Micro final exam

Which of the following processes powers the rotation of the flagella of archaea? A) ATP B) a hydrogen ion gradient C) a sodium ion gradient D) assembly and disassembly of microtubules E) contraction of cytoskeletal proteins

ATP

Which of the following statements concerning fimbriae is TRUE? A) Fimbriae are about as long as flagella. B) Fimbriae facilitate the transfer of DNA among bacterial cells. C) Bacteria use fimbriae to attach to surfaces. D) All bacteria have fimbriae. E) A bacterial cell will usually have only one or two fimbriae.

Bacteria use fimbriae to attach to surfaces.

According to Kluyver and van Niel, which of the following are TRUE of basic biochemical reactions? A) They are shared by all living things. B) There are an unlimited number of them. C) They primarily involve the transfer of electrons and ions. D) Basic biochemical reactions shared by all living things primarily involve transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions. E) They primarily involve transfers of chemical groups.

Basic biochemical reactions shared by all living things primarily involve transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions.

Work by ________ laid the foundations of the field of environmental microbiology. A) Redi and Spallanzani B) Koch and Pasteur C) Beijerinck and Winogradsky D) Lister and Semmelweis E) Pauling and Woese

Beijerinck and Winogradsky

Who demonstrated that fermentation could occur in the absence of intact cells? A) Lister B) Koch C) Pasteur D) Buchner E) Woese

Buchner

What is the correct order for the steps in the scientific method? I. Conduct experiment. II. Develop a hypothesis. III. Analyze results. IV. Accept or reject hypothesis. A) I, II, III, IV B) IV, III, II, I C) I, III, II, IV D) II, I, III, IV E) There is no specific order required

D) II, I, III, IV

What is the correct order for the application of Koch's postulates? I. Inoculate suspect agent into test subject and observe that subject develops disease of interest. II. Isolate and culture suspect agent in the laboratory. III. Find suspect agent is every case of disease of interest but not in healthy hosts. IV. Recover and isolate suspect agent from test subject. A) III, I, IV, II B) IV, I, III, II C) I, II, III, IV D) III, II, I, IV E) IV, I, II, III

D) III, II, I, IV

Whose search for chemicals that would kill microbes without harming humans was the foundation for chemotherapy? A) Ehrlich B) Koch C) Gram D) Lister E) Pasteur

Ehrlich

Which of the following statements concerning endocytosis and exocytosis is TRUE? A) These processes occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. B) Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which liquids are brought into the cell. C) Endocytosis produces a structure called a food vesicle. D) Waste products and secretions are exported from the cell during endocytosis. E) Endocytosis is a form of passive transport, whereas exocytosis is a form of active transport.

Endocytosis produces a structure called a food vesicle.

Which of the following statements concerning the endosymbiotic theory is FALSE? A) Eukaryotes were formed from the union of small anaerobic cells by larger aerobic cells. B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts can divide independently of the cell. C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes. D) The cristae of mitochondria evolved from the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes. E) The endosymbiotic theory is widely accepted.

Eukaryotes were formed from the union of small anaerobic cells by larger aerobic cells.

Chemotherapy is the application of weakened pathogens to prevent disease.

FALSE

Fermentation requires the presence of living cells.

FALSE

Gene therapy is a modern approach to preventing infectious disease.

FALSE

Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using chlorinated lime water.

FALSE

Microbiologists study only single-celled organisms.

FALSE

Who discovered penicillin? A) Fleming B) Ehrlich C) Kitasato D) Pasteur E) Domagk

Fleming

Identification of bacteria in the laboratory usually begins with the ________ for placement in one of two large groups of bacteria. A) Koch's stain B) Gram stain C) Pasteur fermentation test D) Petri stain E) Ehrlich magic test

Gram stain

Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery? A) Nightingale B) Snow C) Ehrlich D) Lister E) Semmelweis

Lister

Who among the following may be considered the Father of Microbiology in part because of his careful application of the scientific method to many problems in microbiology? A) Robert Koch B) Edward Jenner C) Eduard Buchner D) Louis Pasteur E) Lazzaro Spallanzani

Louis Pasteur

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the fluid mosaic model? A) Small water soluble molecules move freely across the bilayer. B) Membrane proteins are free to move in two dimensions in the bilayer. C) The phospholipids rotate across the bilayer from one face to the other. D) The integrated proteins are firmly cemented in place relative to each other. E) The phospholipids form a rigid structure.

