method of science

- Method of intuition

A correlation of 0 between two variables suggests which of the following? Multiple choice question. - A strong positive correlation - No statistical correlation - A perfect statistical relationship - A weak negative correlation

- No statistical correlation

Which of the following is the best description of a causal inference? Multiple choice question. - One variable causes another. - There is no statistical correlation between the variables. - There is a perfect statistical relationship between the variables. - The variables are positively correlated.

- One variable causes another.

Which of the following is the best description of a causal inference? - There is a perfect statistical relationship between the variables. - The variables are positively correlated. - One variable causes another. - There is no statistical correlation between the variables.

- One variable causes another. Can involve negative correlations.

An employee's desire to remain a member of an organization that she or he respects is referred to as his or her Multiple choice question. - Task performance. - Organizational commitment. - Job performance. - Organizational culture.

- Organizational commitment.

The organizational mechanism that captures the shared knowledge about the values and beliefs of the organization is called Multiple choice question. - Human resources. - Organizational culture. - Individual outcome. - Organizational structure.

- Organizational culture.

Individual characteristics that improve individual mechanisms, such as job satisfaction and motivation, include which of the following? Multiple select question. - Chronic illness - Personality - Ability - Cultural values

- Personality - Ability - Cultural values

Which of the following would include characteristics that describe how people act, such as extroversion and conscientiousness? - Organizational culture - Organizational commitment - Personality and cultural values - Abilities

- Personality and cultural values

A resource is more valuable when it is? What else is also rare?

- Rare & Inimitable. - Good people.

The theories and concepts found in OB are actually drawn from a wide variety of disciplines. What are the four it can be drawn from?

- Research on satisfaction, emotions, and team processes draws heavily from social psychology. - Anthropology research helps inform the study of organizational culture. - Industrial & Organizational Psychology.

Which discipline has contributed research on satisfaction, emotions, and team processes to the field of organizational behavior (OB)? Multiple choice question. - Anthropology - Political science - Economics - Social psychology

- Social psychology

The theories and concepts in organizational behavior (OB) are derived from which of the following disciplines? (Check all that apply.) - Social psychology - Criminology - Anthropology - Industrial psychology

- Social psychology - Anthropology - Industrial psychology

Organizational behavior (OB) research with respect to team characteristics and organizational structure draws primarily from studies in the field of Multiple choice question. - Economics. - Physiology. - Anthropology. - Sociology.

- Sociology.

The individual mechanism that deals with workers' psychological reactions to overtaxing job demands is referred to as Multiple choice question. - Stress. - Job satisfaction. - Ability. - Motivation.

- Stress.

Which group mechanism describes the creation and composition of teams? Multiple choice question. - Leader power and negotiation - Team processes and communication - Leadership styles and behaviors - Team characteristics and diversity

- Team characteristics and diversity

Which group mechanism describes the creation and composition of teams? Multiple choice question. - Leadership styles and behaviors - Leader power and negotiation - Team characteristics and diversity - Team processes and communication

- Team characteristics and diversity

The group mechanism that describes team behavior, including conflict and unity, is known as - Organizational culture. - Team processes and communication. - Organizational structure. - Team characteristics and diversity.

- Team processes and communication.

Which of the following is required in order to establish a causal inference between two variables? Multiple choice question. - That they have an average correlation of at least 21 - That the variables be correlated - That no explanation exists for the correlation -That the presumed cause follow the presumed effect in time

- That the variables be correlated

A correlation of 1 between two variables suggests which of the following? Multiple choice question. - That there is a perfect statistical relationship between the variables - That there is no statistical relationship between the variables - That the strength of the correlation cannot be determined - That there is a negative correlation between the variables

- That there is a perfect statistical relationship between the variables

The premise that 12% or less of organizations will sustain and increase profitability by emphasizing effective management practices is referred to as Multiple choice question. - The Rule of One-Eighth. - Evidence-based management. - The method of experience. - The resource-based view of competitive advantage.

- The Rule of One-Eighth.

Which of the following perspectives argues that organizational resources that are valuable, rare, and inimitable can lead to the creation of competitive advantage and an increase in the bottom-line profitability of the organization? Multiple choice question. - The dynamic capability view - Evidence-based management - The casual inference view - The resource-based view

- The resource-based view.

Verbal and symbolic assertions that specify how and why variables are related and the conditions in which they should or should not be related are referred to as Multiple choice question. - Theory. - Evidence. - Experimentation. - Paradigm.

- Theory.

Most managers have two primary goals for their employees:

- To maximize their job performance - To ensure that they stay with the firm for a significant length of time

Most employees have two primary goals for their working lives:

- To perform their jobs well. - To remain a member of an organization that they respect.

Which individual mechanism demonstrates how much employees believe that their company engages in fair and honest business practices? Multiple choice question. - Job satisfaction - Truth, justice, and ethics - Organizational culture - Organizational commitment

- Truth, justice, and ethics

What is the definition of theory regarding organization behavior?

