Micro Ch.9

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T/F: Tinctures and ointments are two types of heavy metal germicides

True

dry heat occurs in the forms of

an open flame and hot air oven

disinfectants can be toxic or harmful to ____ tissues

animal

Phenol is now limited in its use to

animal quarters, cesspools, and drains

____ is the destruction of most microbes using chemicals on a living surface such as the skin.

antisepsis

chlorhexidine solutions are commonly used for

antisepsis

degermation and ____ can be accomplished with the same procedure

antisepsis

iodine compounds are commonly used for

antisepsis of skin, treatment of skin wounds, and disinfection of medical equipment

A chemical agent applied directly to exposed body surfaces (skin and mucous membranes) wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit pathogens is a(n)

antiseptic

A chemical agent applied directly to exposed body surfaces (skin and mucous membranes), wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit pathogens is a(n) ____.

antiseptic

alcohols are commonly used for

antiseptic preparation for skin and degarmation of skin

Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called ___ solutions, whereas antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent are called _____.

aqueous; tinctures

___ is a procedure or process designed to prevent entry of infectious agents

asepsis

a(n) ____ is a sterilization chamber that allows the use of steam under pressure to sterilize materials

autoclave

chlorohexidine can kill/activate most

bacteria and viruses

chlorohexidine is reliably

bactericidal

what type of agent will kill bacteria?

bactericidal

Any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth is referred to as _____.

bacteriostatic

A ___ agent will inhibit the growth of bacteria, whereas a ___ agent will kill bacteria

bacteristatic; bactericidal

which items can be sanitized by boiling water prior to safe, acceptable use in humans?

bedding and clothing, utensils, and drinking water

which of the following substances should be removed from items before decontamination?

blood and saliva

moist heat occurs in the forms of

boiling water and steam

iodine compounds ___ kill endospores

can

which type of detergents are more effective?

cationic

which of the following compounds are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants?

chloride dioxide and ethylene oxide

gaseous and liquid ___ compounds are mostly used for large-scale water disinfection

chlroine

The root -_____ is used to indicate the killing of microorganisms.

cide

which of these items is considered noncritical for sterilization?

crutches and stethoscope

which of the following are limitations to the use of radiation for sterilization?

damage to some materials and danger to machine operators

____ involves the permanent termination of a particular organism's vital processes, and special qualifications are often needed to define and delineate this phenomenon in microbes

death

the lowest temperature that achieves sterilization in a given quantity of broth culture upon a 10-minute exposure is referred to as the thermal

death point

the shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature is referred to as the thermal

death time

____ is the general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection of spoilage

decontamination

____ is the mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface

decontamination

____ is the physical removal of surface oils, debris, and soil from skin to reduce the microbial load.

degermation

the disruption of proteins from their native state is known as

denaturation

iodine compounds typically kill microbes by

denaturing proteins

chlorhexidine typically kills microbes by

denaturing proteins and disrupting the cell membrane

if an agent acts on the cell wall, it can

digest the cell wall and block cell wall synthesis

The goal of regular pasteurization methods is the _____ of the liquid.

disinfection

UV radiation is usually used for ____.

disinfection

examples of ___ include immersing thermometers in an iodine solution between uses

disinfection

boiling water can be an effective means of ___ in the clinic and home

disinfection and santization

Glutaraldehyde typically kills microbes by

disrupting enzyme function and altering amino acids

ethylene oxide typically kills microbes by

disrupting enzyme function and blocking DNA replication

Cationic detergents typically work by

disrupting the cell membrane

Alcohols usually affect microbes by

disrupting the cell membrane and disrupting cell surface tension

Phenolics typically kill microbes by

disrupting the cell membrane, disrupting the cell wall, and denaturing metabolic enzymes

higher concentrations of alcohols usually affect microbes by

dissolving membrane lipids

which of the following are examples of sanitization?

doing laundry, scouring a countertop with soap, washing utensils

Flaming the inoculating loop in the laboratory is an example of ___ heat sterilization

dry

____ heat requires longer exposure times and higher temperatures than ___ heat

dry; moist

an object can be

either sterile or not sterile

viruses, prions , and ___ are relatively resistant to heat

endospores

The two microbial agents that are least resistant to physical and chemical control methods include:

enveloped viruses and fungi

chlorine compounds usually kill microbes by denaturing metabolic

enzymes

_____ oxide is valuable for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, but other related gases are available that are less toxic.

ethylene

the effect of a germicide is affected by the time of ____.

exposure

T/F hydrogen perioxide is used for disinfection of drinking water

false

T/F: household cleaners are often alcohol based.

