MHR 318 Chapter 6

19) People are usually not aware of the factors that influence their view of reality.

True

6)_________refers to the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics. A) Contrast effect B) Halo effect C) Anchoring bias D) Stereotyping E) Confirmation bias

A) Contrast effect

1) Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others? A) contrast effect B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) fundamental attribution error D) emotional dissonance E) bandwagon effect

C) fundamental attribution error

5)Jessica recently joined a new company and was first introduced to Michelle, her cubicle neighbor. Michelle came across as amiable and cheerful. During lunch she met another colleague, Carrie, who did not come across as friendly as Michelle. In this situation, Jessica's interpretation of Carrie's personality is most likely to be affected by . A) self-serving bias B) bandwagon effect C) contrast effect D) confirmation bias E) fundamental attribution error

C)contrast effect

7)Which of the following is a factor present in a situation which may affect a person's perception? A) similarity B) experience C) time D) expectation E) size

C)time

4) _________ is an unconscious process created from distilled experience. A) Active selection B) Process consultation C) Intuitive decision making D) Emotional intelligence E) Action research

D) Emotional intelligence

9)Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most likely to be noticed in a group. Which of the following statements best describes the reason behind this? A) Our motives and expectations affect our perception of a target. B) Our perception of reality depends on our past experiences. C) The time at which we see an object can influence our perception of the object. D) We don't look at targets in isolation. E) Our perception of reality depends on our personality.

D) We don't look at targets in isolation.

10)Johanna Springer, who works as a sales executive at Pascal's Bank, is upset at the way her manager, Emma Womack, always calls her in for one-on-one meetings to discuss her underperformance. Though Springer makes a higher number of sales calls and works longer hours than last year, her sales figures are still low. She knows that the main reason behind her underperformance is the recent economic meltdown in the country. However, her manager feels that Springer's underperformance is the result of her laid-back attitude and has nothing to do with external factors. In this situation, Womack's behavior is characterized by a(n) . A) anchoring bias B) contrast effect C) Pygmalion effect D) fundamental attribution error E) self-fulfilling prophecy

D) fundamental attribution error: The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others

8)_________ bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. A) Overconfidence B) Hindsight C) Availability D) Self-serving E) Anchoring

E) Anchoring

3)According to the attribution theory, if everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows . A) distinctiveness B) tractability C) manageability D) consistency E) consensus

E) consensus

2)Jane Allen, a campaign manager at a non-profit organization, often takes full credit for project successes even when her team members' contributions play a big role in achieving milestones. However, when projects receive setbacks, she blames her team members and sometimes states that the situation was beyond her control. Allen's behavior is an example of bias. A) anchoring B) distinction C) impact D) confirmation E) self-serving

E) self-serving

15)The rational decision-making model takes into consideration the fact that all information pertaining to a problem might not be available to the decision maker.

FALSE The rational decision-making model assumes the decision maker has complete information, is able to identify all relevant options in an unbi- ased manner, and chooses the option with the highest utility.

12)A person's tendency to believe he or she can predict the outcome of random events is known as the self-serving bias.

False

14) The perception of a target is UNAFFECTED by the perceiver's personality or past experiences.

False

17) Men make better decisions than women.

False

20)The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is known as the randomness error.

False

18)According to attribution theory, the more consistent a behavior, the more we are inclined to attribute it to external causes.

False Attribution Theory : An attempt to determine whether an individual's behavioris internally or externally caused.

16) A focus on utilitarianism creates an environment that hinders ( delays) productivity and efficiency.

False : Utilitarianism is a system in which decisions are made to provide the greatest good for the greatest number.

11) People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

True

13)Women are more likely than men to overanalyze problems before making a decision and to rehash a decision once made.

True