Membrane proteins are free to move in two dimensions in the bilayer.

Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation? A) Pasteur B) Needham C) Redi D) Buchner E) Spallanzani

Needham

Recent estimates of the number of microbes on the planet have expanded almost exponentially, but the number of microorganisms isolated in the lab has not increased at the same rate. How can microbiologists justify the higher estimates if they cannot isolate and grow the microbes in the lab? A) New technologies make it possible to detect the nucleic acid sequences of previously unknown organisms. B) Detection of novel enzymes indicates the existence of unidentified microbes. C) Much more powerful microscopes have made it possible to observe and identify huge numbers of microbes that cannot be isolated. D) The huge numbers of diseases without apparent causative agents indicate there are large numbers of unidentified pathogens. E) Previous estimates of the abundance of microbes cannot account for the detectable biomass in most environments.

New technologies make it possible to detect the nucleic acid sequences of previously unknown organisms.

What scientist first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into evolutionary relationships among all organisms (including microbes)? A) Woese B) Avery C) Ehrlich D) Kluyver E) Pauling

Pauling

All of the following were involved in developing the germ theory of disease EXCEPT A) Koch. B) Pauling. C) Fracastoro. D) Snow. E) Pasteur.

Pauling.

Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotic flagella is TRUE? A) Prokaryotic flagella rotate like a drive shaft. B) A "run" results from clockwise movement of the flagellum. C) Prokaryotic flagella are composed of tubulin. D) Treponema is an example of a bacterium that has a tuft of polar flagella. E) Prokaryotic flagella are anchored in the cytoplasm.

Prokaryotic flagella rotate like a drive shaft.

A microbe with a cell wall and no internal membrane enclosing the DNA is a prokaryote.

TRUE

Christian Gram devised a staining technique that divides all bacteria into two groups.

TRUE

Koch's postulates can be used only to determine the causes of infectious diseases.

TRUE

Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous generation of microorganisms.

TRUE

Louis Pasteur is considered the Father of Microbiology because of the many carefully conducted experiments and observations he made with microbes.

TRUE

Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is CORRECT? A) The rough ER is the site of lipid synthesis. B) The smooth ER has ribosomes associated with it. C) The ER is a lipid storage organelle. D) The ER is a transport system within the cytoplasm. E) The smooth ER is a site of ATP synthesis.

The ER is a transport system within the cytoplasm

Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation? A) The necks of the flasks he used were bent into an S-shape. B) He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present. C) The flasks were incubated for very long periods of time. D) The flasks were free of microbes until they were opened. E) The flasks he used were sealed with corks.

The flasks he used were sealed with corks.

Which of the following statements concerning Koch's postulates is false? A) Koch's postulates cannot be used to demonstrate the cause of all diseases. B) A suspected pathogen must be able to be grown in the laboratory. C) All of Koch's postulates must be satisfied before an organism can be shown to cause a particular disease. D) Koch's postulates involve the experimental infection of susceptible hosts. E) The suspected pathogen may not be present in all cases of the disease being studied.

The suspected pathogen may not be present in all cases of the disease being studied.

Which of the following questions largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology? A) How should living organisms be classified? B) How do genes work? C) How can microorganisms be seen? D) How are microbes related? E) What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible?

What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible?

What must one have before designing and conducting experiments? A) a theory B) a hypothesis C) scientific law D) popular opinion E) a complete set of data

a hypothesis

Which of the following is paired incorrectly? A) plants; cellulose cell wall B) algae; glycocalyx present C) bacteria; peptidoglycan cell wall D) fungi; chitin, glucomannan and/or cellulose cell wall E) archaea; polysaccharide cell wall

algae; glycocalyx present

Functions of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton include giving shape to the cell and A) anchoring organelles. B) moving cellular contents. C) separating chromosomes during mitosis. D) anchoring organelles and moving cellular contents. E) anchoring organelles, moving cellular contents, and separating chromosomes during mitosis.

anchoring organelles and moving cellular contents.

