Micro - Ch. 14

In the last segment of the animation, how many regions of the world experience the pandemic during April of year four? Four Two Six Five

Five

Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission? The transmission of MRSA from skin to skin contact Touching a telephone with cold viruses on its surface The bite of a mosquito containing malaria The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner

The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner

This activity asks you to identify Koch's postulates for determining the etiology of infectious diseases. Which statements accurately describe Koch's postulates? Select all that apply. The microscopic properties of pathogens isolated from the original (diseased) and inoculated (also diseased) animals should differ significantly. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

Which of the following best describes why West Nile Virus is considered to be an emerging infectious disease? West Nile virus causes an infection and death in birds such as crows and blue jays. West Nile virus causes a latent viral infection that can emerge later in life. West Nile virus was first isolated in Uganda in 1937 and has caused significant outbreaks every year since then. West Nile virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937.

West Nile virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937.

A patient acquires an infection by touching a contaminated door handle. Which mode of transmission best describes this scenario? direct contact transmission indirect contact transmission droplet transmission vehicle transmission

indirect contact transmission

The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called morbidity and mortality. public health. ecology. communicable disease. epidemiology.

epidemiology.

Expected prevalence of a disease is the total number of cases of a disease over a period of time. the anticipated geographical spread of a disease based on past observances. the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations. the number of new cases of a disease over a period of time.

the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations.

According to the animation, surgical infections account for what percentage of nosocomial infections? 8% 40% 15% 20% 11%

20%

Which of the following would be considered a vector? Water droplets that come from a sneeze from an infected individual Saliva that is transmitted between individuals during kissing A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food Water containing bacteria from fecal matter

A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food

Which of the following would be an example of disease transmission via indirect contact? A student sneezes on her test booklet. The instructor grades it and catches her cold. A restaurant worker has diarrhea caused by Norovirus. He fails to wash his hands adequately before preparing the salad, and his customers get sick. A tick that is infected with Lyme disease bites a hiker, and the hiker gets Lyme disease. Mr. Smith sneezes on an airplane, and the person sitting beside him catches his cold.

A student sneezes on her test booklet. The instructor grades it and catches her cold.

During his research on West Nile virus, Bill learned that this virus is placed within a functional grouping known as arboviruses. What is meant by the term arbovirus? Select all that apply. An arbovirus is an arthropod-borne virus. An arbovirus is a virus isolated in Ann Arbor, Michigan. An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission. An arbovirus is a virus that originated from plants.

An arbovirus is an arthropod-borne virus. An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission.

Which of the following would be considered a fomite? A tick Contaminated water A fly An infected toy

An infected toy

How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic? Visitors currently being treated with antibiotics can pass them on to the patient. Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment. Health care workers being treated with antibiotics may pass the antibiotic on to the patient.

Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment.

The CDC is located in Washington, DC. Los Angeles, CA. Atlanta, GA. New York City, NY. Chicago, IL.

Atlanta, GA.

What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations? Lower respiratory Bacteremia Surgical Urinary tract Cutaneous

Bacteremia

Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease? Vector transmission Vehicle transmission Contact transmission Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission

Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission

Urinary tract infections are the most common forms of nosocomial infections. True False

False

The brain tissue of the birds indicated the possibility of encephalitis. What is encephalitis, and why should this type of infection cause concern among health care professionals? Encephalitis is an inflammation of the meninges. It is a concern to health care professionals because of how quickly the infection will spread to the rest of the body. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. It is a concern to health care professionals because of how quickly the infection will spread to the rest of the body. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. It is a concern to health care professionals because an infection in the brain means the virus has breached protective measures. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord. It is a concern to health care professionals because the infection will spread to the brain.

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. It is a concern to health care professionals because an infection in the brain means the virus has breached protective measures.

Compromised hosts are always suffering from suppressed immune systems. True False

False

MMWR is a publication by the CDC that reports on only emerging diseases. True False

False

Reservoirs of infections are always animate objects. True False

False

Which of the following statements is true regarding hand washing? Hand washing should be done frequently by healthcare workers. Hand washing should be done frequently by patients. Hand washing should be done before and after patient interaction. Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.

Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.

In the last segment of the animation, when does the first epidemic occur? September of year three March of year two January of year four January of year three April of year four

January of year three

Which of the following is the best mode of controlling the spread of West Nile infections? Kill all mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus. Kill all birds to prevent the amplification and transmission of West Nile virus. Limit exposure to mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus. Limit exposure to birds to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus.

Limit exposure to mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus.

Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection? a healthy person a hospital a sick animal a sick person None of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infection.

None of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infection.

How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections? Limit the number of visitors who can see the patient Administer all medications orally instead of through injections Practice more stringent aseptic techniques Reduce the number of times they visit a patient

Practice more stringent aseptic techniques

Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered, to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections? Single-use Reusable Long Inexpensive Washable

Single-use

Emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT antibiotic resistance. new strains of previously known agents. climatic changes. ease of travel. The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these.

