MGT 3200 Final Kerry Sauley
Which of the following statements about leaders is true?
They cannot act alone.
The two types of stretch goals are_____?
Vertical and horizontal
The behavioral approach to leadership attempts to identify which of the following?
What good leaders do?
Traditional approaches to understanding leadership include which of the following?
Behavioral Trait Situational
Which of the four leadership behaviors in path-goal theory is a form of task performance-oriented behavior?
Directive leadership
Which model of leadership asserts that a leader's effectiveness depends on personal style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader power, control, and influence over the situation?
Fiedler's
Actions taken to ensure the satisfaction of group members are ______ behaviors.
Group maintenance
What happens when employees feel empowered?
Groups of employees can experience a culture of empowerment that enhances work performance. They believe that they are influential contributors to the organization. They feel more confident that they have the ability to perform their jobs.
Drive refers to characteristics that reflect a(n) ______ of effort.
High level
Which kind of performance goal can be dysfunctional and create competition among team members?
Individual
To set goals for yourself, create ______.
A statement of purpose
Which of the following type of leader is most likely to motivate people to transcend their personal interests for the sake of the organization?
A transformational leader
Which of the following is NOT one of the needs McClelland said motivates people?
Affection
______ is a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.
Alderfer's ERG theory
A vision expresses the leader's ______ for the organization.
Ambitions
A personal statement of purpose should include which of the following?
An inspiring distant vision A mid-distance goal Near-term objectives
Path-goal theory proposes that leaders should ______.
Analyze and adapt their styles accordingly Increase opportunities for personal satisfaction
A style in which the leader is true to himself or herself is called ______ leadership.
Authentic
According to path-goal theory, which of the following statements regarding the importance of follower characteristics are true?
Authoritarianism is the degree to which individuals defer to authority. Locus of control is the extent to which people believe they can affect their environment. Ability is people's beliefs about their abilities to perform their jobs.
A leader who exhibits a(n) ______ style will make decisions alone, without participation by the group.
Autocratic
The job dimension that involves independence and discretion in making decisions is called ______.
Autonomy
What core job dimensions are stated in the Hackman and Oldham model?
Autonomy Task identity Feedback Skill variety Task significance
When a workforce is dissatisfied, it is more likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?
Bad customer service High absenteeism Poor mental health
The focus of behavioral leadership is on how leaders ______.
Behave
Group maintenance is one of the aspects of the ______ approach to leadership.
Behavioral
What are traditional approaches to leadership?
Behavioral approach Situational approach Trait approach
Which of the following are examples of extrinsic rewards?
Benefits Large office Pay
Which of the following are characteristics of motivational goals?
Challenging Acceptable Meaningful Specific
Goals should be which of the following?
Challenging and attainable
Jon is able to get his employees to support his vision for the department because he is a self-confident leader who is enthusiastic and excited about his vision. Jon is a(n) ______ leader whose style may be particularly effective when organizations are undergoing transformations.
Charismatic
Leaders who are dominant, self-confident, and able to communicate their vision to subordinates are ______ leaders.
Charismatic
The excitement, dominance, and self-confidence of ______ leaders contribute to their ability to inspire followers to enthusiastically support their vision.
Charismatic
Which motivation theory identifies the kinds of needs that people want to satisfy?
Content theory
Effective leaders must defend and execute their vision against opposition, and for this reason they must have ______.
Courage
In Japan, written memos are preferred over giving directions face-to-face, but in the United States, this is often done face-to-face. This shows that maintenance behaviors differ across ______.
Cultures
Stretch goals are targets that have which characteristics?
Demanding and novel
In ______ leadership, input is solicited by leaders from others.
Democratic
Which of the following are pertinent leadership behaviors that path-goal theory identifies?
Directive Supportive Participative Achievement-oriented
What theory suggests there are three universal needs (existence, relatedness, and growth) that constitute a hierarchy of needs and motivate behavior?
ERG
Studies of leadership behavior have focused on which of the following aspects?