What was the first disease shown to be bacterial in origin? A) yellow fever B) cholera C) anthrax D) malaria E) tuberculosis

anthrax

The term that literally means "against putrefaction" is A) antisepsis. B) prokaryote. C) chemotherapy. D) recombinant technology. E) abiogenesis.

antisepsis.

Some members of ________ have hami. A) archaea B) bacteria C) eukaryotes D) archaea and bacteria E) bacteria and eukaryotes

archaea

The cell walls of some ________ are composed of proteins. A) archaea B) bacteria C) eukaryotes D) prokaryotes E) bacteria and eukaryotes

archaea

A tiny (less than 2 micrometers) new organism is discovered living in a boiling hot "mud pot" (a type of mud spring). It is most likely a member of the A) algae. B) archaea. C) fungi. D) protozoa. E) viruses.

archaea.

The flagella of archaea are similar to bacterial flagella but differ in that they A) lack a basal body. B) move like a whip. C) are anchored in the cytoplasm. D) are smaller in diameter and are not hollow. E) are driven by the flow of hydrogen ions.

are smaller in diameter and are not hollow.

Some ________ use group translocation as a means of transport. A) eukaryotes B) bacteria C) archaea D) protozoa E) eukaryotes and prokaryotes

bacteria

Hopanoids are found in ________ cytoplasmic membranes. A) eukaryotic B) bacterial C) archaeal D) prokaryotic E) no

bacterial

The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is A) epidemiology. B) bioremediation. C) chemotherapy. D) serology. E) ecology.

bioremediation.

ATP is expended in which of the following processes? A) facilitated diffusion B) diffusion C) group translocation D) active transport E) both active transport and group translocation

both active transport and group translocation

The cytoplasmic membranes of ________ contain phospholipids and proteins. A) archaeal cells B) bacterial cells C) eukaryotic cells D) both bacterial and eukaryotic cells E) archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic cells

both bacterial and eukaryotic cells

The control of infectious disease remains challenging a century after the understanding of infectious disease began. What contributes to the continuing challenge? A) developing resistance to antimicrobial agents B) emerging diseases C) creating microbes using recombinant DNA technology D) both drug-resistant pathogens and emerging diseases E) rapidly growing estimates of the diversity of microbes

both drug-resistant pathogens and

Which of the following processes requires a carrier protein? A) diffusion only B) facilitated diffusion only C) active transport only D) endocytosis only E) both facilitated diffusion and active transport

both facilitated diffusion and active transport

Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the creation of biofilms? A) glycocalyces B) flagella C) fimbriae D) pili E) both fimbriae and glycocalyces

both fimbriae and glycocalyces

John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of the following branches of microbiology? A) infection control only B) epidemiology only C) immunology only D) both infection control and epidemiology E) infection control, epidemiology, and immunology

both infection control and epidemiology

Which of the following may be a component of bacterial cell walls? A) carrageenan B) lipoteichoic acids C) mycolic acid D) tubulin E) both lipoteichoic and mycolic acids

both lipoteichoic and mycolic acids

Which of the following is classified as a nonmembranous organelle of eukaryotic cells? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi body C) mitochondrion D) centriole E) peroxisome

centriole

Several cellular structures of eukaryotes facilitate movement: flagella, cilia, the cytoskeleton and centrioles. Which of the following is a feature common to all of them? A) composed of flagellar proteins B) composed of tubulin microtubules C) powered by a proton (hydrogen ion) gradient D) enclosed in a lipid bilayer E) composed of glycoproteins

composed of tubulin microtubules

Which of the following cellular components facilitate(s) the process of bacterial binary fission? A) centrioles B) fimbriae C) nucleoid D) cytoskeleton E) inclusions

cytoskeleton

Robert Koch's contributions to the foundations of modern microbiology include A) demonstrating the role of microbes in fermentation. B) developing methods for isolation and identification of bacteria. C) demonstrating that hand washing can reduce the spread of disease. D) providing evidence for rejecting the theory of spontaneous generation.

developing methods for isolation and identification of bacteria.

