MICRO CHAPTER 23

Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis. duodenal ulcers. stomach ulcers. increased risk for stomach cancer. All of the choices are correct.

ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT

Ascaris lumbricoides is an intestinal roundworm. spreads to humans by ingestion of Ascaris eggs in food. larvae penetrate into lymphatics and capillaries around intestines. larvae migrate to the pharynx, get swallowed, and return to intestines to mature. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Characteristics of trichinosis include encysted larvae getting ingested. association with undercooked pork or bear meat. migration from intestines to blood and various body tissues. coiled larvae encyst in skeletal muscle All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Cholera symptoms are copious watery diarrhea. loss of blood volume. acidosis, sunken eyes, and thirst. hypotension, tachycardia, and shock. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Entamoeba histolytica is acquired by ingestion of cysts of the pathogen. contaminated food. contaminated water. anal-oral sexual contact. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Escherichia coli infections are self-limiting with the only treatment being rehydration. include EIEC that destroys gut mucosa. All of the choices are correct. involve enterotoxin in traveler's diarrhea. are often transmitted by fecal contaminated water and food.

All of the choices are correct.

Gingivitis is primarily caused by normal anaerobic biota. involves the formation of calculus and plaque. involves a crevice in the gum along the tooth. may involve archaeal species. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Hepatitis B virus is principally transmitted by blood. transmission risks include shared needles, anal intercourse, and heterosexual intercourse. is transmitted to the newborns from chronic carrier mothers. has many chronic carriers. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Salmonelloses are not caused by Salmonella typhi. associated with undercooked poultry and eggs, and reptile and rodent feces. gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhea. treated with fluid and electrolyte replacement. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following antigen types found in gram-negative enterics is mismatched? H antigen - flagellar K antigen - capsule O antigen - cell wall All of the choices are correct. None of the choices is correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Even as late as the1980s, the medical establishment thought that ulcers were caused by stress and the increase in gastricity acidity. How has the current understanding of ulcer development changed patient treatment, compared to treatments before 1980? Doctors now give their patients sedatives to calm patients with ulcers. Antibiotics are now used to treat ulcers. Different foods are now suggested for patients having ulcers. There is no treatment for ulcers, then or now.

Antibiotics are now used to treat ulcers.

Which of the following infections involves intermediate development in snails and freshwater fish? Clonorchis sinensis Fasciola hepatica Opisthorchis sinensis Both Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis sinensis are correct.

Both Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis sinensis are correct.

Which of the following is not a normal causative agent of acute diarrhea with vomiting (food poisoning)? Bacillus cereus Clostridium perfringens Clostridium difficile Staphylococcus aureus exotoxin

Clostridium difficile

Production of enterotoxin is a characteristic of Clostridium botulinum. Clostridium difficile. Clostridium tetani. Clostridium perfringens.

Clostridium difficile.

The most common cause of liver cancer in the United States is HAV. HBV. HEV. HDV. HCV.

HCV.

The doctor just told your mother that she has hepatitis. Her symptoms were typical of hepatitis disease--dark urine, enlarged abdomen, jaundice, and tiredness. Antibody tests on her blood can be ordered to identify the kind of hepatitis virus causing her infection. However, the doctor wants to perhaps get an idea of the causative agent before running these often expensive tests. What question might she ask your mother than might help her deduce the identity of the virus? Have you been around anyone who has been coughing and sneezing a lot? Have you donated any blood lately? Did you and your husband have sex last week? Have you eaten any raw oysters?

Have you eaten any raw oysters?

Which is incorrect about Staphylococcus aureus food intoxication? Common associated foods include custards, ham, cream pastries, and processed meats. Food gets contaminated by a human carrier. Ingestion of the pathogen allows it to multiply and damage the GI tract lining. Symptoms come on quickly and include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Food is left unrefrigerated for several hours after contamination.

Ingestion of the pathogen allows it to multiply and damage the GI tract lining.

Which is incorrect about shigellosis? Symptoms include watery diarrhea with bloody, mucoid stools and abdominal cramps. Outbreaks have occurred in day care centers. It is also called dysentery. It frequently involve septicemia. Human carriers cause fecal transmission.

It frequently involve septicemia.

Which statement does not accurately describe Salmonella typhi? The disease can be treated with antimicrobials. It produces a mild gastrointestinal disease. The bacterium is a gram-negative bacillus. It multiplies within phagocytes and lymph nodes. It is the cause of typhoid fever.

It produces a mild gastrointestinal disease.

Orchitis and epididymitis are seen in young, adult males as a complication of mumps. rubella. measles (rubeola). croup. influenza.