false

T/F: the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent is only governed by time

false

Microbes can be effectively removed from air by ____.

filtration

when decontaminating a metal instrument that has blood on it, you should

first remove the blood, then treat with a chemical disinfectant

the ___ method of pasteruization exposes liquids to higher temperatures for a very short time, whereas the ___ method uses lower temperatures for a longer period

flash; batch

An agent that kills fungal spores, hyphae and yeasts is called a ____

fungicide

which of the following are types of ionizing radiation?

gamma rays and X-rays

____ are chemical agents that kill non-endospore forming pathogens

germicides

which of the following are suited for sterilization in an autoclave?

glassware and broth media

in what unit is radiation measured?

grays

sepsis is defined as

growth of microorganisms in the blood or other tissues

which of the following is the most common physical agent used to control microbes?

heat

which of the following are not usually destroyed or inactivated with regular pasteurization methods?

heat-resistant microbes and endospores

Math each item commonly found in a health care setting with its level of chemical decontamination.

high - urinary catheter intermediate - respiratory equipment low - electrodes on an EKG machine

which level of chemical decontamination by a germicide can result in sterilization?

high level

Match each item commonly found in health care setting with its level of chemical decontamination

high- replacement hip joint intermediate- thermometers low- furniture in exam room

the dry oven is not suitable for items that may burn at ____ temperatures, or for liquids which will ____.

high; evaporate

in most cases, an agent with a ____ concentration will be more germicidal

higher

_____ ____ typically kills microbes by producing toxic free radicals

hydrogen peroxide

Plasmolysis of bacteria in food occurs when high concentration of salt or sugar are added to the foods creating a ___ environment

hypertonic

the two primary iodine preparations are free iodine and

idophors

virucides ____ viruses

inactivate

heavy metals typically kills microbes by

inactivating proteins

sterilization methods are usually reserved for

inanimate objects

which of the following is NOT an example of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials?

incineration

which are examples of using dry heat to sterilize materials?

incineration and hot air oven

_____ are complexes of iodine and alcohol

iodophors

the two primary iodine preparations are free iodine and

iodophors

which of the following should be considered when initially choosing a method of microbial control?

is it cost and labor-efficient? Is it safe? Is sterilization needed? Is the item reusable or disposable? will it penetrate effectively? can it withstand physical or chemical treatments?

ethyl and ___ alcohols are effective in microbial control

isopropyl

A bactericide ____ bacteria

kills

the disadvantage of UV radiation include the inability to penetrate ___ or solids

liquids

filtration is used to prepare____ that cannot be heated, and to remove ____ contaminants that are common source of infection and spoilage

liquids; airborne

quaternary ammonium compounds are considered to be ___-level disinfections

low

what method preserves microorganisms (and other substances) by freezing and then drying them directly from the frozen state?

lyophilization

____ is a method for preserving microorganisms (and other substances) by freezing and then drying them directly from the frozen state

lyphoization

The cell __ is responsible for preventing the loss of important molecules and stopping the entry of damaging substances.

membrane

younger, active cells die more quickly when exposed to microbial agents because they are more ___ active

metabolically

Phenolics are

microbicidal

Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are usually __, whereas lower temperatures are usually __.

microbicidal, microbistatic

An agent's effect on cells is known as its ___ of action

mode

agents that are highly selective in their targets are usually effective against a ___ microbes

narrow

Which of the following are not suited for sterilization in an autoclave?

oils and powders

heavy metal germicides come in which of the following forms?

ointments and aqueous solutions

to prepare a common disinfectant like Lysol by performing a 1:200 dilution, you would mix

one part lysol to 200 parts water

Disinfection destroys

only vegetative bacterial cells

dry oven sterilization is not useful for plastics, cotton and ____.

paper

items are classified as critical, semicritical, or noncritical based on

parts of the body contacted by the item

the heat treatment of perishable liquids to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells and prevent infection and spoilage is called

pasteurization

if the cell membrane is damaged by an agent, the cell loses its membrane ___ and cannot prevent loss or entrance of substances.

permeability

temperature and radiation are two ___ method used to control microbes.

physical

Although they do have some drawbacks, heavy metals are used for

preservatives, prevention of infection, controlling microbial growth on objects, and skin cleansing

cold treatment and desiccation are reliably used for

preventing microbial growth

The four general cellular targets of antimicrobial agents are the cell wall, the cell membrane, nucleic acid synthesis, and _____ function.

protein

glutaraldehyde affects what type of macromolecules?

proteins

____ is electromagnetic waves to rays, such as those of light given off from an energy source

radiation

The inability to __ is the practical definition of microbial death.