The work of Lister, Nightingale, and Semmelweis all contributed to controlling infectious disease by A) developing techniques for isolating pathogens. B) developing methods for reducing health care associated infections (HAI). C) identifying the sources of infectious agents. D) determining the taxonomic relationships among microbes. E) developing vaccines.

developing methods for reducing health care associated infections (HAI).

Parasitic worms, even meters-long tapeworms, are studied in microbiology because A) they are parasites. B) diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples. C) the Gram stain can be used to identify them. D) Leeuwenhoek first discovered them. E) no one else wants to study them.

diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples.

Lipid-soluble molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane by which of the following processes? A) osmosis B) facilitated diffusion C) diffusion D) active transport E) group translocation

diffusion

Endospores survive a variety of harsh conditions in part because of the presence of A) mycolic acid. B) lipopolysaccharide. C) hopanoids. D) dipicolinic acid. E) glycoproteins.

dipicolinic acid.

Some bacteria have an outer layer composed of ________ that protects them from desiccation and allows them to adhere to surfaces. A) polysaccharides B) waxes C) nucleotides D) polypeptides E) either polypeptides or polysaccharides

either polypeptides or polysaccharides

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease is known as A) biotechnology. B) epidemiology. C) immunology. D) serology. E) biochemistry.

epidemiology.

Membrane rafts are found in the cytoplasmic membranes of A) archaea only. B) bacteria only. C) eukaryotes only. D) both archaea and bacteria. E) both archaea and eukaryotes.

eukaryotes only.

Endocytosis and exocytosis are means of transport used by A) bacteria. B) eukaryotes. C) archaea. D) all prokaryotes. E) nothing; no cells use both processes.

eukaryotes.

Which of the following is a CORRECT pairing? A) bacterial flagellum: ATP driven B) eukaryotic flagellum: flagellin protein C) eukaryotic flagellum: enclosed in cytoplasmic membrane D) bacterial flagellum: microtubule protein E) eukaryotic flagellum: hydrogen ion gradient driven

eukaryotic flagellum: enclosed in cytoplasmic membrane

Louis Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation to produce alcohol is caused by A) aerobes. B) facultative anaerobes. C) obligate parasites. D) archaea. E) prokaryotes.

facultative anaerobes.

Which of the following statements about fungi is INCORRECT? A) fungi are eukaryotes. B) molds are multicellular. C) fungi have a cell wall. D) fungi are photosynthetic. E) yeasts are unicellular.

fungi are photosynthetic.

Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is an example of A) etiology. B) genetic engineering. C) immunology. D) microbial genetics. E) gene therapy.

genetic engineering.

The accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate inside a bacterial cell via phosphorylation of glucose is an example of A) facilitated diffusion. B) group translocation. C) osmosis. D) plasmolysis. E) diffusion.

group translocation.

Which of the following is unique to archaea? A) LPS B) peptidoglycan C) hami D) fimbriae E) pili

hami

The cells illustrated in Figure 3-1 are in a(n) ________ environment. A) hypotonic B) hypertonic C) isotonic D) fluid mosaic E) passive

hypotonic

Edward Jenner's efforts to prevent smallpox provided the foundation for the field of A) etiology. B) immunology. C) chemotherapy. D) molecular biology. E) epidemiology.

immunology.

Pasteur's experiments on fermentation laid the foundation for A) industrial microbiology. B) epidemiology. C) immunology. D) abiogenesis. E) antisepsis.

industrial microbiology.

Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma lack cell walls. What sort of environment do they require for survival? A) low temperature B) hypotonic C) isotonic D) hypertonic E) a biofilm

isotonic

Lipid A is a component of A) lipopolysaccharides. B) plant cell walls. C) cytoplasmic membranes. D) mycolic acid. E) bacterial glycocalyces.

lipopolysaccharides.

