MGT 301 Final Exam (Ch. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16)
moderately positive
Research has suggested that conscientiousness has a _____ effect on job performance.
more; more; less
Research shows that as people grow older they become Blank______ conscientious, Blank______ agreeable, and Blank______ neurotic.
task performance; organizational commitment
Research shows that learning has a moderate correlation with ______ and a weak correlation with ______.
learning - differences
Research shows that the differences between experts and novices are a function of
masculine
A ______ culture tends to focus primarily on being bold, making money, and striving.
collectivism
A society that has a strong group orientation and emphasizes the interdependence of people would be categorized as having a high degree of
caring about quality of life
According to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural values, a feminine culture tends to value stereotypically female traits, such as ______.
working with things vs. working with people
According to Holland's RIASEC model, personality types can be classified along two dimensions: working with data vs. working with ideas, and
contingencies of reinforcement
According to operant conditioning, four specific consequences are used to modify behavior. What name is used to describe these consequences?
sensing
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Blank______ people rely on objective, clear evidence.
thinking and judging
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), managers are most likely
conventional
According to the RIASEC model, a(n) Blank______ person prefers structured tasks more than other personality types.
enterprising
According to the RIASEC model, an individual who is categorized as ______ is often found in leadership roles. He or she is unafraid of taking risks.
Artistic
According to the RIASEC model, which personality type is most likely to be creative and entertain others?
trait activation
According to the principle of ______, some situations provide cues that trigger the expression of a recurring regularities or trends in people's response to the environment.
intent
An authority's commitment to the moral course of an action can be described as the authority's moral ____
expect consensus-oriented decision making within the organization
An employee from a culture with a low degree of power distance tends to
uncertainty avoidance
An employee who prefers a workplace where there are clearly defined rules, policies, and procedures that dictate how jobs are supposed to be done would likely have a high level of
Extinction
An employer who removes a consequence following an unwanted behavior by an employee engages in ______
culture
An individual's traits are partly the result of environmental factors, such as the individual's
fair process
Authorities are able to improve procedural justice when they abide by rules of
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Identify the reinforcement schedule under which new learning is most rapidly acquired.
at the beginning of the process
In the process of hiring a specialist, at what point should ability be considered?
economic exchange
In which type of exchange do employees participate when they interact with authorities via an explicitly defined transfer of services for wages?
respect and propriety
Interpersonal justice is fostered when those in authority adhere to the rules of
cultural values
Jonathan was raised in a small town in the American Midwest and holds strong, conservative beliefs about religion, family, and hard work. Such beliefs are known as
agreeableness
Kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, courteous and warm.
stereotyping
Lakeisha believes that men are poor listeners. What does her attitude demonstrate?
neuroticism
Nervous, moody, emotional, insecure and jealous.
short-term oriented
People in a culture that has a ______ focus tend to be most concerned with the past and present, not the future.
long-term oriented
People in a culture that has a(n) ______ focus tend to exhibit patience and perseverance and would likely define success over a period of years, rather than months or quarters.
differential exposure
People who score higher in neuroticism often perceive life events as more stressful than their less neurotic counterparts. This tendency is referred to as
individualistic
People who value personal freedom and self-sufficiency and who prioritize watching out for their own well-being and that of their close family members can be described as
institutional
Project GLOBE divided collectivism into two groups: ingroup collectivism and ______ collectivism.
extraversion
Talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, and dominant.
Magnitude of consequences
The anticipated level of impact of the outcome
future orientation
The cultural dimension identified by the GLOBE Project that reflects the degree to which the society supports planning for years to come and upcoming generations is referred to as
performance orientation
The cultural dimension identified by the GLOBE Project that reflects the extent to which the society supports doing things well and growth is referred to as
uncertainty avoidance
The extent to which a culture can handle uncertainty and lack of clarity is referred to as
Concentration of effect
The extent to which consequences of the act are focused
Temporal immediacy
The interval between when the act occurs and its consequences
Probability of effect
The likelihood that the act will occur or cause harm
examine the impact of culture on the effectiveness of leader attributes, behaviors, and practices.