A collection of verbal and symbolic assertions that specify how and why variables are related, as well as the conditions in which they should (and should not) be related.

What is the definition of history regarding imitable resources?

A collective pool of experience, wisdom, and knowledge created by people that benefits the organization.

What is the definition of Meta-analysis?

A method that combines the results of multiple scientific studies by essentially calculating a weighted average correlation across studies (with larger studies receiving more weight than small studies).

What is the definition of a Resource-based view?

A model that argues that rare and inimitable resources help firms maintain competitive advantage. What exactly makes resources valuable—that is, what makes them capable of creating long-term profits for the firm.

What is the definition of Evidence-based management?

A perspective that argues that scientific findings should form the foundation for management education.

Although a correlation may be considered weak, is it still important?

Absolutely. Even "weak" correlations can be important if they predict costly behaviors such as theft or ethical violations

History cannot what?

Be bought.

Why might firms that are good at OB tend to be more profitable?

Because having good people are both rare and inimitable and, therefore, create a resource that is valuable for creating competitive advantage.

Why's it so hard to have good organization behavior within a company?

Because of the Rule of One-Eighth.

Manufacturing practices can be copied, equipment and tools can be approximated, and marketing strategies can be mimicked. Good people, in contrast, are much more what?

Difficult to imitate.

True or false: Evidence-based management argues that intuition and experience should form the foundation for managerial decisions and organizational practices. True false question. True False

False. Scientific findings should form the foundation for management education.

What is the definition of Strategic management?

Field of study devoted to exploring the product choices and industry characteristics that affect an organization's profitability.

What is the definition of Organizational Behavior?

Field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations.

What is the definition of Human resource management?

Field of study that focuses on the applications of OB theories and principles in organizations. Explores the "nuts-and-bolts" applications of those principles in organizations

A firm's resources include financial and physical resources, but they also include resources related to organizational behavior. What are those?

Financial Resources - Revenue, equity, etc. Physical Resources - Buildings, machines, technology Organization Behavior Resources - Knowledge, ability, and wisdom of the workforce, as well as the image, culture, and goodwill of the organization.

What are the three reasons someone is imitable?

History, Numerous Small Decisions, & Socially Complex Resources.

OB can be contrasted with two other courses commonly offered in management departments. What are those courses?

Human resource management and strategic management.

What is the definition of Inimitable?

Incapable of being imitated or copied.

Providing social recognition, in the form of public displays of praise and appreciation for good behaviors, will what?

Increase the performance and commitment of work units.

What are the two primary outcomes in studies of OB?

Job performance and organizational commitment.

Looking at the scatterplots, what is on the left & what is on the bottom regarding organizational behavior?

On the left is job performance, on the bottom is social recognition.

The organizational mechanism that reflects how units within an organization link to and communicate with other units is called..?

Organizational Structure.

What is the definition of Socially complex resources?

Resources created by people, such as culture, teamwork, trust, and reputation. The source of competitive advantage is known, but the method of replicating the advantage is unclear.

Research on satisfaction, emotions, and team processes draws from?

Social psychology.

Research on job performance and individual characteristics draws primarily from?

Studies in industrial and organizational psychology.

From a scientist's point of view, it doesn't really matter what a person's experience, intuition, or authority suggests; the prediction must be tested with data. In other words, scientists don't simply assume that their beliefs are accurate; they acknowledge that their beliefs must be what?

Tested scientifically (through the method of science).

What is the Rule of One-Eighth definition?

The belief that at best one-eighth, or 12 percent, of organizations will actually do what is required to build profits by putting people first.

A human resource management study might examine?

The best ways to structure training programs to promote employee learning.

What is the definition of Causal inference?

The establishment that one variable does cause another, based on covariation, temporal precedence, and the elimination of alternative explanations.

What is an example of Organizational Behavior (Evidence-Based Management) being performed on the big screen?

The movie Moneyball with Jonah Hill & Brad Pitt. Science shows how it can complement experience and intuition. Jonah Hill (Pete) had an analytical approach that showed On-Base-Percentages.

An OB study might explore?

The relationship between learning and job performance.

What is the definition of Correlation regarding organizational behavior?

The statistical relationship between two variables. Abbreviated r, it can be positive or negative and range from 0 (no statistical relationship) to 1 (a perfect statistical relationship).

What is the definition of Analytics?

The use of data (rather than just opinions) to guide decision making.

What is the role of theory in the scientific method?

Theory tells a story and supplies the familiar who, what, where, when, and why elements found in any newspaper or magazine article.

How do we "know" what we know about regarding organization behavior?

Through Method of Experience, Method of Intuition, Method of Authority, Method of Science.

What are ways theories can be built?

Through introspection, interviews with employees, observations, notes, diaries, etc.

True or false: The basic premise of the Rule of One-Eighth is that effective management of organizational behavior requires both a belief that several different practices are critical, as well as a long-term commitment to continually improve those practices. True false question. True False

True. There is no "magic bullet" OB practice.

What is the definition of Hypotheses regarding organizational behavior?

Written predictions that specify relationships between variables.