reproduce

Prions are

resistant to heat and chemicals

Which are goals of pasteurization?

retention of liquid qualities and reduction of microbial load

The synthesis of proteins involves organelles known as ___ in a process called translation

ribosomes

washing laundry, doing dishes, and wiping down counters with soap are all examples of

sanitization

what is the thermal death time?

shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature

___ and mercury are heavy metals that are still used in germicidal preparations.

silver

Antiseptics are used to destroy vegetative bacteria on

skin

soaps and quats are commonly used for

skin cleansing, disinfection of facilities, sanitization of the home, and sanitization of food preparation equipment

the main effect of cold treatment is to

slow the activity of microbes

which of the following are effects of ionizing radiation on food products?

small decreases in thiamine, killing bacterial pathogens, and changes in texture of some foods

___ objects are more reliably disinfected with a germicide

smooth

which of the following compounds is/are typical examples of sanitizers?

soap and detergent

Alcohols are not effective against naked viruses and bacterial

spores

A ___ agent can also be a sterilant because it can destroy bacterial endospores and leave an object free of all life.

sporicidal

A ___ is an agent that can destroy bacterial endospores

sporicide

what type of agent specifically destroys bacterial endospores?

sporicide

the root- ___ is used to indicate the inhibition of microbial growth

static

An object is ____ if it is free of all viable microorganisms including viruses

sterile

An object is ____ if its free of all viable microorganisms including viruses

sterile

A process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat is referred to as

sterilization

The goal of __ is to remove or destroy all viable microorganisms including viruses.

sterilization

Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used for

sterilization of diagnostic instruments, skin and wound cleaning, and disinfection of medical equipment

____ is the destruction of all microbial life, whereas ____ destroys most microbial life, thus reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces

sterilization; disinfection

A ____ is an agent that disrupts the lipid bilayer of membranes and alters the membrane's permeability.

surfactant

Which of the following are examples of degermation?

surgical handscrub and immersing skin in chemicals

which of the following are examples of antisepsis?

swabbing skin with alcohol before a venipuncture and washing hands with a germicidal soap

As the most extensively used chlorine compounds, hypochlorites are used for

swimming pool treatments, food equipment sanitation, wound treatment, skin cleansing, and household cleaning

which factors must be considered to adequately sterilize using using heat?

temperature, length of exposure and presence of water

what is desiccation?

the dehydration of microbes for preservation

an important side effect of adding antimicrobial chemicals to soaps and detergents used in the home is

the development of resistance

What is filtration?

the straining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms

UV radiation is effective at disinfecting ___ solid substances

the surfaces of

what is incineration ?

the use of dry heat to destroy all microbes

Death of microorganisms is hard to detect because:

they have no obvious vital signs

Sterilization methods are often used

to prepare instruments for surgery and for inanimate objects

T/F: Soaps and detergents are sufficient on their own for home cleaning, and additional antimicrobial agents are likely to lead to resistance in the microbes

true

True or False: The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause infection or spoilage.

true

____ radiation is a type of nonionizing radiation

ultraviolet

____ radiation is most lethal from 240 mm to 280 nm

ultraviolet

liquids can be sterilized by suctioning through a filter with uniform pores. Viruses can be eliminated from the liquid by

using a small pore size

What is a concern when attempting to control a microbial population?

variable resistance

Which of the following are effectively destroyed with regular pasteurization methods?

vegetative bacteria, vegetative fungi, viruses

which of the following statements microbial sensitivity to heat are correct?

vegetative cells of endospore-formers are just as susceptible to heat killing as vegetative cells of other species and nematodes are very susceptible to heat killing

which of the following microbial forms are relatively resistant to heat?

viruses and endospores

which of the following statements regarding microbial sensitivity to heat are correct?

viruses are among the more heat-stable microbes and pathogens are equally susceptible to heat killing as other microbes

desiccation can preserve foods by reducing the availability of ___ to their metabolism

water

adding pressure to water in an autoclave increases boiling point of ___ and increases the temperature of ___.

water; steam

agents that are least selective in their targets are usually effective against a ___ range of microbes

wide

Aldehydes are organic substances that contain a ___ functional group on a terminal carbon

-CHO

which of the following are some of the desirable qualities in a germicide?

-Selective toxicity -Solubility in a solvent -Broad-spectrum action -Penetrating ability -Rapid action

what are tinctures?

Antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent

A sterliant is a chemical that

Destroys all life forms, including endospores

True or False: There are several degrees of sterility, based on the destruction of endospores

False


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