Micro 270- Ch 15 Ch 16 Concepts
Mature T cells express ______.
CD4 coreceptors CD8 coreceptors
Upon activation, this T cell type mounts a direct attack on target cells.
CD8
Which of the following characterizes the negative effects of reactive Rh antibodies?
Can cause hemolysis in an Rh+ child whose mother is Rh-
Either or coreceptors are expressed on mature T cells.
Cd8 cd4
Which of the following would NOT be recognized by the immune system as foreign antigens?
Cells or substances from your own body
The theory is a conceptual explanation for the development of lymphocyte specificity and variety during immune system maturation.
Clonal selection
A is a group of genetically identical cells.
Clone
The multiplication of lymphocytes upon encountering antigen results in production of a , or group of genetically identical cells.
Clone
Molecules of composition such as proteins prove to be more immunogenic than repetitious polymers.
Complex
________ molecules such as proteins prove to be more immunogenic than repetitious polymers of a single type of unit.
Complex
Which of the following is the region of an antibody in which the amino acid sequence does not vary greatly?
Constant region
The segment of the antibody that does not bind antigen is called the or the Fc fragment.
Crystallizable fragment
T helper cells activate macrophages directly through receptor contact and indirectly through the release of .
Cytokines
The CD8 coreceptor is expressed on T cells.
Cytotoxic
________ T cells target virally infected cells through the recognition of viral peptides expressed on the target cell surface.
Cytotoxic
What cell type destroys cells from other animals and humans based on the peptides they display on their surface with MHC class I?
Cytotoxic T
What cell type searches for and destroys cancer cells through the detection of abnormal peptides displayed on the target cell surface?
Cytotoxic T
The CD8 coreceptor is found on the surface of which cell type?
Cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for graft rejection?
Cytotoxic T cells
is the ability of certain T cells to kill a specific target cell such as an infected cell or a cancer cell.
Cytotoxicity
If the mother and the father are both Rh-, the fetus has a(n) ______ chance of being Rh+.
0%
If the mother is Rh+ and the father is Rh+, an Rh+ fetus has a(n) ______ chance of experiencing hemolytic disease of the newborn.
0%
The presence of IL-12 influences T helper cells to become T helper cells upon antigen activation.
1
Class and class genes of the major histocompatibility complex coincide with certain autoimmune diseases.
1 2
Naive T helper cells upon encountering antigen and MHC differentiate into TH or TH cells depending on the cytokine environment.
1 or one 2 or two
IgM has ________ antigen binding sites.
10
A molecule must have a molecular weight of _______ to elicit even a weak immune response.
1000
Molecules less than MW are seldom good antigens since a substance must be large enough to attract the attention of immune system cells.
1000
How many different types of antigen specific receptors can be found on the surface of a given lymphocyte?
2
Looking at the structure of an antibody, you will find ______.
2 identical heavy chains 2 identical light chains constant regions
The initial step in forming an antibody is a combination of ______ chains, composed of ______, to form half of an immunoglobulin. Two of these combined to form a completed protein.
2; one light and one heavy chain
How many gene segments are required to form a gene for an antibody light chain?
3; one variable, one joining, and one constant gene segment
An immunoglobulin molecule is made of protein chains, which are heavy chains and light chains. (Use numbers)
4 or four 2 or two 2 or two
How many protein chains are used to produce an immunoglobulin molecule?
4; two heavy chains and two light chains
A bone marrow donor donates about _______ milliliters of bone marrow.
500 - 800
Activated CD T cells will destroy cells from other animals and humans because they are recognized as foreign.
8
When activated by antigen, CD T cells directly attack and kill the target cell.
8
The serum of Type B blood contains antibodies against Type blood.
A
A person with AA or AO genotype has type blood, whereas a person with BB or BO genotype has type blood.
A B
Which type of vaccine is based on inserting nucleic acids from pathogens into a plasmid vector, which will be injected into a host and taken up by cells, to encourage them to express the foreign protein and stimulate immunity?
DNA
Antigens can be presented to T cells by B cells, cells and .
Dendritic macrophages
In the blood IgA is a monomer but in mucus and secretions IgA is in a(n) form.
Dimeric
Killed vaccines often require a larger and more to be effective because the microbe does not multiply and is cleared quickly from the host.
Dose Boosters
Match each blood type with the antibodies that they contain.
A <------> Anti-B B <------> Anti-A AB <------> Neither anti-A or anti-B O <------> Both anti-A and anti-B
HIV infects T helper cells and severely reduces their number. Which of the following do you expect as a result of this?
A reduced ability of B cells to be activated A reduced ability of cytotoxic T cells to be activated
Type blood contains no anti-A or anti-B antibodies whereas type blood contains both types.
AB O
Human blood types fall into four distinct groups called the blood groups.
ABO
The four distinct types of blood are referred to as the ________ blood groups.
ABO
Which of the following tests are used to avert graft rejection?
ABO blood typing Mixed lymphocyte reaction HLA tissue typing
Which of the following is NOT a function of IgG?
Acting as a secretory antibody
One outcome of vaccination is the stimulation of artificial immunity.
Active
immunity is the result of the body's response to antigen.
Active
Which of the following tests is used to determine ABO blood type?
Agglutination
is the aggregation formed by antibodies binding cellular antigens or large particles.
Agglutination
is the process by which the crosslinking of antibodies and microbes renders the microbes immobile and enhances their phagocytosis.
Agglutination
A(n) is a type of antigen that provokes an allergic response.
Allergen
A(n) is an antigen that is present in some but not all members of a species.
Alloantigens
Antigen binding sites are highly variable from one antibody to another. This is due to high variability of the acid content that makes up the hypervariable region.
Amino
Serum sickness and the Arthus reaction are different from anaphylaxis in which ways?
Anaphylaxis involves immediate symptoms. Anaphylaxis is mediated by IgE antibodies.
When human immune globulin is not available, antisera and antitoxins from blood serum can be used.
Animal
Which antibodies are found in the serum of type B blood?
Anti-A antibodies
Which antibodies are found in the serum of type A blood?
Anti-B antibodies
Which antibody type is NOT found in the serum of type O blood?
Anti-O antibodies
Activated B cells (plasma cells) secrete immunoglobulins otherwise known as .
