Micro Lab Final Review (Week 9, 10, 12, 14, and 15 Quiz Questions)

For anthrax, we use Containment Level 3 (BSL-3). Which facilities we must use if we have an Ebola sample? BSL-4 BSL-5 BSL-2 BSL-3

BSL-4

Overusing antibiotics can make humans resistant.* True False

False (It is not the infected host, but the bacteria, which become resistant to antibiotics.)

We've got a probe and a kidney dish. The probe was used to explore the patient's teeth so it will have been in contact with both mucous membranes and the outside of teeth. How would you classify the dish and the probe if they were used as normally intended? Critical objects are designed to contact normally sterile tissue. Semi-critical items ordinarily make contact only with mucous membranes or the skin. Noncritical items normally only ever contact intact skin and do not touch mucous membranes -Both are critical. -Just the probe is critical, the dish would be semi-critical -Just the dish is critical, the probe would be semi-critical -Both would be semi-critical

-Both would be semi-critical

Why is it important that a negative air pressure is maintained inside the Biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) lab? -While important, a large positive air pressure is also a viable alternative -It minimizes the chance of a microorganism leaving the lab -So that the lab is more energy efficient -It ensures a constant room temperature

It minimizes the chance of a microorganism leaving the lab

Once you have completed your training, which of these factors is NOT important with respect to your buddy Marie in BSL-3? Marie should always be available to you in case of an emergency Marie should be contactable at all times Marie should remain in the lab with you at all times Marie should know when you are in and out of the lab at all times

Marie should remain in the lab with you at all times

You counted the viable bacteria in all three peach juice samples. Is the hypothesis 'All juice treatments will have a similar viable microbial cell counts.', correct? No, canned peach juice has the lowest level of viable microbes Yes, all peach juice has a similar amount of viable microbes No, bottled peach juice has the lowest level of viable microbes No, fresh peach juice has the lowest amount of viable microbes

No, canned peach juice has the lowest level of viable microbes

What color would colonies of a non-fermenter, such as Proteus mirabilis, be on MacConkey agar?* -The lactose fermenters will have a yellow ring around them. -Non-lactose fermenters do produce acid, and their colonies appear red due to the neutral red indicator. -The colonies are blue-black with a metallic green sheen. -Non-lactose fermenters do not produce acid, and their colonies appear tan and frequently colorless.

Non-lactose fermenters do not produce acid, and their colonies appear tan and frequently colorless.

Which type of medium supports the growth of the widest range of bacteria? Differential Selective Nutritive Enrichment

Nutritive

What is transformation? The horizontal gene transfer of bacterial DNA via a bacteriophage The horizontal gene transfer of bacterial DNA via a pilus Copying DNA using a polymerase The uptake of extracellular DNA

The uptake of extracellular DNA

Some of the differences between a fume hood and a biological safety cabinet (BSC) are that a BSC protects both the user and the material inside the cabinet and that the exhaust is HEPA filtered? True False

True

The oxidase reagent p-amino dimethylaniline oxalate is a light-pink reagent that will turn a blackish color after reduction by cytochrome oxidase. True False

True

When looking at a blood agar plate with bacterial growth, beta is complete lysis of the red blood cells, alpha is partial lysis, and gamma is no lysis. True False

True

When two antimicrobial agents cause a greater effect when present together than either causes alone, synergism has occurred. True False

True

You measured the pH of 3 months old peach juices. The hypothesis that you made was 'After 3 months, fresh peach juice will have the lowest pH.'. Was your hypothesis true? No, pasteurized peach juice has the lowest pH after 3 months No, the pH of all peach juice will be the same Yes, fresh peach juice has the lowest pH after 3 months No, sterilized peach juice has the lowest pH after 3 months

Yes, fresh peach juice has the lowest pH after 3 months

In the disk-diffusion method, bacteria __________. are carefully streaked for isolation are placed on a filter-paper disk are inoculated into nutrient broth are spread evenly over the agar to make a "lawn" of bacteria

are spread evenly over the agar to make a "lawn" of bacteria

Which one of the following methods of control involves the hottest temperature? boiling a water bath set at 45 degrees Celsius autoclaving pasteurization

autoclaving

The ___________ of the zone of inhibition is measured to determine the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent. circumference diameter area radius

diameter

Differential media are used to __________. -inhibit the growth of all bacteria -get one bacterium in a mixed culture to grow but prevent the growth of another bacterium in the culture -distinguish among morphologically and biochemically related groups of organisms -aid the growth of two or more bacteria in a mixed culture

distinguish among morphologically and biochemically related groups of organisms

What type of microbe is a bacteriophage? bacterium fungus protozoan virus

virus

Tetra Pak combines the properties of all the following packaging materials EXCEPT? glass plastic metal paper

glass

A broad-spectrum antibiotic would likely affect ________________ gram-negative bacteria. gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. human cells. gram-positive bacteria.

gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Electroporation is a technique used for __________. generating fragments of DNA determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule separating DNA molecules by size inserting DNA into cells

inserting DNA into cells

Temperature can kill microorganisms because __________. it denatures nucleic acids it reduces proteins it disintegrates lipids it denature proteins and therefore will affect cellular enzymes

it denature proteins and therefore will affect cellular enzymes

Some gram-negative enteric bacteria may be catalase-positive.* True False

True

Urease test is useful for differentiating lactose-fermenting species of gram-negative bacteria. True False

False

What should all work surfaces in the biosafety cabinet be cleaned with at the end of each working day? Just water Soap and water Ethanol 5% Biocleanse

5% Biocleanse

What is the optimum time and temperature for HTST pasteurization? 72 °C for 15 seconds 121 °C for 15 minutes 135 °C for 1 second 63 °C for 30 minutes

72 °C for 15 seconds

The Gram stain provides a lot of clinically useful information but it won't give you all the information you need for identification and treatment. About which of these do you NOT learn anything from the Gram stain? Ability of the bacteria to process nutrients Susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs Structure of the cell wall Bacterial morphology

Ability of the bacteria to process nutrients

Which stains are used to visualize structures in the membrane? Only Gram Gram and endospore Endospore and acid-fast Acid-fast and Gram

Acid-fast and Gram

What is a typical pasteurized food? Eggs Cheese Wine All answers are correct

All answers are correct

Why did we pick a single colony in the culture? All answers are correct To avoid large genetic variance in the expanded culture To ensure all cultured yeast cells are identical To ensure all cells grown are genetic clones of a single original cell

All answers are correct

Who publishes the Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines?* All answers are correct. The American Society of Microbiology (ASM) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

All answers are correct.

You measured the pH of all three peach juice samples immediately after processing. At that point, what was the pH of the various juices? Fresh peach juice is the most acidic All juice samples have similar pH levels Cannot be concluded All juice sample are basic

All juice samples have similar pH levels

Why is it important to have individual colonies? All of these statements are correct To look at motility To look at colony morphology To obtain a pure culture

All of these statements are correct

How can you confirm that we have successfully extracted the DNA from the yeast? Analyze it using gel electrophoresis and the NanoDrop Analyze it using the UV transilluminator Weigh it using an analytical scale Analyze it using gel electrophoresis and an analytical scale

Analyze it using gel electrophoresis and the NanoDrop

What is a typical canned food? Jello Beans Avocado Cheese

Beans

How is an antibiotic susceptibility test performed when a physician or dentist sends a clinical sample to the lab? -By performing the Gram stain -By identifying the genus and species of the bacteria -By performing the Kirby-Bauer test -By conducting fermentation tests

By performing the Kirby-Bauer test

Which of these factors apply to a biosafety cabinet in Class III mode? -Class III mode does not involve the use of gauntlets -Class III mode blows sterile air over the workspace and past the front aperture -Class III mode provides a physical barrier between the user and the microbes -Class III mode provides protection to the user but not the organism

Class III mode provides a physical barrier between the user and the microbes

Canning is designed to destroy all microbes including the most heat resistant microbes. What is the example of heat resistant microbes? Listeria monocytogenes Escherichia coli Clostridium botulinum Staphylococcus aureus

Clostridium botulinum

As you have seen, bacteria can acquire new DNA via conjugation, transformation and transduction. Which bacterial DNA molecule is affected by each of these processes? -Conjugation adds plasmid DNA, transduction and transformation change chromosomal DNA -Transduction adds plasmid DNA, transformation and conjugation change chromosomal DNA -All processes can change both chromosomal and plasmid DNA -Transformation adds plasmid DNA, transduction and conjugation change chromosomal DNA

Conjugation adds plasmid DNA, transduction and transformation change chromosomal DNA

In the disk-diffusion method, why is the zone of inhibition circular? -Diffusion occurs rapidly. -Antibiotics are not soluble in water. -Bacteria are spherical. -Diffusion occurs equally from the outer edges of the circular disk. -Molecules are circular.

