MIC 102 - Pre-Lecture Quizzes

DNA methylation...? (A) Marks the parental DNA strand (B) Marks the strand degraded in mismatch repair (C) Marks the strand retained in mismatch repair (D) A and B (E) A and C

(A) Marks the parental DNA strand

What factors can enhance phagocytosis? Select all that apply. (A) Opsonization (B) Antigen variation (C) Membrane attack complex (D) Viral latency

(A) Opsonization

What is not a function of a prokaryotic cell membrane? (A) Protein synthesis (B) Protein secretion (C) Respiratory electron transport (D) Osmotic barrier (E) Lipid synthesis

(A) Protein synthesis

DNA Gyrase can act to...? (A) Remove positive supercoils (B) Ligate okazaki fragments (C) Decatenate replicated chromosomes (D) Prime new DNA synthesis (E) A and C

(A) Remove positive supercoils

Which is NOT true of sensor kinases? (A) They are phosphorylated by a partner response regulator (B) Their activation results in changes in transcription (C) Many have a transmembrane domain (D) They have a cytoplasmic domain

(A) They are phosphorylated by a partner response regulator

The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells likely evolved from bacteria because...? (A) They share genetic similarity to proteobacteria (B) They have undergone rapid mutagenesis (C) They show signs of horizontal gene transfer (D) They exhibit a similar structural composition

(A) They share genetic similarity to proteobacteria

Sporulation is a process by which...? (A) Endospore-formers can reproduce and increase their population size (B) A subset of gram-positive species can survive harsh environmental conditions (C) An inert endospore is revived under favorable environmental conditions (D) The differentiation of the cell is determined by the phosphorylation state of sigma factors

(B) A subset of gram-positive species can survive harsh environmental conditions

Buchnera and aphids share a nutritional symbiosis, where they provide each other with...? (A) Nucleic acids (B) Amino acids (C) Lactic acids (D) Electons

(B) Amino acids

Siderophores...? (A) Sequester iron from pathogens (B) Chelate iron for uptake (C) Do not require ATP to enter the cell (D) Enhance the activity of RuBisCo

(B) Chelate iron for uptake

A prokaryote that cannot utilize light as an energy source nor use inorganic carbon sources like CO2 is a...? (A) Photoheterotroph (B) Chemoheterotroph (C) Photoautotroph (D) Chemoautotroph

(B) Chemoheterotroph

To measure the number of viable cells in a culture, the best method to use is...? (A) Optical Density (B) Colony Counting (C) Flow Cytometry (D) Hemacytometer Count (E) None of these

(B) Colony Counting

Some bacteria secrete siderophores that can bind tightly to iron. This is an example of...? (A) Predation (B) Competition (C) Mutualism (D) Syntrophy (E) Parasitism

(B) Competition

Fungi play an important role in the carbon cycle through...? (A) Glycolysis (B) Decomposition (C) Respiration (D) Methanogenesis

(B) Decomposition

What is a potential solution to the antibiotic crisis? (A) Using antibiotics for shorter treatment times (B) Development of new vaccines (C) Washing hands constantly (D) Increased use of antibiotics in animals (E) Killing all bacteria

(B) Development of new vaccines

Which process does NOT use a specific nucleotide sequence for activity? (A) Transcriptional termination (B) Helicase unwinding (C) Translational termination (D) Replication initiation

(B) Helicase unwinding

Topoisomerase can...? (A) Function only with ATP hydrolysis (B) Induce (create) positive supercoils (C) Induce (create) negative supercoils (D) Progressively unwind DNA for replication (E) Store energy in RNAs by supercoiling

(B) Induce (create) positive supercoils

NAD+ -> NADH + H+ In the above reaction, NADH...? (A) Is oxidized (B) Is reduced (C) Is catabolized

(B) Is reduced

What best describes how vaccines protect us from contracting a disease? (A) It activates complement and opsonization (B) It induces antibody production (C) It induces cell death before symptoms appear (D) It activates neutrophil chemotaxis

(B) It induces antibody production

Which statement is NOT true of viral latency? (A) It occurs in long-lived cells (B) It requires integration into the host genome (C) Latent viruses can stay dormant for days to years (D) Latent infection shows no symptoms

