Micro E2:

Gene probes are commonly used for:

- Identifying bacteria or viruses in an unknown culture. - Diagnosing causative agents of infection.

Which two of the following statements regarding genetic medicine are correct?

- Malfunctioning micro RNA can cause disease. - Some ailments arise as a result of over-expression of a gene.

Which three strategies can be used to isolate a target gene for use in recombinant DNA technology?

-Digestion with endonucleases -Synthesis of cDNA -Amplification by PCR

Why are plasmids effective vectors in recombinant DNA technology? Multiple select question.

-They can be transferred through transformation. -They are well characterized. -They can be manipulated easily.

Put the three basic steps of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order.

1. Denaturation 2. Priming 3. Extension

Which two of the following DNA sequences are palindromic?

5'-GATATC-3' 5'-AGATCT-3'

Which statement regarding antibiotics and biofilms is correct?

Bacteria express different genes and exhibit a different phenotype when they are attached to surfaces in a biofilm.

_ are the most common vectors used in gene therapy.

Blank 1: Viruses, Retroviruses, Virus, or Retrovirus

The Kirby-Bauer technique is an agar diffusion test to determine susceptibility of a particular bacterial strain.

Blank 1: antibiotic or antimicrobial

Gene therapy in which the genes are inserted into an

Blank 1: egg or ovum Blank 2: sperm Blank 3: embryo or early embryo

The creation of a DNA fingerprint involves digestion with , PCR amplification, gel to separate DNA fragments, hybridization with probes, and in some cases Southern blotting.

Blank 1: endonucleases, endonuclease, or enzymes Blank 2: electrophoresis

The process of _ _ is portrayed in the image seen here.

Blank 1: gel Blank 2: electrophoresis

A _ is a collection of DNA clones that represent the entire genome of an organism.

Blank 1: genomic Blank 2: library

The therapeutic index is the ratio of the dose of the drug to its dose that is used to assess the safety and reliability of the drug.

Blank 1: toxic Blank 2: effective, therapeutic, minimum effective, minimal, or minimum

Chlorhexidine typically kills microbes by

Disrupting the cell wall Denaturing proteins Disrupting the cell membrane

Select the statements that reflect the overall goal of antimicrobial therapy:

Disruption of cellular processes used by the pathogen Disruption of structures exhibited by the pathogen Inhibition of the pathogen's replication

Determining which antimicrobial agent is most effective against an infective microbe is essential when the infection is caused by bacteria that commonly show resistance, such as (choose two)

Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus pneumoniae

Which of the following are examples of chemical agents used to control microbes?

Halogens Oxidizers Heavy metals Aldehydes Alcohols Phenolics

_ is a process in which single strands of nucleic acids bind to one another by uniting at their complementary sites.

Hybridization

Several Pseudomonas species have been genetically altered creating strains that have which of the following characteristics?

Inability to form ice crystals Ability to produce insecticide

What is the importance of PCR?

Increases the amount of DNA in a sample

Which two of the following statements about the post-antibiotic era are correct?

International cooperation is essential in managing antibiotic distribution to avoid a post-antibiotic era. In a post-antibiotic era, infected wounds would require amputation.

Which two of the following statements regarding genetic medicine are correct

Malfunctioning micro RNA can cause disease. Some ailments arise as a result of over-expression of a gene.

Which of the following microbes are regularly treated with tetracyclines?

Mycoplasmas Spirochetes Gram positive rods and cocci Rickettsias Gram negative rods and cocci

Which of the following are desirable characteristics in a good cloning host?

Nonpathogenic Mapped genome Can accept foreign DNA High yield of proteins Rapid growth rate

Which of the following are disadvantages of OPA as a disinfectant? Multiple select question.

OPA does not reliably destroy endospores. It tends to stain proteins, including those in human skin.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding OPA?

OPA is non-irritating to eyes and nasal passages. OPA is an aldehyde.

Which form of PCR can be used to detect gene products during the actual PCR cycle itself, making microbial identification very rapid and sensitive?

Real-time PCR

Which two of the following statements regarding recombinant DNA technology are correct?

Recombinant DNA technology can be used to manufacture proteins. Recombinant DNA technology can be used to manufacture medications.

Alcohols are effective against:

Resistant bacteria Enveloped viruses

Which of the following are primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?

Ribosomes Nucleic acids Cell membrane Cell wall

The first restriction enzyme isolated from Rhodobacter sphaeroides would be called

RspI

Which strategy is not used to isolate a target gene for use in recombinant DNA technology?

Sanger method DNA sequencing

Which of the following describe the advantages of creating transgenic animals?

Similarity between animals and humans Animal models to test new therapies Animals that can make products useful to humans Animal models to study human diseases

Which of the following statements about soaps are correct?

Soaps are only weakly microbicidal. Soaps help to mechanically remove surface debris. Some bacteria can grow on soap as a nutrient source.

Which of the following statements about soaps are correct?

Soaps can destroy few common hospital pathogens. Soaps have great germidical value when mixed with iodine.

Which of the following are some of the desirable qualities in a germicide?

Solubility in a solvent Rapid action Selective toxicity Penetrating ability Broad-spectrum action

Determining which antimicrobial agent is most effective against an infective microbe is essential when the infection is caused by bacteria that commonly show resistance, such as (choose two)

Staphylococcus Neisseria

Which of the following are the three factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug?

The overall health of the patient The nature of the infecting agent The sensitivity of the infecting agent

Iodine compounds are commonly used for:

Treatment of skin wounds Antisepsis of skin Disinfection of medical equipment

Which two of the following sources of information may contribute to an "informed best guess" for beginning antimicrobial therapy?

analysis of patient symptoms direct examination of body fluids

Which two of the following diseases are no longer significant causes of mortality thanks to the availability of antibiotics?

diphtheria scarlet fever

The main disadvantage of using E. coli as a cloning host is the inability of the bacterium to process mRNA transcripts from due to the presence of introns.

eukaryotes

In the CRISPR system, a RNA targets specific gene sequences.

guide

In the CRISPR system, a _____ RNA targets specific gene sequences.

guide

PCR the amount of DNA in a sample over a short period of time

increases, amplifies, or multiplies

Ethical concerns about the use of CRISPR for genetic engineering include

occurrence of off-target changes ability to speed up evolution

Bacteria "learn" the identity of an attacking phage by

placing bits of phage DNA in its own genome

Galactose permease is an enzyme that facilitates the movement of galactose across the Gram negative cell envelope. It is encoded by a 1,400 bp gene. The best choice of cloning vector to clone the gene is a ______.

plasmid

In germline gene therapy, the change introduced into the genome is (choose two)

present in every cell of the individual passed to the individual's offspring

One advantage of using transgenic animals is the between animals and humans.

similarity

Household bleach is known by its chemical name

sodium hypochlorite

As the most extensively used chlorine compounds, hypochlorites are used for Multiple select question.

swimming pool treatments wound treatment and skin cleansing food equipment sanitation household cleaning

Many genetically engineered animals have been created using laboratory techniques followed by development in surrogate mothers.

t

DNA fingerprinting is used for

tracing lineage of organisms. paternity testing. detecting genetic diseases. identifying microorganisms. crime scene investigations.