Antibodies
The latent period that occurs during the initial phase of a primary immune is marked by a lack of to the activating antigen.
Antibodies
The levels of in serum over time indicates the manner in which the immune system reacts to an antigen.
Antibodies
Which of the following are involved in immune complex diseases?
Antibody-antigen complexes
According to the clonal selection theory, each distinct lymphocyte has an ability to recognize only one specific .
Antigen
Each antibody differs from other antibodies in its binding groove.
Antigen
The principal activity of an antibody is to unite with, immobilize, call attention to, or neutralize the which is complementary to its receptor.
Antigen
Visualizing the Y shaped antibody structure, the binding sites are found at the ends of the arms.
Antigen
T-cell dependent antigens, which are usually protein based, require recognition steps between the following cells and substances.
Antigen presenting cells Antigen Lymphocytes
On an antibody molecule, this fragment folds into a groove that binds one epitope.
Fab
True or false: A given host cell can express only one type of receptor.
False
True or false: There is a vaccine for almost all known pathogenic microbes.
False
The variations of amino acid sequences in which antibody fragment give rise to different isotypes (classes) of antibodies?
Fc
This fragment of the antibody contains a region for activating or fixing complement following binding of antigen by the antibody.
Fc
This fragment of the antibody molecule is exposed or made more accessible to phagocytes when antibodies opsonize an antigen.
Fc
Which antibody fragment is the effector portion of the molecule and binds to membranes of many different cells?
Fc
________ is the fragment of antibodies that serves as the effector portion of the molecule as it binds to the membranes of many different cells.
Fc
is the ability of a substance to elicit a specific immune response.
Antigenicity
are foreign molecules that elicit a specific immune response.
Antigens
is the term given to antibody rich serum which can be used diagnostically and therapeutically.
Antiserum
A(n) is a special type of antibody that neutralizes bacterial toxins.
Antitoxin
T cytotoxic cells initiate or programmed cell death in their target cells.
Apoptosis
________ is the genetically programmed death of cells that is both a natural process of development and the body's means of destroying abnormal or infected cells.
Apoptosis
Which immune complex disease results in localized dermal injury due to inflamed blood vessels in the vicinity of an injected antigen?
Arthus reaction
Immunotherapy is passive immunization with antibodies.
Artificial
immunity results when a person is given a vaccination or receives premade antibodies through medical intervention.
Artificial
is a process, such as subculturing, that is used to reduce the virulence of a pathogen so it can be used in a live vaccine preparation.
Attenuation
Which is the term used to describe a compound which induces autoimmune disease?
Autoantigen
The serum of type A blood contain antibodies against type blood.
B
______ cells use surface immunoglobulin as their antigen specific receptors.
B
Which of the following are the main antigen-presenting cells?
B cells Macrophages Dendritic cells
T helper 2 cells stimulate which of the following cell types?
B lymphocytes
MHC class II molecules are found on which of the following host cells?
B lymphocytes Dendritic cells Macrophages
A recipient has an immune system reaction to foreign tissues and cells of another individual in and .
gafts transfusion
The fraction of plasma proteins composed primarily of IgG is called ________ globulin.
gamma
Microbes enter the human body most frequently through the ________ and ________ mucosa.
gastrointestinal respiratory
Due to ______ during lymphocyte development, there is a huge diversity of possible lymphocytes each with distinct antigen receptors.
gene rearrangement
The condition in which T cells in the transplanted tissue mount an immune response against the recipient's normal tissues is called versus disease.
graft host
A condition in which T cells in transplanted tissue mount an immune response against the recipient's (host) normal tissues is called ________.
graft vs. host disease
Enzymes secreted by cytotoxic T cells that damage proteins of target cells are called _______.
granzymes
is a malfunction of the thyroid gland in which autoantibodies directed at thyroid cells stimulate an overproduction of thyroid hormone.
graves disease
A molecule that cannot stimulate a full immune response without being attached to a larger protein molecule called a carrier is known as a(n) ________.
hapten
Requirements for an effective vaccine include ______.
has a low level of toxicity or adverse side effects produces a memory response
The incompatibility of the Rh factor between mother and fetus resulting in maternal antibodies attacking the fetus and triggering complement-mediated lysis of the fetal erythrocytes is an example of a(n) ________ disease.
hemolytic
disease of the newborn is a condition in which complement-mediated lysis of the red blood cells occurs when antibodies bind to red blood cell antigens.
hemolytic
The status of collective acquired immunity in a population that reduces the likelihood that nonimmune individuals will contract and spread infection is known as _____ immunity.
herd
immunity is the collective protective immunity exhibited by a population which confers indirect protection to nonimmune members.
herd
The antigen binding sites on an antibody molecule are ______.
highly variable
The reaction is an example of using a type IV (delayed) allergy reaction to diagnose infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
tuberculin
Type hypersensitivities involve complement-assisted cell lysis by antibodies.
two
The ________ theory proposes that a breakdown in normal T-cell suppressor function allows inappropriate immune responses to occur.
immune deficiency
Sometimes several vaccines are given at the same time but experts have carefully balanced vaccines to prevent ________.
immune interference
The process of eliminating any lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self molecules during the development process is _____.
immune tolerance
Any clinical process that produces immunity in an individual is called a(n) ________.
immunization
The ability of the body to react to a myriad of foreign substances is termed ________.
immunocompetence
is the ability of the body to react to a myriad of foreign substances.
immunocompetence
The principles of vaccine preparation include ______.
immunogen selection for vaccine ease in administration of vaccine safety and cost of vaccine effectiveness of vaccine against the disease
The class of proteins to which antibodies belong are ________.
immunoglobulins
The electrophoresis of serum results in bands of globulins that include antibodies. The term ________ is used to describe these antibodies.
immunoglobulins
Preventing or treating infectious diseases by administering substances such as premade antibodies that produce artificial immunity is called ________.
immunotherapy
The study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response is called .
immunpathology
Clonal selection and expansion of lymphocytes results in ________ immune responsiveness to the specific antigen.
increased
Antigen stimulation causing clonal selection and expansion of lymphocytes results in ______.
increased immune responsiveness to the specific antigen
Stem cells undergo proliferative, rapid division during the antigen ________ period.