(B) It requires integration into the host genome

To start transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a...? (A) Initiator complex (B) Promoter sequence (C) Trigger factor (D) Rho factor (E) Shine-Dalgarno Sequence

(B) Promoter sequence

What is a function of cell-mediated immunity? (A) Generation of antigenic variation (B) Recognition of infected cells (C) Production of antibodies (D) Activation of complement proteins

(B) Recognition of infected cells

Sigma H expression is induced by...? (A) The rise in heat melting the DNA apart (B) The rise in heat melting the RNA apart (C) The rise in heat denaturing proteins (D) It is always made and then degraded

(B) The rise in heat melting the RNA apart

In gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall is connected...? (A) To the cell membrane (B) To the outer membrane (C) To the basal body (D) In a contact-dependent manner

(B) To the outer membrane

Reverse transcriptase provides the ability to...? (A) Replicate negative strand RNA (B) Transcript RNA into DNA (C) Translate viral RNA into protein (D) Replicate viral DNA

(B) Transcript RNA into DNA

Place the following steps of DNA replication in order: (1) RNA Priming (2) Elongation (3) Helicase Loading (4) Origin Melting (A) 1, 2, 3, 4 (B) 1, 2, 4, 3 (C) 4, 3, 1, 2 (D) 3, 4, 1, 2

(C) 4, 3, 1, 2

All eukaryotic microbes have...? (A) A cell wall (B) A mitochondria (C) A true nucleus (D) Aerobic respiration

(C) A true nucleus

What part of the flagellum can bind ATP to fuel movement? (A) Filament (B) Hook (C) Basal Body (D) Fimbriae (E) Pilus

(C) Basal Body

Loss of which protein would lead to inactivation of all three complement pathways? (A) C1 (B) C2 (C) C3 (D) C4

(C) C3

In the absence of oxygen, prokaryotic respiration...? (A) Can function only in autotrophs that assimilate CO2 (B) Cannot function (C) Can function with alternate electron acceptors such as nitrate (D) Both A and C

(C) Can function with alternate electron acceptors such as nitrate

What is NOT required for bacteriophage lambda to undergo lysogeny? (A) Circularization of the phage DNA (B) Integrase protein expression (C) Decreased levels of intracellular nucleases (D) A specific target DNA sequence in host genome

(C) Decreased levels of intracellular nucleases

Ruminant digestion relies on microbes to break down plant material into volatile fatty acids using...? (A) Apicoplasts (B) Nitrification (C) Fermentation (D) Assimilation

(C) Fermentation

In nature, most species of prokaryotes...? (A) Form endospores (B) Exist as single cells (C) Grow as biofilms (D) Digest only sugars

(C) Grow as biofilms

Fungal cells undergo what process to produce spores? (A) Mitosis (B) Symbiosis (C) Meiosis (D) Chromothripsis

(C) Meiosis

Bacteria can acquire free DNA from the environment through...? (A) Conjugation (B) Transduction (C) Natural transformation (D) All of the above

(C) Natural transformation

Bacteria living in root nodules perform what process in this endosymbiotic relationship with plants like the alder tree? (A) Annamox (B) Comammox (C) Nitrogen fixation (D) Denitrification

(C) Nitrogen fixation

Genes of related function frequently cluster into...? (A) Transcripts (B) Oligomers (C) Operons (D) Operators

(C) Operons

The transpeptidase activity of penicillin binding proteins (PBP) proteins promotes...? (A) Beta lactamase binding to PBP (B) The addition of murein precursors to a growing polymer (C) Peptide crosslink formation between murein subunits (D) The addition of N-acetyl glucosamine to N-acetyl muramic acid

(C) Peptide crosslink formation between murein subunits

What best describes the source of antibiotic tolerance in biofilms? (A) Bystander cells (B) Proliferating cells (C) Persister cells (D) Secretory cells

(C) Persister cells

What class of macromolecule consumes the most energy for biosynthesis? (A) RNA (B) DNA (C) Protein (D) Phospholipid (E) Peptidoglycan