The main objective of Project GLOBE is to
procedural
The perceived fairness of the processes used in reaching decisions is known as _____ justice.
RIASEC model
The personality model used to identify an individual's career interests based on six personality types is the
situational strength
The principle of ______ suggests that, in certain events, environmental forces provide readily identifiable cues regarding the desirability or undesirability of potential behaviors.
ethnocentrism
The propensity to view your own cultural values as "right" and the values of other cultures as "wrong" is known as
False
True or false: Companies that have a reputation as an organization that values learning tend to receive lower-quality job applicants.
True
True or false: Justice provides the behavioral evidence that employees need to determine trustworthiness.
reputation
Trust is among the most significant factors in determining a company's ____
moral judgment
What ability do authorities employ when determining whether a course of action is ethical or unethical?
heuristics
What are simple, efficient "rules of thumb" that we use to help us make decisions more easily?
informational
What dimension of justice is defined as the perceived fairness of the communications provided to employees by authorities?
integrity - dimension
What dimension of trustworthiness is demonstrated by a person who "tells it like it is"?
decision making
What do employees engage in when they choose actions to solve a problem?
attentional processes
What do learners exhibit when they concentrate on the important behaviors exhibited by a behavioral model?
moral awareness
What factor is demonstrated when authorities recognize that a moral issue exists?
how well one's actions fit in with generally accepted moral standards.
What is the best definition of ethics?
How much someone considers themselves to be a moral person
What is the best definition of moral identity?
ability
What is the key driver of maximum performance, which reflects performance in brief, special circumstances that demand an employee's best effort?
Egoism
What is the moral principle that holds that the individual's self-interest and freedom should be the motivation and the goal of action?
compliance officer
What is the name of a company officer appointed to make sure that a company meets its legal obligations and does not violate regualtions?
Stereotyping - process
What is the perceptual process through which we make assumptions about others on the basis of their membership in a social group?
attribution
What name is given to process through which we determine the cause of our behavior and that of other people?
projection bias
What name is given to the tendency to unconsciously assume that other people share your beliefs, attitudes, and values?
determining a moral situation exists
What occurs before an authority makes a moral judgment?
behavioral modeling
What process are dance students demonstrating when they repeat a dance step after watching their instructor perform it?
integrity - quality
What quality is associated with someone who keeps promises?
benevolence
What quality is demonstrated by someone who shows a desire to do what is in your best interest rather than their own interest?
Correctability
What rule of fair process is ensured by having procedures that employees can use to appeal their performance evaluation ratings?
social responsibility
What term describes a company's acknowledgment that it is accountable for its actions?
Consequences
What term describes actions that occur as the result of a behavior?
programmed
What term describes decisions that become almost automatic because your knowledge allows you to recognize and identify the situation and the course of action?
moral attentiveness
What term describes the degree to which people pay attention to moral issues?
bounded rationality
What term describes the idea that people are unable to reach the optimal decision due to a lack of ability, time, and resources to process information and alternatives?
intuition
What term describes the instinctive feeling or "gut instinct" we have when making a decision?
continuous reinforcement
What term describes the practice of providing positive reinforcement every time an employee exhibits a desired behavior?
whistle-blowing
What term describes the process through which former or current employees expose illegal or immoral actions by their organization?
selective perception
What term describes the tendency for people to interpret their environment based on their own expectations, experience, and attitudes?