The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these.

Koch's postulates established criteria for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria given by Koch's postulates? The pathogen isolated from a pure culture must cause the disease in a healthy lab animal. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animals and must be different from the original organism. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animals and must be different from the original organism.

Which of the following statements about the development of infectious diseases is correct? The prodromal period is characterized by very severe symptoms. The period of convalescence is the time during which the person regains health and fully recovers (back to the pre-disease state). During the incubation period, the infected individual exhibits obvious signs of sickness. The period of decline is the time when the infected individual's health rapidly deteriorates.

The period of convalescence is the time during which the person regains health and fully recovers (back to the pre-disease state).

If mosquitoes are the mode of transmission for West Nile virus, why did the students in Bill's virology class focus on finding the virus in the dead birds rather than collecting mosquitoes to examine? The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are large animals. It would be difficult to isolate West Nile virus from mosquitoes because they are small. The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they had access to dead birds that were known to be infected with West Nile virus. The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are an amplifying host for the virus, making it more likely that the virus can be isolated from these animals. The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because it is faster to isolate the virus from a bird than to isolate it from a mosquito.

The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are an amplifying host for the virus, making it more likely that the virus can be isolated from these animals.

Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections? These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient. Invasive procedures require long term hospital stays, thereby increasing the number of visitors seen by the patient. These procedures are carried out by health care workers, who carry resistant microbes. Invasive procedures must use antibiotics.

These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient.

How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections? They should prescribe immunosuppressive drugs to their patients. They should prescribe as many antibiotics as possible. They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary. They should only operate on healthy individuals.

They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary.

What is the role of epidemiology? To learn which organisms cause disease. To learn what diseases can be caused by respiratory pathogens. To learn which medicines are effective at killing pathogens. To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.

To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.

Both normal and transient flora can become opportunistic pathogens. True False

True

For a particular disease at a specific time period, morbidity rates should always be equal or greater than mortality rates. True False

True

What features of West Nile virus make it an emerging disease of special concern? Select all that apply. West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes. West Nile virus has a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed humans and infects many species of birds in southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, and North America. West Nile virus is maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods. West Nile virus has a positive, single-stranded RNA genome that is 11,000 to 12,000 nucleotides long.

West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes. West Nile virus has a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed humans and infects many species of birds in southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, and North America. West Nile virus is maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods.

A nosocomial infection is always caused by medical personnel. always caused by pathogenic bacteria. always present, but is inapparent at the time of hospitalization. only a result of surgery. acquired during the course of hospitalization.

acquired during the course of hospitalization.

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered contact transmission. waterborne transmission. vector transmission. airborne transmission.

contact transmission.

The following choices list several types of diseases, along with factors that may contribute to their emergence. Which disease and associated factor do NOT match? emergence of avian influenza A (H5N1); use of antibiotics spread of cholera to new regions; modern travel increased incidence of Lyme disease; increases in deer populations increased incidence of malaria; global warming

emergence of avian influenza A (H5N1); use of antibiotics

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infection with a protozoan. In certain tropical regions, malaria is constantly present. We would say that malaria is a(n) __________ disease in these regions. pandemic epidemic endemic sporadic

endemic

If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be pandemic. sporadic. epidemic. endemic.

endemic.

Which of the following is a fungal zoonosis that can be transmitted by direct contact? tapeworm Lyme disease West Nile encephalitis ringworm

ringworm

If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions, they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker. they should leave the healthcare facility immediately. they should immediately wash their hands.

they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker.

Plague is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea. Which of the following best describes this mode of transmission? vehicle transmission vector transmission indirect contact transmission direct contact transmission

vector transmission

A dog develops a diarrheal disease after drinking water from a creek during a hike with his owner. Which of the following best describes this method of disease transmission? vector transmission vehicle transmission contact transmission There is not enough information to determine the mode of transmission.

vehicle transmission

As a health care worker, you are keenly aware of how important it is to avoid harming patients. You worry about inadvertently transmitting an infectious disease to an already compromised individual. According to the CDC, what is the most important thing you can do to avoid this? shave my head wear a lab coat wear shoe covers wash my hands before interacting with any patient

wash my hands before interacting with any patient

Epidemiology is defined as the study of where a disease occurs. when a disease occurs. how a disease is transmitted. where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted.

where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted.

Which of the following statements concerning pathology, infection, and disease is true? Microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota of an individual never cause disease. Pathology refers to the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease. The majority of microorganisms are pathogenic. The term infection is synonymous with the term disease.

Pathology refers to the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease.

In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America? The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region. The disease has spread to North America from Europe. The disease occurs at a lower rate than what would normally be expected in this region. Only a few cases are occurring in this region.

The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region.

Which of the following is classified as a latent disease? influenza tuberculosis infectious mononucleosis shingles

shingles

The health of the patient is secondary to the health of the healthcare worker. is secondary to the health of co-workers in healthcare settings. should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker.

should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker.