Micro Chapter 14 Homework

Aerosols may be involved in ________ transmission of pathogens. A) vector B) waterborne C) direct D) droplet E) fecal-oral

D) droplet

Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota? A) The baby acquires the residential microbiota in the colon after the first meal. B) Staphylococcus epidermidis is transferred from the hospital staff to the newborn after delivery. C) microbes enter the nose and mouth when the baby is in the birth canal. D) microorganisms grow in the respiratory tract after the baby's first breath. E) microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy.

E) microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy.

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis can be expelled from the lungs by a cough and remain viable in the air for an hour or more. If a person inhales the bacteria from the air, what type of transmission has occurred? A) airborne B) foodborne C) waterborne D) bodily fluid E) indirect contact

A) airborne

Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission? A) cockroach transmission of Shigella B) tsetse fly transmission of Trypanosoma C) flea transmission of Yersinia D) mosquito transmission of Plasmodium E) louse transmission of Rickettsia

A) cockroach transmission of Shigella

Over 470,000 cases of cholera were reported in Haiti in the two years following the 2010 earthquake. Which of the following was the most likely mode of transmission? A) contaminated water B) aerosols C) contaminated milk D) contact E) mosquitoes

A) contaminated water

Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin. Which of these factors contribute to the ability of S. aureus to invade the body? A) hyaluronidase B) coagulase C) hemolysin D) enterotoxin E) coagulase and hemolysin

A) hyaluronidase

Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as ________ infections. A) iatrogenic B) endogenous C) exogenous D) opportunistic E) subacute

A) iatrogenic

Commensalism is best described as a(n) A) relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. B) relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. C) unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. D) relationship in which a microorganism causes disease. E) source of contamination.

A) relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed.

Symptoms are A) subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel. B) characteristics of a disease, such as sweating. C) laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease. D) objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured. E) objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others.

A) subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel.

Figure 14.1 represents a Petri dish with a fungus (F), shown in darker gray , growing in the midst of bacterial lawn (B), shown in light gray. The relationship between the fungus and the bacteria would best be described as A) commensal. B) amensal. C) synergistic. D) parasitic. E) None, there is no relationship between the microbes.

B) amensal.

A pathogen is best described as A) a microorganism that remains with the person throughout life. B) any microorganism that causes disease. C) a microorganism that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. D) a source of microbial contamination. E) an organism that remains in the body for a short time.

B) any microorganism that causes disease.

Which of the following is a symptom of disease? A) swelling B) fatigue C) rash D) diarrhea E) temperature

B) fatigue

Fomites are A) animal sources for human pathogens. B) inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens. C) insects that transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host. D) fecal material from infected hosts. E) silent carriers of infectious diseases.

B) inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens.

In which of the following do the mucous membranes serve as a portal of entry for disease? A) a pathogen crosses from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta. B) Fungi digest the outer layer of the skin. C) A person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears. D) A person is bitten by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite. E) A person receives an injection with a contaminated needle.

C) A person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears.

A new influenza strain appears and is spreading rapidly. What measures might be taken by public health agencies to stop the spread? A) Shut down public transportation. B) Educate members of the public about ways to protect themselves. C) Educate the public, promote vaccination, and treat those who are infected. D) Facilitate access to vaccines. E) Identify and treat people who are infected.

C) Educate the public, promote vaccination, and treat those who are infected.

Which of the following is NOT considered a member of the normal human microbiota? A) Candida B) E. coli C) Microsporum D) Lactobacillus E) Bacteroides

C) Microsporum

Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE? A) The suspect agent must be present in all cases of the disease. B) It must be possible to reisolate the suspect agent from the infected experimental host. C) The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases. D) The suspect agent must cause the disease under investigation when introduced into a susceptible host organism. E) The suspect agent must be isolated and cultured in the laboratory.

C) The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases.

Which of the following diseases may be reduced by improved public sanitation measures? A) chickenpox B) malaria C) cholera D) rabies E) HIV

C) cholera

Which of the following is a sign of disease? A) cramps B) nausea C) fever D) headache E) dizziness

C) fever

A toxin common to all Gram-negative bacteria is A) coagulase. B) collagenase. C) lipid A. D) hemolysin. E) neurotoxin.

C) lipid A.

Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis? A) protozoa in termites B) tuberculosis in the human lung C) microbes crossing the placenta of the fetus D) tapeworm in human colon

C) microbes crossing the placenta of the fetus

Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as A) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. B) organisms that are present in or on the body for a short time without causing harm. C) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. D) microorganisms that never cause disease. E) any microorganisms that cause disease.

C) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life.

Microbes known as transient microbiota are A) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. B) sources of microbial contamination. C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time. D) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. E) unsuccessful microbial invaders because of the presence of preexisting microbes.

C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time.

Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens? A) growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine B) growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin C) treatment of a cancer patient with radiation D) presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the colon E) growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth

C) treatment of a cancer patient with radiation

Which of the following is transmitted by the parenteral route? A) warts B) ringworm C) yellow fever D) gonorrhea E) pertussis

C) yellow fever

The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as Question options: A)a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits. B)microorganisms that remain with a person throughout life. C)an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. D)a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. E)a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit.

C)an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes.

A reservoir is Question options: A) a condition in which organisms remain in the body for a short time. B) an environment that is free of microbes. C) any microorganism that causes disease. D) a source of microbial contamination. E) a source of microbes for laboratory testing.

D) a source of microbial contamination.

The person known to history as "Typhoid Mary" never had typhoid fever but was identified by public health officials as a source of Salmonella entericaTyphi. Which of the following is the most accurate description of her in this scenario? A) reservoir B) human carrier C) contact carrier D) both a human carrier and a reservoir E) a reservoir but not a carrier

D) both a human carrier and a reservoir

In early spring 2009, the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza ("swine flu") in the United States. By the summer, the number of confirmed cases was reported as over 40,000. The pattern of novel H1N1 cases in the United States represents a(n) ________ disease. A) endemic B) pandemic C) opportunistic D) epidemic E) sporadic

D) epidemic

Which of the following virulence factors directly contributes to severe inflammation? A) hyaluronidase B) coagulase C) collagenase D) lipid A E) kinase

D) lipid A

A person is exposed to rotten wood with fungal growth and develops blastomycosis. No one taking care of him/her becomes ill. Blastomycosis is an example of a ________ disease. A) subacute B) chronic C) latent D) noncommunicable E) contagious

D) noncommunicable

The condition called parasitism is characterized as a(n) A) nonsymbiotic relationship. B) relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. C) relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. D) relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. E) unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes.

D) relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other.

Which of the following stages of an infectious disease is the most severe? A) the incubation period B) the convalescence period C) the prodromal period D) the illness period E) the decline period

D) the illness period

The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases. This means A) 12.43 of every 100,000 people died of tuberculosis in the United States in the year 2000. B) 12.43 of every 100,000 cases of tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000. C) there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000. D) there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000. E) 12.43 of every 100,000 people in the United States had tuberculosis in the year 2000.

D) there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000.

Koch's postulates were used to demonstrate the relationship between A) HIV and AIDS. B) Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy. C) liver parasites and liver cancer. D) Haemophilus influenzae and the flu. E) Haemophilus influenzae and meningitis.

E) Haemophilus influenzae and meningitis.

People who wash their hands frequently during cold season typically have fewer colds than those who do not. This observation suggests cold viruses can be transmitted by A) mechanical vectors. B) direct contact. C) fomites. D) biological vectors. E) both direct contact and fomites.

E) both direct contact and fomites.

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in the nasal cavity of healthy people. If inhaled into the lungs, however, it may cause pneumonia. Staphylococcus aureus is best described as A) resident microbiota. B) transient microbiota. C) a mutualist symbiotic partner. D) a parasite. E) both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen.

E) both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen.

The close contact between newborns and family members allow them to become ________ with microbes that become established as their microbiota. (Choose the most accurate term.) A) infected B) parasitized C) infiltrated D) contaminated E) colonized

E) colonized

Infectious diseases can be classified on the basis of A) means of transmission. B) severity and duration of the disease. C) type of microbe that causes the disease. D) organs or organ systems affected by the disease. E) disease severity and duration, organ system affected or type of microbe.

E) disease severity and duration, organ system affected or type of microbe.

Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of a disease process? A) convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline B) incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline C) prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline D) illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline E) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

E) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

Chagas' disease is transmitted by a bug with mouthparts that penetrate blood vessels. Which type of exposure does this represent? A) fomite B) contact C) skin portal D) mucous membrane portal E) parenteral route

E) parenteral route

Treatment with high doses of antibiotics may lead to which type of healthcare-associated infection (HAI)? A) exogenous infection B) latent infection C) subclinical disease D) zoonotic E) superinfection

E) superinfection

An axenic environment is one A) in which microorganisms remain with the person throughout life. B) that is a source of contamination. C) in which microorganisms remain present only for a short time. D) contaminated by microbial toxins. E) that is free of microbes.

E) that is free of microbes.

Mutualism is a relationship A) where one member of the relationship may kill the other. B) where only one member derives benefit from the other. C) where it is difficult to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of the relationship may provide the the other. D) where one member of the relationship benefits without hurting the other. E) that provides benefits for both members, sometimes to the point that one cannot live without the other.

E) that provides benefits for both members, sometimes to the point that one cannot live without the other.

A strain of Neisseria gonorrhea has a mutation which has caused it to lose the ability to produce fimbriae and become less virulent as a consequence. What function has this pathogen lost? A) the ability to prevent phagocytes killing it B) the ability to produce an endotoxin C) the ability to move from one location in the body to another D) the ability to establish a latent infection E) the ability to adhere to cells of the body

E) the ability to adhere to cells of the body