independent
T-cell ________ antigens trigger a response from B lymphocytes without the usual cooperation needed from antigen presenting cells or T helper cells.
independent
Because several vaccines are given at the same time, scientists must carefully balance vaccines to prevent immune .
interference
When cytotoxic T cells of a host recognize foreign class I MHC markers on the surface of grafted cells, they release the cytokine - as part of a generalized immune mobilization.
interleukin two
B cells are activated by chemical signals called ______ produced by macrophages and T cells.
interleukins
With respect to B cell activation, T cells give off signals in the form of ______.
interleukins B cell growth factors
T helper cells activate B cells by releasing and B cell factors.
interleukins growth
Bone marrow is transplanted into the recipient by ______.
intravenous drip into recipient circulation
A transplant between identical twins is called a(n) ________.
isograft
Transplanted tissue from one identical twin to the other is called a(n) .
isograft
Immunoglobulins exist as structural and functional classes called ______.
isotypes
Which segments are used to produce a gene for the heavy chain of an antibody?
joining region variable region constant region diversity region
The J chain ______.
joins monomers of IgA and IgM
Polymers of glucose, a highly repetitious structure, are ______.
large but not antigenic
We can learn a great deal about the specific immune response to antigen by studying the ______ over time.
levels of antibodies in serum
Preparations that most vaccines are based on include ______.
live, attenuated microbes killed cells or inactivated viruses
The most common complications associated with vaccines include ______.
local reactions at the injection site allergies fever
Systemic erythematosus is a chronic autoimmunity where immune complexes are deposited into the basement membranes of various organs.
lupus
The three main antigen presenting cells are , as well as and B cells.
macrophages dendritic
T helper 1 cells activate ______.
macrophages and cytotoxic T cells
Blood serum ________ contain preformed antibodies to A and B antigens without prior exposure to the antigens.
may
If one subjects a sample of serum to electrophoresis, the major proteins migrate in a pattern consistent with their ______.
mobility size
The phenomenon where microbial antigens that have determinants similar to normal human cells and cause a cross-reaction with self antigens is called .
molecular mimicry
IgA circulates in the blood as a(n) ________.
monomer
In the blood, IgA circulates in the ______ form.
monomer
is an autoimmune disease associated with destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding CNS neurons.
multiple sclerosis
The theory of immune deficiency proposes that in receptor genes of some lymphocytes cause them to become reactive to .
mutation self
is a disease characterized by severe muscle weakness caused by autoantibodies blocking the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
myasthenia gravis
Any immunity that is acquired during the normal biological experiences of an individual, such as infection or through breast feeding is known as ________ immunity.
natural
After recovery from an infectious disease, the resistance to reinfection is called ________ immunity.
natural active
A severe infection due to "flesh eating bacteria" that results in local tissue death is called ______.
necrotizing fasciitis
If the Rh type is unknown, a recipient should be given Rh blood.
negative
Rh ________ blood can be safely given to a recipient of unknown Rh type.
negative
In placental sensitization, the mother is Rh , whereas the fetus is Rh .
negative positive
Which of the following is LEAST likely to show a similar combination of class I MHC genes?
neighbors from unrelated families
The binding of antibodies to cells, viruses, or toxins that results in the blocking of their ability to interact with host receptors is called ________.
neutralization
After antigen stimulation, B cells produce antibodies to ______ antigens.
neutralize inactivate target
When an antibody binds to an exotoxin, the exotoxin is said to be ________.
neutralized
Mast cells and basophils have receptors that bind to the Fc fragment of IgE and, upon allergen binding by the surface bound IgE, the cell releases ________ that increase the allergic response.
neutralizes
A polymer of glucose, such as cellulose, with its highly repetitious structure is large but ________ antigenic.
not
Cells and complex molecules usually have ______.
numerous antigenic epitopes
The objective of vaccines is to use modified microbes or their components to ______.
obtain the same protective memory immune response as a natural infection
Each lymphocyte is genetically programmed to express ______ type(s) of antigen specific receptor(s).
one
Specific resistance that is acquired indirectly by donation of preformed immune substances (antibodies) produced in the body of another individual is called artificial ________ immunity.
passive
With respect to hemolytic disease of the newborn, the potential for placental sensitization occurs through which combination of mother and unborn child?
unborn child is Rh positive mother is Rh negative
The Fab fragment of an antibody folds into a groove with a _____ conformation, thus it binds to ______ type(s) of epitope(s).
unique; one
Which of the following are principal activities of antibodies with respect to their specific antigens?
unite with (bind) call attention to immobilize neutralize
A person with Type O blood has neither A or B antigens on their RBCs and can donate to any other blood type, and therefore would be referred to as a(n)
universal donor
When the exact composition of an antigenic determinant is known, it is possible to develop a vaccine by artificially synthesizing the antigenic or .
peptide protein
When antibodies opsonize an antigen, the Fc fragment of the antibody molecule is exposed or made more accessible to ______.
phagocytes
The first Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother is usually unaffected because sensitization is usually not completed before birth.
placental
When fetal erythrocytes leak into maternal circulation during childbirth, ________ sensitization occurs.
placental
sensitization occurs when fetal red blood cells leak into maternal circulation during childbirth.
placental
Upon antigen encounter, B lymphocytes differentiate into antibody producing cells called cells and memory cells that can quickly react with the same antigen in a subsequent encounter.
plasma
The process that enhances phagocytosis of antigens much smaller than a cell, such as proteins, is ______.
precipitation
An antigen _______ cell is a cell that ingests and degrades an antigen and subsequently places the antigenic determinant molecules on its surface for recognition by CD4 T lymphocytes.
presenting
The first response of the immune system when exposed to an antigen is called a ________ immune response.
primary
Activation signals received from the T cells cause the activated B cell to ______.
proliferate enlarge differentiate
Different host cell surface receptors can be involved in a wide range of significant roles such as ______.
receiving and transmitting chemical messages aiding in cellular development binding to self molecules attachment to foreign antigens
A given host cell can express several different surface molecules called ________, each of which has a role in detection, recognition, and cell communication.
receptors
In ________ vaccines, a gene for the antigen of a pathogen is spliced into a plasmid, the antigen is expressed in a cloning host, and the expressed antigen is then harvested for use in a vaccine.