(C) Protein

Chaperones are...? (A) Proteins that promote proper amino acid incorporation (B) Proteases that degrade improperly coded polypeptide chains (C) Proteins that promote proper polypeptide folding (D) Proteases that degrade improperly folded proteins (E) Proteins that promote rRNA stability

(C) Proteins that promote proper polypeptide folding

What kind of mutation normally has no consequence? (A) Transversions (B) Insertion (C) Silent (D) Nonsense

(C) Silent

A biased random walk promotes directional movement to a chemoattractant by...? (A) Swimming uninterrupted towards a signal source (B) Swimming uninterrupted away from a signal source (C) Swimming towards a signal source interrupted briefly by tumbles (D) Swimming away from a signal source is interrupted briefly by tumbles

(C) Swimming towards a signal source interrupted briefly by tumbles

Which is not a member of the central pathways? (A) The pentose phosphate pathway (B) Glycolysis (C) The calvin cycle (D) The tricarboxylic acid cycle

(C) The calvin cycle

What is true about thylakoids? (A) They are long, thin membrane vesicles (B) They are protein-encased granules used for buoyancy (C) They organize proteins for photosynthesis (D) They store harmful minerals in a granule

(C) They organize proteins for photosynthesis

Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are recognized by what molecules? (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Antibodies (C) Toll-like receptors (D) MHC glycoproteins

(C) Toll-like receptors

Which life cycle stage of Plasmodium falciparum occurs in the mosquito? (A) Schizont formation (B) Gametogenesis (C) Zygote formation (D) Trophozoite formation (E) Merozoite formation

(C) Zygote formation

What does not contribute to transcriptional regulation? (A) DNA topology (B) Promoter recognition (C) mRNA degradation (D) Sigma factor expression

(C) mRNA degradation

Establishment of infection depends on...? (A) The strength of the host immune system (B) The size of the inoculum (C) The length of the incubation period (D) A and B (E) A and C

(D) A and B

Precursor metabolites...? (A) Result from fueling reactions (catabolism) (B) Are necessary for biosynthesis (anabolism) (C) Comprise small ionic species such as Mg2+ and Cl- (D) A and B (E) A and C

(D) A and B

The primary method to coordinate metabolic processes is...? (A) Regulating enzyme concentration (B) Modulating enzyme activity (C) Regulating the amount of reactant (D) A and B (E) A and C

(D) A and B

The Myxococcus fruiting body..? (A) Is a group of cells with distinct shape and size (B) Is a group of randomly organized cells (C) Is where the sporangioles form (D) A and C (E) B and C

(D) A and C

What characteristics ARE true of prions? (A) They are caused by the mis-folding of normal protein sequences (B) They can be easily managed and can be destroyed by normal disinfectants (C) They are infectious and can be inherited without a nucleic acid component (D) A and C (E) All of the above

(D) A and C

What components are important for making a lipid membrane? (A) Flippases (B) Signal sequences (C) Acyl carrier proteins (D) A and C (E) A and B

(D) A and C

Antibiotics are produced by bacteria of this group...? (A) Protoebacteria (B) Cyanobacteria (C) Firmicutes (D) Actinobacteria

(D) Actinobacteria

The decision between lysis and lysogeny for phage lambda is governed by...? (A) The number of infecting particles per cell (B) The properties of lambda repressor (C) The cellular level of cyclic AMP (D) All of the above

(D) All of the above

Disease resulting from microbial or viral infection can cause tissue damage from...? (A) Cell lysis (B) Apoptosis (C) Inflammation (D) All of these

(D) All of these

Fungi can...? (A) Produce spores (B) Grow in multicellular forms (C) Form symbiotic relationships with plants (D) All of these are true

(D) All of these are true

Protein modifications can serve to...? (A) Promote multiprotein complex formation (B) Target a protein for proper localization (C) Regulate protein activity (D) All of these are true

(D) All of these are true

The silica in diatom shells...? (A) May speed photosynthesis (B) Provides strength and toughness (C) Can activate genes (D) All of these are true

(D) All of these are true

Choose the true statement. Bacterial genomes...? (A) Are organized into a nucleus (B) Are simple and relatively even in size (C) Share all of the same genes (D) Are compacted using supercoiling and other factors