MUMPS

Of the helminths named below, one of them does not belong with the others. Which statement correctly explains the reason? Enterobius (pinworm)....Fasciola (fluke).....Necator (hookworm)......Diphyllobothrium (tapeworm) One of the helminths is associated with the liver, whereas the others are in the intestines. One is found as an adult in the human, whereas the others are found as the larval stage in humans. One of them causes diarrhea and the others do not. One of them has attachment structures for the host, and the others do not.

One of the helminths is associated with the liver, whereas the others are in the intestines.

A common food intoxication is caused by enterotoxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Streptococcus pyogenes. Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus agalactiae.

Staphylococcus aureus.

Which of the following helminths is paired with a correct characteristic of its pathogenesis? Necator americanus - eggs are ingested Enterobius vermicularis - sexual transmission Taenia solium - eggs or larvae can be ingested Ascaris lumbricoides - enters through the skin Schistomoma species - carried by an insect vector into human

Taenia solium - eggs or larvae can be ingested

Most of the bacteria involved in periodontal disease are obligate (strict) anaerobes. Predict why this is the case. Mouthwashes and toothpaste destroy most of the strict aerobes that are found on teeth. The crevice area between the gingiva and the tooth is low in oxygen. The mouth is very low in oxygen. Sugar and other carbohydrates used by the oral bacteria can be easier broken down without the presence of oxygen.

The crevice area between the gingiva and the tooth is low in oxygen.

It is now past the normal dinner time, but you do not even want to think about food. Only diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting are on your mind. This all started a couple of hours ago in the early evening, after having a ham sandwich for lunch bought at a kiosk out on the street. Since you have had microbiology, you surmise that it is a Staphylococcus aureus-related disorder. Why do you think this? Only Staphylococcus aureus infection causes vomiting, along with cramps and diarrhea. Ham is notorious for being contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus was already in the ham, so the symptoms can occur quickly. Staphylococcus aureus in the most common cause of gastrointestinal disease.

The toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus was already in the ham, so the symptoms can occur quickly.

Which of the following is not true of schistosomiasis? Schistosomiasis can "cloak" itself with proteins in the blood. These helminths can invade the brain. A snail is the intermediate host. Schistosomiasis is caused by blood flukes. Larvae called cercariae can invade intact skin.

These helminths can invade the brain.

"Rice-water stools" are associated with disease caused by which organism? Campylobacter jejuni Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio cholerae Vibrio parahaemolyticus Helicobacter pylori

Vibrio cholerae

Your little boy has not had the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella) because you are apprehensive about vaccines and their side effects. Your sister says that you are setting your son up for a potentially damaging scenario. Who makes more sense--you or her? You are correct in protecting your son. If you can keep him from getting mumps when young, it is no longer a problem. It is simply a childhood disease. Your sister is correct in her warnings. If your son gets a severe case of mumps, he will then develop a fatal secondary infection. Your sister is correct. Even if your son does not get the mumps now when he is young, but gets in later in life, there is a possibility of severe side effects. You are correct to be apprehensive because vaccines have been the cause of autism in children.

Your sister is correct. Even if your son does not get the mumps now when he is young, but gets in later in life, there is a possibility of severe side effects.

Having just returned from a vacation in South America, you find that you now have a severe diarrheal illness. Your symptoms, other than diarrhea, are pain, cramps, some fecal blood, and fever. These are symptoms of many of the gastrointestinal diseases, so that information does not help you or the doctors identify the infectious agent. Your doctor wants to send a sample of your feces down to the microbiology lab for them to look at it under the light microscope. Based upon this protocol selection, the physician believes that have: rotavirus cholera salmonellosis amoebiasis hepatitis A

amoebiasis

Enterobius vermicularis is a whipworm. common only to the tropics and subtropics. an intestinal helminth that easily contaminates fingers and fomites. often fatal in heavy infestations. All of the choices are correct.

an intestinal helminth that easily contaminates fingers and fomites.

Which of the following is not true of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)? has an A-B, heat labile exotoxin mainly effects the small intestine causes traveler's diarrhea has heat-stable exotoxins causes a high fever

causes a high fever

Outbreaks of which apicomplexan disease have been associated with fecal-contaminated imported raspberries, fresh greens, and drinking water? cryptosporidiosis cyclosporiasis trichinosis toxoplasmosis

cyclosporiasis

The most common infectious disease in humans is pharyngitis. dental caries. gastritis. diarrhea. the common cold.

dental caries.

The virulence of Vibrio cholerae is due to its enterotoxin. capsule. invasive enzymes. neurotoxin.

enterotoxin.

Parasitic helminths exhibit all of the following characteristics except have larval forms that do not affect humans. include roundworms. include tapeworms. are multicellular animals. have a definitive host where the adult form lives.

have larval forms that do not affect humans.

Which is mismatched? hepatitis D virus - defective RNA virus that coinfects with HAV hepatitis C virus - RNA virus hepatitis A virus - nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA enterovirus hepatitis B virus - enveloped DNA virus hepatitis E virus - self-limiting RNA virus

hepatitis D virus - defective RNA virus that coinfects with HAV

Inflammation of the liver with necrosis of the hepatocytes and swelling due to a mononuclear response is a disease called jaundice. mononucleosis. liver cancer. hepatitis. None of the choices is correct.

hepatitis.

Hepatitis B infection can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route. increases risk for hepatocellular cancer. is responsible for most cases of post-transfusion hepatitis. has an incubation of 2 to 7 weeks.

increases risk for hepatocellular cancer.

General symptoms of helminth infection includes all of the following except increased sensitivity to helminth antigens. intense abdominal pain. increased eosinophil count. eggs, larvae, or adult worms are found in feces. vague nausea.

intense abdominal pain.

Campylobacter infection has all of the following characteristics except can last over 2 weeks. burrows into the mucosa of the ileum and multiplies. can lead to Guillain-Barre syndrome. is caused by a shiga toxin. can cause acute temporary paralysis.

is caused by a shiga toxin.

All of the following pertain to Clostridium difficile infection except it is associated with disruption of normal flora due to broad-spectrum antimicrobials. is a colitis that is a superinfection. is the major cause of diarrhea in hospitals. is due to ingestion of contaminated, improperly stored, cooked meats and gravies. often has an endogenous source.

is due to ingestion of contaminated, improperly stored, cooked meats and gravies.

All of the following are true of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) except it involves Treponema vincentii, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium. is associated with severe pain, bleeding, pseudomembranes, and necrosis. is very communicable. is common in AIDS patients. is due to poor oral hygiene, altered host defenses, or prior gum disease.

is very communicable.

All of the following can be transmitted by drinking contaminated water except giardiasis. cyclosporiasis. malaria. cryptosporidiosis. Campylobacter.

malaria.

Salmonella are methane producers. motile. gram-positive bacilli. lactose fermenters. All of the choices are correct.

motile.

Watching the news, you are listening to a current story about a cruiseship in the Carribbean having an outbreak of diarrheal illness on board, affecting hundreds of people. Thinking about all of those people together in a small area like a ship, opening and closing doors, using handrails, etc, you are trying to figure out what infectious agent it is likely to be. Your most likely guess is that the pathogen is: cholera norovirus hepatitis B Clostridium difficile

norovirus

E. coli O157:H7 characteristics include all of the following except it in some cases, leads to the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) with possible kidney failure is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated, undercooked food, especially hamburger. has a reservoir inside of cattle intestines. causes a bloody diarrhea. only causes occupational illness in people who work with animals.

only causes occupational illness in people who work with animals.

Which is incorrect about hepatitis A infection? has flu-like symptoms with discomfort near the liver, and darkened urine. HAVRAX is an inactivated vaccine for prevention. transmitted by the oral-fecal route. predisposes a person for liver cancer. Immune globulin therapy helps decrease the severity.

predisposes a person for liver cancer.

Which is not true of Clostridium difficile? gram-positive, endospore-forming rod also called pseudomembranous colitis infection precipitated by broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy produces "rice-water" stools part of normal intestinal biota

produces "rice-water" stools

Which is not a characteristic of Helicobacter pylori? lives in the stomach produces enteroxin that causes diarrhea curved rods produces urease that buffers stomach acidity gram-negative

produces enteroxin that causes diarrhea

Which of the following is not a virulence factor of E. coli O157:H7? secretes shiga exotoxin from the E. coli chromosome provides the receptor for intimin to attach to the host protein called intimin for host attachment type III secretion system secretes shiga exotoxin from a bacteriophage

secretes shiga exotoxin from the E. coli chromosome

Liver flukes live in all of the following areas except the liver. small intestine. bile duct. gallbladder.

small intestine.

Typhoid fever has all of the following characteristics except infects the small intestine with fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. chronic carriers have the pathogen in their gallbladders. transmitted by ingesting fecal-contaminated food and water. spread by droplet contact. becomes a septicemia, spreads to lymph nodes and spleen, and causes liver abscesses.

spread by droplet contact.

Giardiasis involves vector transmission. infection of the large intestine. a protozoan that does not form cysts. All of the choices are correct. symptoms of abdominal pain, flatulence, and diarrhea.

symptoms of abdominal pain, flatulence, and diarrhea.

All of the following pertain to tapeworms except scolex is the head. proglottids are reproductive segments. body is made up of proglottids. cysticerci are young, infective larvae ingested in undercooked meat. they can produce a variety of toxins.

they can produce a variety of toxins.

The most immediate and important treatment needed to prevent death in cholera victims is antitoxin. antimicrobials. surgery. water and electrolyte replacement.

water and electrolyte replacement.