recombinant
Vaccine strategies include ______ vaccines made by isolating a gene for an antigen of a pathogen, splicing it into a plasmid for delivery to a cloning host, and then harvesting the produced antigen to be used in a vaccine.
recombinant
Requirements for most effective vaccines do NOT include ______.
regular booster dose schedule
Cells that prevent the immune system from overreacting by moderating inflammation, allergies, and autoimmunity are called T cells.
regulatory
Since secretory IgA is found on mucus membranes and secretions, it plays an important role in protecting the body from ______ pathogens.
respiratory genitourinary enteric
The is an antigen on red blood cells that can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components.
rh factor
is a systemic autoimmune disease that results in progressive, debilitating damage to the joints.
rheumatoid arthritis
A systemic autoimmune disease that results in progressive, debilitating damage to the joints is known as ________.
rheumatoid arthritis
The ______ immune response is advantageous because it is faster and more vigorous at clearing antigen.
secondary
The rapid rise in antibody titer following a repeat exposure to an antigen that has been recognized from a previous exposure is called a(n) ________ immune response.
secondary
The response, also called the anamnestic response, is the specific immune response generated upon subsequent exposure to a previously seen antigen and it is directed by memory cells.
secondary
Dimeric IgA possesses a secretion piece and is called ________ IgA.
secretory
Methods used to achieve attenuation of microbes for vaccine production include ______.
selection of mutant strains that grow at colder temperatures long-term cultivation
During generation of receptor diversity, any lymphocytes that develop a specificity for ______ molecules could be harmful and are thus eliminated.
self
The general roles of MHC classes I and II are the recognition of and regulation of the response.
self immune
An individual may develop Rh antibodies following placental or blood .
sensitization transfusion
If the mother does not receive treatment, the second Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother is usually affected by hemolytic disease of the newborn because the mother's immune system has been for a second contact.
sensitized
One theory of autoimmunity is that during embryonic development, some antigens are kept behind anatomical barriers and cannot be scanned by the immune system. This is called the _______ theory.
sequestered antigen
The ________ theory explains that some tissues are immunologically privileged and cannot be scanned by the immune system.
sequestered antigen
is a type of immune complex (Type III) disease in which immune complexes enter circulation and are deposited in the blood vessels of the kidney, heart, skin, and joints.
serum sickness
The immune complex disease causing systemic injury initiated by antigen-antibody complexes that circulate in the blood and settle into membranes at various sites is called ______.
serum sickness
A given host cell can express ______.
several types of receptors
Which of the following is NOT a feature that characterizes specific immunity:
speed
Activated T cells produce a spectrum of cytokines that ______.
stimulates other cells
Lymphocyte clonal selection and expansion in the lymphatic organs requires ________ by an antigen.
stimulation
Epitope based vaccines from viruses are not called acellular vaccines but instead are called vaccines.
subunit
Vaccines based on viral epitopes are called ________ vaccines.
subunit
The overall structure of an antibody is a(n) ______ shape.
symmetrical Y
Due to individual differences in the inheritance of class I MHC genes, the cells of each individual express molecules that are to other humans.
Foreign
One important characteristic of an antigen is that it be perceived as meaning that it is not a normal constituent of the body.
Foreign
Which is NOT a characteristic of the structure of an antibody?
Four different polypeptide chains
The fraction of separated serum is composed primarily of IgG.
Gamma globulin
Which type of T cell has attributes of both nonspecific and specific immune responses and is especially active against certain bacterial pathogens and tumor cells?
Gamma-Delta T cells
are enzymes released by T cytotoxic cells that are used to kill its target cell.
Granzymes
Which of the following is a malfunction of the thyroid gland in which autoantibodies directed at thyroid cells stimulate an overproduction of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)?
Graves' disease
A is an incomplete or partial antigen and must be attached to a carrier to elicit an immune response.
Hapten
is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland that damages the thyroid follicle cells and results in decreased production of the thyroid hormone thyroxin.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Which of the following is NOT a common complications associated with vaccines?
Headaches or migraine headaches
After transcription and translation of immunoglobulin genes, a chain combines with a chain to form half an immunoglobulin and two of these combine to form a completed protein.
Heavy light
Antigen presented by MHC II class molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells activates T cells.
Helper
T cells activate macrophages, resulting in an increased ability to induce inflammation.
Helper
The CD4 coreceptor is expressed on T cells.
Helper
Which of the following tests are NOT used to avert graft rejection?
Histamine release test
Which of the following is NOT a factor to be considered for vaccine preparation?
How long production of the vaccine takes
Specific immune globulin is derived from patients who have been recently vaccinated or are convalescing and in a(n) state.
Hyperimmune
Cytotoxic T cells (with CD8 receptors) recognize antigen presented with MHC class molecules.
I
Helper T cells (with CD4 receptors) recognize antigen presented with MHC class molecules.
II
The tuberculin test is an example of using an antigen to trigger a Type ________ hypersensitivity reaction to diagnose infection.
IV
is the antibody class that mediates anaphylaxis, asthma, and certain allergies.
IgE
At the beginning of an immune response most antibodies are IgM but as the response progresses you see production switch predominantly to which class of antibodies?
IgG
Which of the following is the most prevalent antibody in circulation and tissue fluids?
IgG
is the most prevalent antibody in circulation and tissue fluids.
IgG
Match each antibody class with its biological function.
IgG <-------->Long term immunity, opsonization, neutralizes toxins IgA <--------> Secretory antibody IgM <--------> First antibody produced in response to antigen IgD <--------> Serves as the B cell receptor IgE <--------> Allergies; worm infections
Early in the primary immune response, most antibodies are of which class?
IgM
Which is the first type of antibody produced by the body following exposure (first encounter) to a specific antigen?
IgM
________is the class of antibodies that comprise the majority of antibodies produced early in the primary immune response.
IgM
is the first class of antibody produced by the body in the primary response, that is upon first encounter with antigen.
IgM
In an antibody molecule, the J chain is a protein component that joins monomers of ______.
IgM IgA
(ISG) is used for passive immunization and contains immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of at least 1000 human donors.
Immune serum globulin
__________ contains immunoglobulins extracted from the pooled blood of many human donors.
Immune serum globulin
is any clinical procedure that produces either passive or active immunity in a subject.
Immunization
A type of antigen that is certain to induce a specific immune response when introduced into the body is called a(n) .
Immunogen
B cells recognize antigen via receptors.
Immunoglobulin
The term was derived from the electrophoresis pattern of antiserum because four of the bands contained globulins of which most were antibodies.
Immunoglobulin
What type of receptors do B cells utilize to recognize their specific antigen?
Immunoglobulin
are the chemical class of proteins to which antibodies belong.
Immunoglobulin
________ are a class of glycoproteins that serve as the antigen-specific receptors on B cells.
Immunoglobulins
are the antigen-specific receptors on B cells.
Immunoglobulins
________ is the study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response.
Immunopathology
The prevention of illness by the introduction of active immunization by vaccines or passive immunization through antisera is called .
Immunoprophylaxis
Which of the following terms is used to describe administering a vaccine or antisera to provide protection against a pathogen?
Immunoprophylaxis
is the medical procedure that may involve the transfer of premade antibodies to protect the individual.
Immunotherapy
Which of the following best defines an universal donor?
In blood grouping and transfusion, a group O individual whose erythrocytes bear neither antigen A nor B.
________ or ________ vaccines use a whole cell or intact virus preparation in which the microbes are dead or preserved and cannot multiply but are still capable of conferring immunity.
Inactivated Killed
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of superantigens?
Inhibit cytokine release
Artificial synthesis of a peptide or protein from a pathogen is used to produce a vaccine when ______.
the exact composition of the antigenic determinant is known
The great majority of vaccines are administered by the following routes.
Intradermal injection Subcutaneous injection Intramuscular injection
Which method is NOT used to generate attenuated microbes for vaccine production?
Isolating microbe from recovering host
The different structural and functional classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins) are called
Isotype
A or vaccine is one in which the entire pathogen is given but it has been treated in such a way that it can no longer multiply.
Killed inactivated
A(n) exposes a person to a specific antigen preparation in order to trigger a protective specific immune response without the person suffering any effects associated with the pathogen.
vaccination
Exposing a person to the antigenic components of a microbe without its pathogenic effects for the purpose of inducing a future protective response is called ________.
vaccination
Most materials that serve as good antigens include ______.
Lipoproteins Nucleoproteins Glycolipids Proteins
Which of the following is characterized as a chronic autoimmunity disorder where immune complexes are deposited into the basement membranes of various organs resulting in dysfunction/tissue damage.
Lupus erythematosus
Which of the following is NOT a likely outcome of a mismatched blood transfusion?
Lymphadenopathy
After antigen-presenting cells process an antigen, it is moved to the surface and then bound to molecules for presentation.
MHC
What is the name for molecules that, following antigen processing, bind the antigen fragment and display it on the surface of the cell?
MHC
What is the set of genes that encodes human cell receptors that play a role in recognition of self by the immune system called?
MHC
Which genes have been shown to coincide with certain autoimmune diseases?
MHC Class II MHC Class I
Which type of protein must be complexed with peptide to activate CD8 T cells?
MHC class I protein
Which type of protein must be complexed with peptide to activate CD4 T cells?
MHC class II proteins
Antigen-presenting cells that both process and present antigenic determinants on their surfaces include B-cells, and dendritic cells.
Macrophages
Chemical signals produced by and T cells called interleukins can activate B cells.
Macrophages
T helper 1 cells activate and help activate T cells.
Macrophages cytotoxic
One set of genes that codes for human cell receptors and plays a role in recognition of self by the immune system is the (MHC).
Major histocompatibility complex
cells and have receptors that bind to the Fc fragment of IgE and can detect antigen binding which then triggers the release of cytokines that increase the allergic response.
Mast basophils
Why is the first Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother usually unaffected by hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Maternal sensitization is usually not completed before birth.
T or B cells remain for long periods to be ready to respond to the same antigen encountered at a later time.
Memory
These cells remain in circulation for long periods of time and are ready to respond to a specific antigen should it be encountered again.
Memory cells
Host cell protein receptors involved in immune reactions recognize self proteins such as molecules.
Mhc
Which of the following describes molecular mimicry?
Microbial antigens have similar molecular characteristics to normal human cells causing cross-reaction.
Electrophoresis of antiserum results in a pattern of migration based on and of the proteins.
Mobility size
Which of the following cell types are NOT stimulated by T helper 2 cells?
Monocytes T helper 1 cells Cytotoxic T cells Erythrocytes Dendritic cells
Which of the following is an autoimmune disease associated with destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding CNS neurons?
Multiple sclerosis
Which of the following is an autoimmune disease characterized by severe muscle weakness caused by autoantibodies blocking the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction?
Myasthenia gravis
immunity is acquired from infection or through breastfeeding from the mother; this immunity is acquired through normal life experiences.
Natural
Recovery from infectious disease results in immunity.
Natural active
cells are a type of lymphocyte with many similarities to T cells but the big difference is that they are NOT antigen specific.
Natural killer
cells are probably the first cells to attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells since they can act quickly and are not antigen specific.
Natural killer
Prenatal and postnatal mother and child relationships result in acquired immunity.
Natural passive
Which cells are usually the first cells to attack cancer cells and virus infected cells since they can act quickly and are not antigen specific?
Natural killer
Which of the following lymphocytes is not antigen specific?
Natural killer
________ immunity occurs only as a result of prenatal and postnatal mother and child relationships.
Natural passive
fasciitis is a condition in which a wound does not respond to antibiotic treatment and the surrounding tissue becomes damaged and dies.
Necrotizing
In reactions, antibodies bind to cells, viruses, or toxins thus blocking their ability to interact with host receptors.
Neutralization
Biological functions associated with one or more of the different classes of antibodies include ______.
Neutralization Complement fixation Opsonization
T-cell dependent antigens do NOT require recognition steps between which of the following cells or substances?
Neutrophils
Which characteristics have been observed for Gamma-Delta T cells?
Nonspecific response: Binding to PAMPs on microorganisms Specific response: T-cell receptors recognize a variety of antigens Specific response: Produces memory cells when activated
Most antibodies are passed in utero, but also provides milkborne antibodies.