(D) Are compacted using supercoiling and other factors

The symbiosis between Buchnera and their host has resulted in the shrinking of the Buchnera genome, losing genes encoding for specific...? (A) Lac operons (B) Feeder pathways (C) Stress response pathways (D) Biosynthetic pathways

(D) Biosynthetic pathways

MinE promotes even bacterial cell division by...? (A) Localizing to the septum (B) Forming a ring at the midline (C) Blocking MinD and MinC polymerization at the cell poles (D) Blocking MinD and MinC polymerization in the cell middle region (E) Promoting FtsZ polymerization at the cell poles

(D) Blocking MinD and MinC polymerization in the cell middle region

In gram-negative bacteria, facilitated diffusion of solutes across the plasma membrane depends on...? (A) A concentration gradient (B) Porins (C) ATP (D) Both A and B (E) Both A and C

(D) Both A and B

ATP synthase...? (A) Uses proton motive force to make ATP (B) Uses substrate level phosphorylation to make ATP (C) Can run in forward (ATP synthesis) and reverse (ATP hydrolysis) (D) Both A and C

(D) Both A and C

Prokaryotes can obtain nitrogen for biosynthesis directly from....? (A) Ammonia (NH4+) in soil or water (B) Nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere (C) Dinitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere (D) Both A and C (E) Both A and B

(D) Both A and C

Successful bacterial DNA replication does NOT use...? (A) Ligation of DNA nicks (B) Priming new synthesis using RNA (C) A bidirectional fork (D) Chaperones to stabilize single strand DNA

(D) Chaperones to stabilize single strand DNA

Which structure provides resistance to desiccation? (A) Pili (B) S layer (C) Murein (D) Glycocalyx (E) Lipopolysaccharide

(D) Glycocalyx

Allosteric enzymes in biosynthetic pathways are often inhibited by the binding of a ligand. The ligand often...? (A) Is ATP (B) Binds the active site (C) Is a precursor metabolite (D) Is the end product

(D) Is the end product

Hyper-activation of what type of white blood cell can trigger a severe shock response to high levels of LPS? (A) Neutrophils (B) T lymphocytes (C) B lymphocytes (D) Macrophages

(D) Macrophages

Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic protists are generally classified based on...? (A) Type of respiration (B) Method of reproduction (C) Mode of nutritional uptake (D) Mode of locomotion

(D) Mode of locomotion

Which is not a specialized structure bacteria may have? (A) Magnetosomes (B) Flagella (C) Gas Vesicle (D) Nucleolus (E) Storage Granule

(D) Nucleolus

What statement about virus diversity is true? (A) Viruses have a limited number of shapes and sizes (B) Viral genomes encode for the ability to replicate independently (C) Viruses can only infect eukaryotic cells (D) Viral genomes encode for the ability to attach and invade host cells

(D) Viral genomes encode for the ability to attach and invade host cells

Like mitochondria, what is/are examples of ex-microbe organelles? (A) Apicoplasts (B) Bacteriocytes (C) Kinetoplasts (D) A and B (E) A and C

(E) A and C

Newly made viral particles are released by...? (A) Cell lysis (B) Lysogeny (C) Budding (D) A and B (E) A and C

(E) A and C

Rolling circle replication is important for...? (A) Conjugation (B) Transformation (C) Transduction (D) A and B (E) A and C

(E) A and C

sRNAs can regulate gene expression by...? (A) Blocking transcription (B) Catabolite repression (C) Suppressing translation (D) A and B (E) A and C

(E) A and C

What is the role of sigma S? (A) It receives signals from multiple integrators (B) It directly alters gene expression (C) It competes with sigma 70 for RNAP (D) A and C (E) A, B, and C

(E) A, B, and C

RNA can function...? (A) As a non-permanent template to synthesize protein (B) To recruit the correct amino acid during translation (C) As part of ribosomes to synthesize protein (D) To initiate DNA synthesis (E) All of the above (F) A and C only (G) A, B, and C