Which of the following chemical substances contributes to the unique characteristics of acid-fast bacteria? A) N-acetylglucosamine B) peptidoglycan C) lipoteichoic acid D) endotoxin E) mycolic acid

mycolic acid

Which of the following is found only in eukaryotic cells? A) cytoplasm B) cytoplasmic membrane C) nuclear envelope D) ribosomes E) DNA

nuclear envelope

A function of the cytoskeleton unique to bacteria is A) providing shape to the cell. B) cellular motility. C) orienting the assembly of the cell wall. D) anchoring cytoplasmic contents. E) both cellular motility and orienting the assembly of the cell wall.

orienting the assembly of the cell wall.

Which of the following is NOT an observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of grape juice? A) yeast can grow with or without oxygen. B) Some bacteria may produce acid in grape juice. C) pasteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice. D) yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice. E) yeast can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice

pasteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice.

A bacterial cell moving toward light would be an example of A) tumbles. B) positive phototaxis. C) negative phototaxis. D) positive chemotaxis. E) negative chemotaxis.

positive phototaxis.

Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called A) fungi. B) pathogens. C) eukaryotes. D) prokaryotes. E) viruses.

prokaryotes.

The microbes commonly known as ________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile. A) archaea B) bacteria C) fungi D) protozoa E) viruses

protozoa

Which of the following microbes are likely to be the swiftly moving "animalcules" observed by Leeuwenhoek in pond water? A) fungi B) protozoa C) algae D) viruses E) fungi and algae

protozoa

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing? A) protozoa; multicellular B) fungi; cell walls C) algae; aquatic and marine habitats D) prokaryotes; no nuclei E) viruses; acellular parasites

protozoa; multicellular

Semmelweis advocated hand washing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases? A) cholera B) puerperal fever C) smallpox D) anthrax E) syphilis

puerperal fever

Which of the following statements concerning the characteristics of life is FALSE? A) reproduction is defined as an increase in the size of an organism. B) viruses have some, but not all, of the characteristics of living things. C) organisms may not exhibit all of the characteristics of life at all times. D) reproduction can occur asexually or sexually in living things. E) living things store metabolic energy in the form of chemicals such as ATP

reproduction is defined as an increase in the size of an organism.

Using a microscope, you observe an amoeba moving toward a food source. This is an example of A) reproduction. B) cellular structure. C) metabolism. D) growth. E) responsiveness.

responsiveness

The term ________ involves the study of the blood components that fight infection. A) antisepsis B) chemotherapy C) etiology D) serology E) bioremediation

serology

Which of the following molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane rapidly and without the use of transport proteins? A) large molecules only B) ions only C) small hydrophobic molecules only D) small hydrophilic molecules only E) both ions and hydrophilic molecules

small hydrophobic molecules only

Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat A) cholera. B) cancer. C) anthrax. D) smallpox. E) syphilis

syphilis

What anchors the bacterial flagellum to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane? A) a pilus B) the filament C) fimbriae D) the hook E) the basal body

the basal body

Aristotle was an early natural philosopher who formulated the A) theory of natural selection. B) germ theory of disease. C) theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis). D) theory of "magic bullets." E) scientific method.

theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis).

Which of the following is an accurate description of viruses? A) they are visible with a light microscope. B) they are the smallest known cells. C) they are composed of protein only. D) they are typically about the size of prokaryotic cells. E) they are acellular obligatory parasites.

they are acellular obligatory parasites.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa? A) most exhibit asexual reproduction. B) they are single-celled organisms. C) they are eukaryotic organisms. D) they are all photosynthetic. E) they frequently possess cilia or flagella.

they are all photosynthetic.

Chloroplasts differ from mitochondria in that the former have A) DNA. B) two lipid bilayers. C) 70S ribosomes. D) thylakoids. E) cristae.

thylakoids.

The lipids that are NOT generally components of cell membranes are A) hopanoids. B) triglycerides. C) phospholipids. D) fatty acids. E) sterols.

triglycerides.

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to A) use a magnifying glass. B) develop a taxonomic system. C) view microorganisms and record these observations. D) disprove spontaneous generation. E) use the germ theory of disease.

view microorganisms and record these observations.

The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a(n) ________ pathogen. A) bacterial B) protozoal C) fungal D) viral E) archaeal

viral

Bacterial cell walls that are resistant to drying contain A) carbohydrates. B) amino acids. C) lipopolysaccharide. D) tubulin. E) waxes.

waxes.