Nursing
Match each blood type genotype with the correct ABO blood type.
OO <------> O type AO <------> A type AB <------> AB type BB <------> B type
______ enhances phagocyte recognition by coating the invader with antibodies so that they will be more readily recognized by phagocytes.
Opsonization
Which of the following is not a common route of vaccine administration?
Orally
are molecules that are shared by many types of microbes and capable of eliciting a nonspecific response.
PAMPs
Molecules shared by many types of microbes that stimulate a nonspecific response are called
Pamps
immunity is the acquisition of premade antibodies either from the mother or via injection of immune serum.
Passive
To prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn, Rh- mothers with possible Rh+ fetuses receive what treatment?
Passive antibody preparation
IgM is a and thus has 10 antigen binding sites.
Pentameric
Upon antigen activation, CD8 T cells release which are proteins that punch holes in the membranes of target cells.
Perforins
________ are proteins released by activated cytotoxic T cells that punch holes in the membranes of target cells.
Perforins
Which is NOT a B cell outcome following activation signals from a T cell?
Phagocytosis
________ are differentiated B cells that produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies.
Plasma
Antiserum from human blood contains antibodies arising from a wide variety of B-cell clones.
Polyclonal
______ antibodies, produced by a wide variety of B-cell clones, are found in antiserum extracted from human blood.
Polyclonal
A person inheriting at least one dominant Rh allele will be Rh , whereas a person inheriting two recessive alleles will be Rh .
Positive Negitive
A larger dose and more boosters are required in order for killed vaccines to be effective because ______.
the microbe does not multiply
For small, free antigen molecules, such as proteins, the process of increases the speed of phagocytosis.
Precipitation
The immune response is the initial antibody response upon encountering antigen.
Primary
Rh factor incompatibility can result in the lysis of .
RBC
During lymphocyte development, there is a huge diversity of possible lymphocytes, each with distinct antigen-specific receptors, that results from extensive of the gene fragments that code for T and B cells.
Rearrangement
What are the roles of the MHC I and II molecules?
Recognition of self Regulation of immune response
Which type of T cell expresses both CD4 and CD25 receptors and acts to moderate inflammation, allergy, autoimmunity, and to reduce targeting of normal microbiota?
Regulatory T cells
When considering pathogenic microbes, ______.
there are many that lack a vaccine
Microbes enter the body most frequently through the tract or the tract.
Respiratory gastrointestinal
Which of the following can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components?
Rh factor
Which of the following best describes how RhoGAM works?
RhoGAM binds to Rh+ antigens
The advantage of a(n) immune response is that it is faster and more vigorous at clearing antigen than the primary immune response.
Secondary
The lymphoid tissues are continuously resupplied with B and T cells.
Secondary
Besides the J chain, secretory IgA possesses another accessory molecule called the component which is involved in crossing the mucus membrane.
Secretory
According to the clonal theory, lymphocyte specificity is genetically preprogrammed and exists before antigen has ever been encountered.
Selection
During the generation of lymphocyte receptor diversity, any cells that develop a specificity for MHC molecules are eliminated.
Self
MHC class I proteins allow for the recognition of molecules.
Self
________ is a type of immune complex disease in which immune complexes enter circulation, are carried throughout the body, and deposited in the blood vessels of the kidney, heart, skin, and joints.
Serum sickness
Which is the main function of IgD?
Serves as a B cell antigen receptor
B and T lymphocytes provide protection against specific antigens as part of immunity.
Specific
The two features that characterize the specific immune response are and .
Specificity Memory
Secretory IgA is NOT found in which of the following fluids?
Stomach acid
Which of the following types of molecules does NOT typically serve as a good antigen?
Sugars
Fairly large antigens which can actually induce problems by spanning both the MHC-II and T cell receptors (TCR) are called .
Superantigen
Bacterial proteins that are potent stimulators of T cells and can trigger massive release of cytokines leading to widespread cell death are called .
Superantigens
______, such as some bacterial toxins, are potent stimulators of T cells and are responsible for diseases such as toxic shock. Multiple choice question.
Superantigens
Clusters of differentiation (CD) receptors are molecules on the surfaces of cells that act as receptors and may also be involved in cell adhesion and communication.
T
Cytotoxicity is the ability for this type of lymphocyte to kill specific target cells.
T
Type IV hypersensitivities primarily involve ________ cells.
T
____ cells are the "mediators" of cell-mediated immunity.
T
________ cells do NOT use surface immunoglobulins as their antigen-specific receptors.
T
cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
T
Which immune system cells carry clusters of differentiation (CD) receptors?
T cells
Antigen presented by MHC class II on the surface of an APC can activate what cell type?
T helper
________ cells are involved in activating macrophages.
T helper
CD4 T cells can differentiate into which cell types when stimulated by antigen displayed on MHC?
T helper 1 T helper 2
It is believed that the secretion of interleukin-12 by APCs triggers the differentiation of T cells into which cell type?
T helper 1 cells
It is believed that the secretion of interleukin-4 by APCs triggers the differentiation of T cells into which cell type?
T helper 2 cells
Assisting in the recognition steps of the T-cell response, which type of cell has a receptor that binds with the class II MHC receptor on the APC and with the antigen?
T helper cell
Which immune system cell assists in activating both B cells and T cells?
T helper cell
The CD4 coreceptor is found on the surface of which cell type?
T helper cells
T-cell independent antigens trigger a response from B lymphocytes without the usual cooperation needed from ______.
T helper cells APCs
Which of the following cell types does not express MHC class II molecules on its surface?
T lymphocytes
Which of the following are the main functional types of T cells?
TH1 cell TC cell TH2 cell
The presence of IL4 directs the differentiation of T helper cells to ______ cells after antigen activation.
TH2
If the mother does not receive treatment, why is the second Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother usually affected by hemolytic disease of the newborn?
The mother's immune system has been primed for a second contact.
What occurs when T-cells encounter cells displaying foreign MHC molecules?
They recognize and react against the foreign cells based on MHC types.
The concentration of antibodies in serum is expressed as the .
Titer
During the proliferative stage of lymphocyte development, the process of eliminating any lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self molecules is called immune .