(E) All of the above

What kind of nucleic acid can encode a viral genome? (A) Single strand RNA (B) Single strand DNA (C) Double strand RNA (D) Double strand DNA (E) All of the above

(E) All of the above

What is not a method prokaryotes use to survive stressful conditions? (A) Grouping into multicellular structures (B) Altering their cell wall to increase toughness (C) Increased motility to leave for better conditions (D) Forming specialized spores to withstand harsh conditions (E) All of these are methods prokaryotes use

(E) All of these are methods prokaryotes use

Antibiotic resistance is due to...? (A) Inactivation of enzymes (B) Increased efflux of the drug (C) Modification of the target that decreases binding (D) Increased expression of the drug target (E) All of these are true

(E) All of these are true

Antibiotics frequently antagonize the growth of other bacterial species and organisms nearby, which is an example of...? (A) Commensalism (B) Syntrophy (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Antagonism

(E) Antagonism

Biological membranes (phospholipid bilayers)...? (A) Are impermeable to protons (H+) (B) Are freely permeable to protons (H+) (C) Transduce energy into different forms (D) Both A and B (E) Both A and C

(E) Both A and C

Translation requires energy at what step(s)? (A) Amino acid attachment to tRNAs (B) 30S ribosome subunit binding (C) Peptide chain elongation (D) Both A and B (E) Both A and C

(E) Both A and C

de novo synthesis of building blocks always requires...? (A) Precursor metabolites (B) CO2 fixation (C) Nitrogen assimilation (D) Both A and B (E) Both A and C

(E) Both A and C

Which of the following cell components would not be found on a gram-positive, circular shaped bacterium? (A) Murein (B) Teichoic Acids (C) S layer (D) Flagellum (E) Outer Membrane

(E) Outer Membrane

What kind of bacteria can live comfortably as a symbiont with the ghostfish of the Mariana Trench, 5 miles below sea level? (A) Psychrophile (B) Thermophile (C) Halophile (D) Mesophile (E) Piezophile

(E) Piezophile

True or False: All archaea are extremophiles.

False

True or False: All bacteria can synthesize the 21 amino acids

False

True or False: Mutation can arise in the absence of a mutagen.

True

True or False: Parasites live at the expense of their host, and can even alter their behavior.

True

The SecB protein helps export proteins by...? (A) Acting as a chaperone to prevent protein folding (B) Binding signal peptides for appropriate targeting (C) Cleaving signal peptides for appropriate protein folding (D) Acting as a chaperone to promote protein folding

(A) Acting as a chaperone to prevent protein folding

Which regulation strategy does not change the concentration of an enzyme? (A) Allosteric modification (B) Transcriptional repression (C) mRNA stability (D) Supercoiling (E) Attenuation

(A) Allosteric modification

Generalized transduction can transfer...? (A) Any DNA from host genome (B) Only phage-specific DNA sequences (C) Genes flanked by insertion elements (D) Only genes near the site of integration

(A) Any DNA from host genome

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can reproduce both asexually and sexually by...? (A) Budding and haploid spore production (B) Fission and haploid spore production (C) Budding and mycelium formation (D) Fission and mycelium formation

(A) Budding and haploid spore production

Heterotrophic bacteria...? (A) Couple energy harvesting with carbon metabolism (B) Utilize an independent source of energy harvesting from carbon metabolism (C) Can perform CO2 fixation (D) Rely on sunlight as a primary energy source

(A) Couple energy harvesting with carbon metabolism

Photosynthesis in eukaryotes likely arose from engulfment of what species? (A) Cyanobacteria (B) Actinobacteria (C) Firmicutes (D) Proteobacteria

(A) Cyanobacteria

New targets for antibiotic development are being identified by...? (A) Genome sequencing (B) Defining protein structure (C) Altering existing antibiotics (D) Studying horizontal gene transfer (E) Accident

(A) Genome sequencing

Ammonia is assimilated by the creation of...? (A) Glutamate (B) Leucine (C) Cysteine (D) Asparagine

(A) Glutamate

In which phase of growth have cells not yet achieved the maximal growth rate? (A) Lag phase (B) Exponential phase (C) Stationary phase (D) Germination (E) Sporulation

(A) Lag phase