Employee participation in decision making Task performance Group maintenance
According to Kouzes and Posner, the best leaders are able to challenge the process, inspire a shared vision, enable others to act, model the way, and ______.
Encourage the heart
Identify key behaviors that people want and need from their leaders, according to Kouzes and Posner.
Encourage the heart Model the way Inspire a shared vision
According to path-goal theory, the important environmental factors that determine appropriate leadership style are which of the following?
Existing formal authority system Primary work group People's tasks
What concept refers to the perceived likelihood that effort will enable the attainment of performance goals?
Expectancy
What theory describes how a person's work efforts lead to a level of work performance?
Expectancy
Which theory suggests that effort leads to performance, which results in an outcome?
Expectancy
Increasing expectancies, identifying positively valent outcomes, and making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes are all managerial implications of _________.
Expectancy theory
What are the key consequences that encourage or discourage one's behavior?
Extinction Punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement
______ rewards are given to people by the organization.
Extrinsic
True or false: Independence and discretion in making decisions at work is called valence.
False
True or false: Maintenance behaviors are the same for any culture.
False
The job dimension that involves employees receiving information about job performance is called ______.
Feedback
A manager must be a leader to his subordinates and a ______ to his boss.
Follower
The two key situational factors in path-goal theory are personal characteristics of ______ and the environmental pressures and demands they must cope with.
Followers
According to the Tannenbaum and Schmidt model of situational leadership, what are the factors managers should consider before deciding how to lead?
Forces in the manager Forces in the subordinate Forces in the situation
Drag and drop the forces in Tannenbaum and Schmidt's model of situational leadership with the appropriate descriptions.
Forces in the manager <----> Feelings of security, personal values, and confidence in employees Forces in the situation <-----> Type of leadership style the organization values and the type of information needed to solve the problem Forces in the subordinate <->Understanding and accepting the organization's goals, readiness to assume responsibility, and interest in the task or problem
Transformational leadership theory emphasizes generating excitement in followers through ______.
Giving individualized attention to subordinates Being a charismatic leader Intellectually stimulating subordinates
Which of the following are ways to offer feedback to employees on their performance?
Giving regular, ongoing feedback Conducting performance reviews regularly Asking customers for feedback that can be passed along to employees
In which theory do managers set goals for employees?
Goal-setting
Which motivation theory states that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end?
Goal-setting theory
Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory highlights the importance of leader behaviors toward individuals and/or the __________.
Group
What are situational factors used to analyze problems under the Vroom model of leadership?
Group expertise Decision significance Likelihood of commitment
Match the appropriate category of Herzberg's two-factor theory (on the left) with the examples (on the right).
Hygiene factors <---> pay Motivators <---> opportunity for personal growth
Courage is needed to help leaders ______.
Identify allies Manage adversaries Execute a vision against opposition
Power is defined as the capacity to ______ other people despite resistance.
Influence
Equity theory states that people assess which key factors?
Inputs Outcomes
For motivation to be high, which of the following must also be high?
Instrumentality Valence Expectancy
An effective leader will strive to promote the unleashing of ______ throughout the organization.
Intellectual capital
The participative leadership style is most appropriate when a follower has a(n) ________ locus of control.
Internal
When a situation is unfavorable for leading, how does this impact the manager's job?
It becomes difficult to maintain situational control.
When a situation is unfavorable for leading, how does this impact the manager's job?It becomes difficult to maintain situational control.
It becomes difficult to maintain situational control.
Hersey and Blanchard's situational theory states that before deciding whether task performance or maintenance behaviors are more important, managers should consider an employee's ______.
Job maturity
According to which leadership theory do leadership behaviors (including open communication, mutual respect, and mutual loyalty) all work to improve relationships?
Leader-member exchange
______ highlights the importance of leader behaviors not just toward the group as a whole but toward individuals on a personal basis.
Leader-member exchange theory
According to Fiedler, which of the following determine the favorability of a situation?
Leader-member relations Task structure Position power
What are the key follower characteristics in path-goal theory that determine the appropriateness of various leadership styles?
Locus of control Ability Authoritarianism
Effective leaders must ______.
Make people responsible for their own performance
According to _____, needs can be organized in a hierarchy, and people satisfy their needs in order from the bottom to the top of that hierarchy.
Maslow
Which theory organizes human needs into five major types in ascending order?
Maslow's need hierarchy
Job ______ is defined as the level of the employee's skills and technical knowledge relative to the task being performed.
Maturity
Maintenance behaviors are most important for followers with ______ levels of maturity.
Moderate
What is job rotation?
Moving workers from one task to another to alleviate boredom.
Performance results in some kind of consequence, which is referred to as a(n) ______.
Outcome
According to path-goal theory, which leadership style would be most appropriate when an employee has an internal locus of control?
Participative
One of the key situational factors in ________-goal theory is the environmental pressures and demands with which followers must cope to attain their work goals.
Path
According to ______ theory, three important environmental factors determine appropriate leadership style.
Path Goal
Which of the following are part of the personality characteristic of a leader with drive?
Persistence in the face of adversity Ambition High need for achievement High levels of energy
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the most basic need that people strive to satisfy is ______.
Physiological
The five needs of Maslow's hierarchy include which of the following?
Physiological Social Self-actualization
The law of effect states that behavior will be repeated if it is followed by which kind of consequences?
Positive
Legitimate, coercive, reward, expert, and referent ______ are the five sources of leadership.
Power
When a leader is able to get things done or accomplish goals even when others resist, the leader has ______.
Power
Which three of the needs identified by McClelland are critical in motivating people?
Power Affiliation Achievement
Mo Chou completed her latest work assignment early. If Mo Chou's boss would like her to repeat this behavior, what is the appropriate action according to the law of effect?
Praise for her efforts
What set of perceptions do employees use to decide what they owe their employers and what their employers owe them?
Psychological contract
The four key consequences that encourage or discourage one's behavior are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and ______.
Punishment
When employees violate the law, ethical standards, important safety rules, or standards of interpersonal treatment, ______ is sometimes appropriate.
Punishment
What type of program aims at satisfying the full range of employee needs?
Quality of work life
______ programs create a workplace that enhances employee well-being and satisfaction.
Quality of work life
Task performance leadership behaviors focus on which of the following?
Quantity of output Following the rules Work speed
What employee behaviors should NOT be rewarded, since they do not lead to high performance?
Quick fixes Mindless conformity Avoiding risk
In path-goal theory, the functions of a leader that are of particular importance are to ______.
Reduce barriers to goal attainment Increase opportunities for personal satisfaction Provide coaching and direction
Which of the following is an option for people who wish to restore equity when feeling inequitably treated?
Reducing their inputs
Which of the following are options for restoring equity when people feel they are inequitably treated?
Reducing their inputs Increasing their outcomes Decreasing others' outcomes
Phil ensures that his employees get extra time off when their performance and productivity is exceptionally high. This is an example of positive __________.
Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement involves applying a consequence that increases the likelihood the person will ______.
Repeat the behaviour that led to it
According to French and Raven, which of the following is one of the five sources of managerial power?
Reward
To motivate high performance among employees, what should be rewarded?
Risk taking instead of risk avoiding Smart work instead of busy work Loyalty instead of turnover
Managers in Japan and Greece tend to be motivated most by ______ needs.
Security
Which three of the following are needs that managers in the United States care most strongly about?
Self-actualization Achievement Esteem
The level of a person's ______ is a measure of psychological maturity.
Self-confidence
Which one of the following is NOT a need in Maslow's hierarchy?
Self-reliance
The appropriateness of democratic leadership depends on the characteristics of the leaders, the followers, and the ______.
Situation
When leaders vary their behavior from situation to situation, they are demonstrating a ______ leadership approach.
Situational
______ theory proposes that the more mature the followers are, the less the leader needs to engage in task performance behaviors.
Situational
A democratic decision may not be appropriate when ______ or decisiveness is of the essence.
Speed
Group maintenance behaviors focus on ______.
Stress reduction People's feelings and comfort
Which of the following are characteristic of a dissatisfied workforce?