Tolerance
What term is used to describe a vaccine which is constructed by placing a specific DNA sequence encoding a pathogenic antigen into a non-pathogenic organism that is later used as a vaccine?
Trojan horse
True or false: At the beginning of an immune response, most antibodies produced are IgM but as the response progresses, you see mainly IgG antibodies or some other class being produced.
True
True or false: Immune system receptors are involved in binding to MHC molecules.
True
True or false: The clonal selection theory states that lymphocyte specificity is genetically preprogrammed.
True
True or false: The different classes or isotypes of antibodies are due to variations in the Fc fragment of the antibody.
True
True or false: The objective of vaccines is to obtain the same protective memory immune response as a natural infection.
True
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease of the gland.
thyroid
MHC class I molecules on host cells display unique characteristics of self which is important to the process of _____.
tissue rejection
A measure of antibody level in a patient's serum is called ________.
titer
Match each hypersensitivity type with its mechanism of action.
Type I <-------> Allergy and anaphylaxis Type II <-------> IgG and IgM-mediated tissue destruction Type III <------> Immune complex reactions Type IV <------> Cell mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity
Which of the following classification systems is currently used to differentiate hypersensitivity reactions?
Type I to type IV categories
In a mature lymphocyte, which immunoglobulin gene segments would be active?
V and D gene segments selected during gene rearrangement
Which of the following describes a form of active immunity?
Vaccination
The use of has greatly reduced the prevalence and impact of many deadly infectious diseases.
Vaccines
Which of the following has greatly reduced the prevalence and impact of many deadly infectious diseases?
Vaccines
Antigen binding sites are considered to be highly in amino acid sequence and thus shape.
Variable
An undifferentiated lymphocyte has hundreds of genes for the region of light chains and the variable and regions of heavy chains.
Variable Diversity
Which segments are used to produce a gene for the light chain of an antibody?
variable region joining region constant region
In an undifferentiated lymphocyte, the immunoglobulin gene regions found in hundreds of copies are ______.
variable region genes for light chains variable and diversity region genes for heavy chains
An antibody has a symmetrical shape.
Y
A is a toxin that has been rendered inactive but is still capable of eliciting a protective immune response when used as a vaccine.
toxoid
A toxin that has been rendered inactive but is still capable of eliciting the formation of protective antitoxin antibodies is called a(n) ________.
toxoid
Current vaccines include vaccines made from capsule polysaccharides to protect against meningitis and pneumonia.
acellular
Vaccines in current use include ________ vaccines that include capsular polysaccharides or proteins.
acellular
The third line of defense, also known as ________ immunity provides long-term protection against foreign antigens encountered through infection or vaccination.
acquired adaptive
The result of the body's response to exposure to antigen is called ________ immunity.
active
In immunology, a chemical vehicle that enhances antigenicity, presumably by prolonging antigen retention at the injection site, is called a(n) ________.
adjuvant
A(n) is a chemical vehicle that is mixed with an antigen preparation to enhance its immunogenicity which is usually due to increased persistence of the antigen.
adjuvent
A person's ABO blood type is determined by mixing blood of a donor and a recipient to look for .
agglutination
Crosslinking of antibody to microbes leads to ______, which renders microbes immobile and enhances their phagocytosis.
agglutination
The aggregation (or clumping) by antibodies of whole cells or similar-sized particles is called ________.
agglutination
In a mature lymphocyte, which immunoglobulin gene segments would be deleted?
all V gene segments for light chains not involved in gene rearrangement all V and D gene segments for heavy chains not involved in gene rearrangement
A(n) ________ is a foreign substance that provokes an allergic response.
allergen
An antigen that provokes an allergic reaction is called a(n) ________.
allergen
Any substance that provokes an allergic response is referred to as a(n) .
allergen
A(n) is an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation.
allergy
The term ______ refers to an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation.
allergy
An antigen that is present in some but not all members of the same species is called a(n) ________.
alloantigen
Relatively compatible tissue exchange between nonidentical members of the same species is called a(n) ________.
allograft
The exchange of relatively compatible tissue between nonidentical members of the same species is called a(n) .
allograft
The high level of variability in antigen binding sites of different antibodies is due to high variability of the ________ composition (sequence) that makes up the variable region.
amino acid
Stem cells undergo rapid cell division in ______.
an antigen independent period of development
The presence of IgE on mast cells and basophils can lead to some destructive responses, including ______.
anaphylaxis allergies asthma
Serum sickness and the Arthus reaction are different from anaphylaxis in all of the following ways EXCEPT ______.
anaphylaxis does not require sensitization
Antisera and antitoxins from ______ sources can be used when human immune globulin is not available.
animal
Which antibodies are found in the serum of type O blood?
anti-B antibodies anti-A antibodies
A latent period occurs at the beginning of the primary immune response and it is marked by a lack of ______ to the activating antigen.
antibodies
Auto- against nuclear DNA and RNA and various tissues can be detected in patients with SLE.
antibodies
Plasma B cells produce
antibodies
Plasma cells produce copious amounts of ________.
antibodies
Plasma cells secrete immunoglobulins called ________.
antibodies
reactive to another blood type may exist in serum even though contact with other blood types has never occurred.
antibodies
Following stimulation by antigen, B cells differentiate either into plasma cells, which produce and secrete , or into cells, which will react rapidly if the antigen is encountered at some point in the future.
antibodies memory
While the newborn is developing its own specific immune response it is protected by ______.
antibodies obtained by nursing antibodies obtained in utero
Rh- mothers with possible Rh+ fetuses receive passive immunotherapy treatment with a(n) preparation to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn.
antibody
A molecule that induces a specific immune response is known as a(n) __________.
antigen
A(n) is also called an immunogen and induces a specific immune response.
antigen
Each different antibody has been developed by random genetic rearrangements resulting in a unique ______ binding groove in the Fab.
antigen
Each genetically distinct lymphocyte has the ability recognize one specific ________.
antigen
The main functions of IgD are to serve as an receptor on the surface of B cells and to trigger B-cell activation.
antigen
Immune complex diseases are triggered by the formation of free-floating - complexes that can deposit in tissues.
antigen anitbody
Polysaccharides from the capsule of Haemophilus influenzae are too small to trigger an immune response. These would be described as ______.