Escalation of commitment
What term describes the tendency to continue with an apparently bad decision or allocate more resources to a failing course of action?
trust propensity
What term is used to describe a person's general belief that others can be relied upon?
trustworthiness
What term is used to describe the characteristics or attributes of a person that inspire our trust?
moral intensity
What term is used to describe the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency?
learning
What term is used to describe the permanent change that results when an employee's experience increases a knowledge or skill?
availability bias
What term refers to the tendency of decision makers to estimate the probability of something happening by how easily they can recall those events?
punishment
What type of consequence is docking an employee's pay because the employee came to work late?
positive reinforcement
What type of consequence is experienced by a sales rep who is given an unexpected bonus check for exceeding a quarterly sales quota?
programmed
What type of decision has a "ready-made" solution because it has been resolved in the past?
nonprogrammed
What type of decisions address issues that are new, complex, or ill-defined?
variable interval
What type of reinforcement schedule is used when desired behaviors are reinforced at arbitrary points in time?
trust propensity
When a new relationship is forming, the presence or absence of trust often depends solely on your own
trust
When consumers are willing to make themselves vulnerable to a company based on positive expectations about that company's actions and intentions, consumers are exhibiting
at the preconventional stage
When does moral development begin?
framing
When ground beef is advertised as "75% lean," sales are higher than when it is advertised as "25% fat." What decision-making bias does this demonstrate?
interpersonal
When people believe that they are treated with dignity and respect by parties involved in a decision-making process, they perceive ______ justice.
cognition-based trust
When people make a rational assessment based on perceptions of another party's reliability, they engage in
publicly blaming one employee for a team's failure to meet its goals
Which action by a supervisor constitutes abusive supervision?
descriptive
Which branch of business ethics involves the scientific study of how people tend to act when presented with a moral problem or dilemma?
prescriptive
Which branch of business ethics is focused on how people ought to act?
restraint
Which cultural value corresponds to a society that tends to focus on establishing order and structure?
informational - dimension
Which dimension of justice is demonstrated when a company provides an honest explanation to employees for a decision that affects their employment?
distributive justice
Which dimension of justice is most accurately described by the saying, "A fair day's pay, for a fair day's work."
Consensus
Which element of attribution is involved when people assess whether a number of other people have behaved the same way in a similar situation?
Ability to focus
Which factor is predicted by an employee's level of trust in authorities?
social learning theory
Which of the following emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling others' behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions?
positive affectivity
Which of the following would describe the dispositional tendency characterized by the quotation, "Some people grumble that roses have thorns; I am grateful that thorns have roses"?
extraversion and openness to experience
Which personality dimensions of the Big Five taxonomy appear not to change dramatically throughout an adult person's life?
higher levels of task performance
Which result is most likely when employees have higher levels of trust in authorities?
It can be initiated by both the individual and the institution
Which statement is true about unethical behavior?
increasingly difficult
With the increasing popularity of the internet, maintaining a company's reputation has become
personality
____ Refers to the structures and propensities inside people that explain their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion and behavior.
corporate social responsibility
____ is a an approach to business that recognizes that companies have responsibilities that extend to being a good corporate citizen in the community.
Traits
______ are defined as recurring regularities or trends in people's responses to their environment.
Typical
______ performance reflects an employee's performance in the routine conditions that surround daily job tasks.
Power distance
______ refers to the degree that people tend to accept an unequal distribution of power within a society or organization.
Locus of control
______ refers to whether people attribute the causes of events to themselves or to the external environment.
reputation
_______ is used to describe the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about an organization or its brand?
What is the best definition of justice?
the degree to which an authority's decision making is considered fair.
caring about quality of life
According to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural values, a feminine culture tends to value stereotypically female traits, such as Blank______.
openness
Curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined and sophisticated.
accomplishment
Conscientious employees prioritize Blank______ striving, indicating a strong desire to achieve task-related goals as a means of expressing their personality.
conscientiousness
Dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking and persevering.
performance-avoid
Employees with a ______ orientation often prefer to work on tasks with which they're already familiar and good at so their coworkers won't think poorly of them.
interests
Expressions of personality that influence behavior through preferences for certain environments and activities are called
status
Extraverted employees tend to value ______ striving, which reflects a strong desire to obtain power and influence within a social structure as a means of expressing personality.