Strikes More injuries High turnover
Larisa provides guidance to her employees. She also supports them when necessary and provides corrective feedback in their day-to-day activities. Larisa is practicing ______ leadership.
Supervisory
According to Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership, relationship-oriented leaders are most effective in moderately favorable situations, whereas ______-oriented leaders are most effective in situations that are very favorable or very unfavorable.
Task
According to Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership, task-motivated leaders should be used when the ______ is structured and the leader member relations are good.
Task
Actions taken to ensure that the work group or organization reaches its goals are called ______ behaviors.
Task performance
In the situational theory, Hersey and Blanchard identified which of the following as the key situational factor?
The maturity of the followers
According to Fiedler's contingency model, a leader's effectiveness depends on which of the following?
The personal style of the leader The degree to which the situation gives the leader power, control, and influence
Which conditions will make employees less motivated?
They believe that they can perform but that the outcome will not be forthcoming. They believe that they can perform but do not value the outcome. They believe that they can't perform well enough to achieve the positive outcomes.
A leadership perspective that attempts to determine the personal characteristics of effective leaders is called the ______ approach.
Trait
The _________ approach to leadership assumes that there is a "leadership personality" and that leaders are born, not made.
Trait
A _______ leader is someone who uses his or her legitimate power to give commands and exchange rewards for services rendered.
Transactional
______ leaders view management as a series of steps in which they use their powers in a dispassionate manner to get work done.
Transactional
A leader who is able to generate excitement and revitalize an organization is a ______ leader.
Transformational
As a ______ leader, Ben can generate excitement in his followers by being a charismatic leader, intellectually stimulating subordinates, and/or giving individualized attention to subordinates.
Transformational
True or false: It is important for managers to act as followers as well as leaders.
True
True or false: Situational leadership means that leaders vary their behavior from situation to situation.
True
According to LMX theory, which of the following is a behavior that produces more satisfying and productive relationships?
Trust
A ______ is a mental image of a possible and desirable future state of the organization.
Vision
The leadership model that emphasizes how leaders go about making decisions is called the ______ model.
Vroom
Which of the following is an example of offering feedback to employees?
Weekly meetings to discuss each employee's goals and progress
If a person believes that his or her outcome-to-input ratio is lower than that of someone else, the person typically will ______.
attempt to restore a balance
How a person's needs are or are not met at work will affect the person's ______.
behaviour on the job
Setting a goal to learn, rather than a goal to achieve a specific performance level, is appropriate when ______.
employees lack ability or knowledge
Sharing power with employees, and thus making them feel more confident and influential on the job, is called ______.
empowerment
People's perceived likelihood that an effort will enable them to attain their performance goals is called ______.
expectancy
Equity theory describes people's assessments of how ______.
fairly they are treated
The five core job dimensions stated in the Hackman and Oldham model are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and ______.
feedback
The job dimension of ______ is simply information about job performance.
feedback
If an individual believes his or her outcome-to-input ratio is equivalent to someone else's ratio, the individual typically will ______.
feel satisfied
The expectancy theory states that increasing expectancies, making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes, and ______ are crucial to motivate employees.
identifying positively valent outcomes
What refers to forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort?
motivation
Growth need strength is the degree to which individuals want ______.
personal and psychological development
People are more likely to support decisions and decision makers when they perceive ______.
procedural fairness
Using a fair process in decision making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible is called ______.
procedural justice
Growth need strength is the degree to which individuals want ______ development.
psychological personal
A set of perceptions regarding what employees owe their employers and what the employers owe them is called a(n) ______.
psychological contract
With job ______, workers who spend all their time in one routine task can instead move from one task to another.
rotation
The five types of needs in Maslow's hierarchy are physiological, safety or security, social, ego or esteem, and ______.
self-actualization
When workers can see that they have completed a whole, identifiable piece of work, they feel empowered because they are experiencing ______.
task identity
Herzberg's ______ theory describes categories that affect people at work.
two-factor
Punishment is sometimes appropriate when employees ______.
violate ethical standards ignore important safety rules violate standards of interpersonal treatment