antigenic but not immunogenic
The property of a substance to stimulate a specific immune response such as antibody formation is called ________.
antigenicity
RhoGAM binds to Rh .
antigens
Antibody-rich serum derived from the blood of animals (deliberately immunized against infectious or toxic antigen) or from people who have recovered from specific infections is called ________.
antiserum
A type of antibody that neutralizes bacterial exotoxins is called a(n) ______.
antitoxin
Specific immune globulin is derived from patients who ______.
are convalescing from the disease and are in a hyperimmune state
Reactions to foreign tissues and cells of another individual occur in _____.
transplants grafts
vaccines are constructed by placing DNA encoding a pathogenic antigen into a non-pathogenic organism, which is then introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response.
trojan horse
The reaction is an immune complex phenomenon that develops after repeat injections.
arthus
An immune complex phenomenon that develops after repeat injection is called a(n) ________.
arthus reaction
Immunity that is induced as a medical intervention, either by exposing an individual to an antigen or by administering an immune substance such as antiserum is called ________ immunity.
artificial
The immunization with antibodies, also known as immunotherapy, is a form of ________ immunization.
artificial passive
Looking at a Y shaped antibody structure, the antigen binding sites are found ______.
at the end of each of the forks
To reduce the virulence of a pathogenic bacterium or virus by passing it through a non-native host or by long-term subculture is to _________ the organism.
attenuate
The condition called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be diagnosed by clinical tests for ______.
auto-reactive antibodies
is a name given to antigens which induce autoimmune disease.
autoantigens
A(n) is the specific term for tissue or organ surgically transplanted to another site on the same subject.
autograft
Tissue or organ surgically transplanted to another site on the same subject is called a(n) ________.
autograft
disease is a pathological condition arising from the production of antibodies against self antigens.
autoimmune
The pathological condition arising from the production of antibodies against autoantigens is called a(n) ________.
autoimmune disease
Tissue destruction occurs in type III reactions when immune complexes deposit in the of epithelial tissues.
basement membranes
Immune complex deposition in the ________ of epithelial tissues triggers the tissue damage that is characteristic of Type III hypersensitivity reactions.
basement membrane
The activation of B cells involves ______.
binding of antigen clonal selection.
Which of the following are means that lead to the development of Rh antibodies?
blood transfusion placental sensitization
T helper 1 cells activate macrophages by ______.
both direct receptor contact and indirectly with cytokines
Cytotoxic T cells can destroy ______ cells.
cancer virally infected foreign
Secretory IgA does NOT play an important role in protecting the body from ______ pathogens.
circulatory
A conceptual explanation for the development of lymphocyte specificity and variety during immune system maturation is known as the _________ theory.
clonal selection
The activation of B cells by antigen involves the ______ ______ of a B cell bearing the complementary antigen-specific receptor.
clonal selection
A group or colony of genetically identical cells is called a(n) ________.
clone
Upon encountering antigen, lymphocytes undergo differentiation and proliferation resulting in production of a group of genetically identical cells called ________.
clones
Secretory IgA coats the surface of mucous membranes and is found in _____.
colostrum mucus saliva tears
Type II hypersensitivities involve ______.
complement-assisted cell lysis by antibodies
The entire region of an antibody has an amino acid content that does not vary greatly.
constant
is a delayed reaction of the skin upon exposure to resins, haptens, and drugs.
contact dermatitis
A delayed reaction to resins, haptens, and drugs that are exposed to the skin is known as ______.
contact dermatitis
The secondary lymphoid tissues are ______ with new B and T cells.
continuously supplied
IgG has numerous functions, including ______.
crossing the placenta toxin neutralization opsonization complement fixation
The ________ fragment is the portion of an antibody that does not bind to antigen.
crystallizable
Activated T cells produce a spectrum of which stimulates other cells.
cytokines
The primary cell type responsible for host rejection of a graft is the T cell.
cytotoxic
The three functional types of T cells are ______.
cytotoxic T cells, T helper 1 cells, and T helper 2 cells
Which of the following can occur if blood transfusions are mismatched?
death kidney failure hemolysis fever jaundice systemic shock
Type IV hypersensitivities are called cell-mediated or hypersensitivities.
delayed
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are _____.
delayed
Along with B cells, ______ can serve as APCs for T cell activation.
dendritic cells and macrophages
_______ ________is a disease involving a compromise in insulin function.
diabetes mellitus
A disease involving a dysfunction in insulin production due to damage of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas by T cells is ______.
diabetes mellitus
In mucus and secretions IgA exists in the ________ form.
dimeric
Which segment is included when producing gene for an antibody heavy chain but NOT included when producing a light chain gene?
diversity region
vaccines are based on nucleic acids inserted into a plasmid vector and inoculated into a person with the hopes that a cell will take up the plasmid and make the protein which would then stimulate a protective immune response.
dna
A person's Rh type results from the combination of two possible alleles, a ________ one that codes for the Rh factor, and a ________ one that does not.
dominant/recessive
A(n) is the molecular fragment of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers an immune response.
epitope
The precise molecular group of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers an immune response is called a(n) _____.
epitope
Preparations that most vaccines are based on do NOT include _____.
epitope-specific antibodies
Individual antigens will have numerous locations or ______ that will elicit separate immune responses.
epitopes
True or false: Lymphocyte clonal selection and expansion in the lymphatic organs requires stimulation by an antibody.
false
is the fragment of the antibody that contains a region for activating or fixing complement.
fc
Self-reacting lymphocytes that should be destroyed during fetal development are referred to as ______ clones.
forbidden
are self-reacting lymphocytes that should be destroyed during fetal development.
forbidden clone
An important characteristic of an antigen is that it be perceived to be ________.
foreign
Antigens are ________ molecules that stimulate a specific immune response.
foreign
Virally infected cells are recognized by cytotoxic T cells because they recognize ______.
virus peptides displayed on the cell surface
Foreign antigens recognized by the immune response include ______.
whole microbes or their parts substances such as proteins from other humans cells from other humans cells or substances from animals
A(n) ________ is the transfer of a tissue or an organ from one species to another.
xenograft
The transfer of a tissue or an organ from an animal of one species to a recipient of another species is called a(n) .
xenograft