Diffusion occurs equally from the outer edges of the circular disk.

What is the structure of plasmid DNA? Single-stranded circular Double-stranded circular Single-stranded linear Double-stranded linear

Double-stranded circular

What color do endospores and bacteria stain in an endospore stain? Endospores green, bacteria pink Endospores green, bacteria blue Endospores red, bacteria blue Endospores pink, bacteria green

Endospores green, bacteria pink

Antibiotics are synthetic chemicals True False

False

Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization to make milk safer.* True False

False

Only prokaryotic cells have the enzyme catalase. True False

False

Sensitivity to an antimicrobial agent generally corresponds to small zones of inhibition. True False

False

Temperatures that are lower than a microbe's optimum growth temperature tend to be microbiocidal due to denaturing enzymes. True False

False

The biohazard bag should be located outside the biosafety cabinet. True False

False

The oxidase test determines if a bacterial species has a means of dealing with hydrogen peroxide. True False

False

The person who was responsible for the 2001 Anthrax Attacks was caught and put in jail. True False

False

Tyndallization refers to sterilization by autoclaving.* True False

False

When fumigating the lab, which of the following should NOT be carried out? -Gauntlets should be removed from glove ports -Discarded tins containing waste should be autoclaved -Fridge and freezer doors should be cleaned and opened -Incubators should be turned off and opened

Fridge and freezer doors should be cleaned and opened

When should gloves and oversleeves be worn in a BSL-3 lab? -Gloves and oversleeves should only be worn when using the cabinet -Both should be put on as soon as you enter the lab and worn at all times -Gloves should be worn at all times, but oversleeves only when working with the cabinet -Neither should ever be worn in a BSL-3 lab

Gloves should be worn at all times, but oversleeves only when working with the cabinet

What type of pathogen is Bacillus anthracis? Gram-positive, cocci bacterium Gram-negative, cocci bacterium Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium

Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium

The acronym HEPA (as in HEPA Filter) stands for: High-Energy Particles in Air High-Evaluation Protection Hepatitis A High-Efficiency Particulate Air

High-Efficiency Particulate Air

What is transduction?* -During viral release from a cell, some of the host DNA sticks to the outside of the virion and is transmitted into the next cell. -Viral DNA enters a new host. -DNA from the virus is introduced into a new host cell when the tail of the virus punctures the host nucleus. -Host DNA is packaged into a viral capsid by chance and is transferred to a new host cell.

Host DNA is packaged into a viral capsid by chance and is transferred to a new host cell.

Why do you think Bacillus anthracis is classified as Hazard Group 3? -It may spread to the community, but treatment is usually available -It causes human disease, but it's unlikely to spread -It has no effective prophylaxis or treatment available -It's unlikely to cause human disease

It may spread to the community, but treatment is usually available

When working with infectious biological material, the best place to perform the work would be: On a clean bench, wearing a dust mask In a Biological Safety Cabinet On the laboratory bench In a Fume Hood

In a Biological Safety Cabinet

Based on what you know about the Kuppelfangs' illness (fever, fatigue, vomiting and diarrhea), what is the most likely cause? Genetic disease Injury Infectious disease Environmental factors

Infectious disease

What will happen to the peach juice if we apply heat at 135 °C (275 °F) to it? It becomes filtered It becomes turbid It becomes pasteurized It becomes sterilized

It becomes sterilized

___________ kills pathogens and some spoilage organisms but does not sterilize substances. Tyndallization Boiling Pasteurization Autoclaving

Pasteurization

How does penicillin kill bacteria? -Penicillin augments the body's natural ability to enzymatically degrade bacterial peptidoglycan, causing the cells to lyse -Penicillin targets muramic acid in the cell wall. By damaging a key component of the cross-linking reaction, the cell can't build a strong peptidoglycan mesh and quickly breaks apart. -Penicillin damages the lipid membrane of bacterial cells by enzymatically removing peptidoglycan from the membrane's outer surface. The weakened cells quickly lyse. -Penicillin targets a cross-linking reaction in cell wall manufacture. By blocking the enzyme responsible, penicillin stops the bacteria from producing new peptidoglycan.

Penicillin targets a cross-linking reaction in cell wall manufacture. By blocking the enzyme responsible, penicillin stops the bacteria from producing new peptidoglycan.

The RAD52 gene can be isolated from the yeast cells. What should we do first so we can isolate the gene we need? Perform DNA extraction Use a restriction enzyme Separate the DNA using gel electrophoresis Perform DNA sequencing

Perform DNA extraction

What is the next step after performing gel electrophoresis to obtain the pure eGFP fragment that has been cut from its plasmid?/ Perform an electrophoretic gel extraction Perform restriction enzyme digestion Perform enzymatic DNA Ligation Perform spectrophotometric NanoDrop analysis

Perform an electrophoretic gel extraction

What process is used to "amplify" RAD52 DNA, making large numbers of copies from a small sample?* Restriction digest Polymerase chain reaction Incubation Transillumination

Polymerase chain reaction

In Class I mode, should the night panel be removed or attached? -Removed. This offers less protection than Class III mode, which has a solid barrier between you and your work -Attached. The panel is only removed during the Biocleanse cleaning process -Attached. This creates a physical barrier between you and your work -Removed. You are protected by air drawn into the cabinet

Removed. You are protected by air drawn into the cabinet

What is the main source of the free external DNA? The mating of two bacteria cells The cell division The lysis of cells The accumulation of nucleotides in environment

The lysis of cells

Which of the following is not a BSL-3 organism? Bacillus anthracis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yersinia pestis

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

What is the difference between selective and differential media? -There is no difference -Selective media inhibit the growth of certain bacteria, differential media distinguish different bacteria from each other -Differential media inhibit the growth of certain bacteria, selective media distinguish different bacteria from each other -Selective media are a subtype of differential media

Selective media inhibit the growth of certain bacteria, differential media distinguish different bacteria from each other

Why does spoiled food become sour? he nutrients in juice react with its packaging Spoilage microbes produce acid Enzymes in juice generate more hydroxide More hydrogen ions are consumed by spoilage microbes

Spoilage microbes produce acid

We've got a probe and a kidney dish. The probe was used to explore the patient's teeth so it will have been in contact with both mucous membranes and the outside of teeth. Which sterilization method do you think would be best for these items? -Toxic gas will kill any remaining microbes; put them in the ethylene oxide chamber. -Steam and high pressure will kill everything; let's use the autoclave. -Target remaining microbes with selective drugs; let's use the antibiotic drugs in a solution. -Irradiation with high energy light will damage the DNA; let's use the UV Box.

Steam and high pressure will kill everything; let's use the autoclave.

What is the difference is between decontamination and sterilization? -None of the answers -Sterilization is a type of decontamination, but not all decontamination techniques result in true sterilization -Decontamination is a type of sterilization where some microbes remain on the processed items -Items must be exposed to high heat to become sterile, but decontamination can take place at low temperatures

Sterilization is a type of decontamination, but not all decontamination techniques result in true sterilization

One component of shelf life is the growth of pathogens. True False

True

What do we highlight when we talk about antimicrobial resistance? -The ability of a host organism to resist infection by a pathogenic organism -The ability of a microbial strain to withstand the effects of a previously effective antimicrobial agent -The ability of a microorganism to pass on it's genes to daughter cells -The ability of a microbe to survive in harsh environments

The ability of a microbial strain to withstand the effects of a previously effective antimicrobial agent

When we say an antimicrobial agent exhibits 'selective toxicity', what do we mean? -The agent can actively change conformation and select which target it binds to. -The agent is only toxic to microbial cells because is targets a cell component only found in microbes and not present in the host organism. -The agent binds only to microbial cell walls and not to the membranes of animal cells. -The agent is only toxic to microbial cells due as it's small size allows it to penetrate the cell wall with ease.

The agent is only toxic to microbial cells because is targets a cell component only found in microbes and not present in the host organism.

According to the Spaulding Classification, why is it important to know how much of a pathogenic risk an item poses to an end-user? -The risk determines how long you can wait before cleaning it. -The risk determines how you must decontaminate an item so that the next user doesn't get infected. -End users must be informed of decontamination risks so they can choose whether to receive treatment or not. -The risk of infection determines whether you should dispose of the item or not after use.

The risk determines how you must decontaminate an item so that the next user doesn't get infected.

It is common that only some of the yeast cells will successfully take up the plasmid. How do we determine which yeast colonies contain the pTRE-RAD52-eGFP plasmid? Through antibiotic selection Through gel electrophoresis It cannot be determined By sequencing each colony

Through antibiotic selection

Inactive samples can only be removed from the lab after undergoing sterility testing, which must be countersigned. Why is it important that a sterility test is carried out? -To make sure the culture contains exactly what is written on the label -To ensure the culture is completely sterile before being removed from the lab -All answers are correct -To ensure the culture is alive before sending it for DNA analysis

To ensure the culture is completely sterile before being removed from the lab

What is the function of a regenerator in a pasteurization system? To generate power To filter incoming food product To sterilize food product To exchange heat

To exchange heat

Why do we use an ice bucket during restriction digests and ligations? To keep enzymes from denaturing To chill champagne to celebrate a successful experiment To preserve the yeast To prevent expression of eGFP

To keep enzymes from denaturing

A bactericidal chemical kills bacteria. True False

True

As the temperature of pasteurization increases, the time of treatment decreases. True False

True

In general, moist heat kills microorganisms in less time than dry heat. True False

True

Moist heat kills microorganisms in less time than dry heat. True False

True

How can the RAD52-eGFP gene construct help us to study the DNA repair mechanism? We can observe the eGFP We know the DNA sequence of eGFP Transformed yeast will grow better in UV light Analyze the RAD52 gene it with sequencing

We can observe the eGFP

Which of the following lists microbes or microbial structures in order from the hardest to destroy by heat to the easiest to destroy? fungal spores, bacterial endospores, vegetative bacteria, fungi vegetative bacteria, fungal spores, bacterial endospores, fungi bacterial endospores, fungal spores, vegetative bacteria, fungi fungi, vegetative bacteria, fungal spores, bacterial endospores

bacterial endospores, fungal spores, vegetative bacteria, fungi

The purpose of DNA ligase in cloning is to __________.* make yeast competent digest plasmids catalyze linkage between two ends of DNA stain DNA in the electrophoresis gel

catalyze linkage between two ends of DNA

When preparing to use a BSL-4 positive pressure suit, what is the first thing you should do once you take the suit of the rack. wipe down the suit with 5% Bioclense check that the suit is airtight get naked connect the 2-way radio

check that the suit is airtight

A cell that can take up foreign DNA is referred to as __________. transformed fertile selective competent

competent

Which type or lateral gene transfer requires a pilus?* conjugation transformation transduction plasmid

conjugation

If a bacterial species is aerobic, it uses oxygen as its final electron acceptor and must have which enzyme? catalase superoxide dismutase cytochrome oxidase galactosidase

cytochrome oxidase

Reduction of the oxidase reagent p-amino dimethylaniline is due to which oxidase enzyme? cytochrome oxidase NADPH oxidase monoamine oxidase catalase

cytochrome oxidase

The cytochromes for the electron transport chain found in bacteria are located in this membrane.* cytoplasmic membrane mitochondrial membrane nuclear membrane outer membrane of a gram-negative bacteria

cytoplasmic membrane

The indole production test determines the ability of microorganisms to __________. ferment glucose degrade urea degrade tryptophan ferment citrate

degrade tryptophan

Catalase breaks down which compound into water and oxygen gas? hydrogen peroxide singlet oxygen cytochromes superoxide

hydrogen peroxide

Should we put on the side panel in Class I mode? The side panel should be put... -on, so there is less airflow through the front aperture -off, so there is less airflow through the front aperture -on, so there is a stronger airflow into the front aperture of the cabinet -off, so additional sterile air is drawn into the cabinet

on, so there is a stronger airflow into the front aperture of the cabinet

A commonly used word to describe MRSA is... superbug plasmid bacteriophage pilus

superbug

How do they determine if super steam sterilization was successful on canned goods?* temperature probe check the date on the can spread plating on nutrient agar taste testing

temperature probe

The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) is... -the antibiotic concentration that kills 90% of bacteria. -the lowest concentration of a substance that prevents bacterial growth. -the highest concentration of a substance that prevents bacterial growth. -the zone of inhibition in millimeters.

the lowest concentration of a substance that prevents bacterial growth.