MICRO test 1

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What does alcohol do in the gram stain?

-What founds out if G+ or G-? -Pokes holes into G- layer, losing crystal violet and removing dye

The S-layer:

-a single layer if thousands of copies of a single protein -produced only in hostile environments -found only in G+ or G- bacteria

Lysogeny only undergoes which phases?

-adsorption, penetration -goes right to prophage state

Historical use of microbes by humans

-affect how we lose and gain weight -used to treat wounds and in food -produce chemicals that keep bacteria away

Envelope

-around capsid -can change -viruses take with them a bit of cell membrane in the form of an envelope

What are microbes?

-bacteria, fungus, virus, protozoa, algae, archaea -tiny but mighty -need magnification to see! -reproduce rapidly-20 mins or more

Spikes

-can be found on enveloped or naked viruses -project from nucleocapsid or envelope -allow viruses to dock with host cells-receptors viruses use

Monolayer

-cell forms -single sheet of cells that supports viral multiplication

Enveloped viruses can bud from:

-cell membrane -nuclear envelope -endoplasmic reticulum

Mycobacterium and Nocardia:

-contains mycolic acid ( a wax): long chains of fatty acids -modified gram + structure -must use acid-fast chain to ID: -TB -leprosy

The gram stain:

-crystal violet gets into peptidoglycan layer

Satellite viruses

-dependent on other viruses for replication -invade cells that have already been infected

Bacterial endospores:

-dormant bodies -hardest of all life forms -heat resistant to survive -absence of water -cortex: made up of sugars

Viral envelope

-exposed on the outside of the envelope in place of membrane proteins

Prions

-fibrils in brain -cause brain not to work well

SOME but not all bacterial cells possess:

-flagella -pili -fimbriae -outer membrane -plasmids: circular nonessential pieces of DNA -inclusions"nutrientstorage -endospores -nanotubes

Complex capsid

-found in viruses that infect bacteria -NOT enveloped -may have multiple types of proteins

Thomas Huxley:

-found microorganisms and named them bathybius haeckelii=was actually gypsum

Ernest Haeckel

-imagined the 1st life forms and called them monera -drew pictures of imagined microbes **Monera story: solitary from greek

Lipopolysaccharide

-in upper membrane/outer most layer of outer membrane -can be toxic -referred to as lipid A and endotoxins=stimulates fever and shock

T-even bacteriophage

-infect E coli -land on surface of bacteria

Prophage

-inserted into bacterial chromosome -only in bacterial cells

Parasites

-intracellular parasites: can live within cells-most extreme

Delta agent

-known as hepatitis D -associated with hep B -naked circle of DNA -expressed only in presence of hep B virus

Thiomargarita namibiensis

-largest known bacterium -0.1-0.75 mm -Sulfur pearls

Lysogeny

-latent/dormant state-temperate phages -"silent virus" -prophage: viral DNA enters into an inactive state until where it stays temporarily -induction: virus in a lysogenic cell becomes activated and replicates

Exponential growth

-logarithmic or log phase -more bacteria living than dying

L-forms:

-lose cell wall during its life cycle -play an important role in persistent infections that can be resistant to antibiotic treatment

Lytic state:

1. Absorption 2.Penetration: injects DNA/RNA 3. Replication 4. Assembly of parts/virions 5. Maturation phase

Biofilm formation steps:

1. Pioneer bacteria colonize a surface 2. Pioneer secrete extracellular material that helps keep them on surface and serves as an attachment 3. Other species join biofilm

Shortest generation time of growth

10-12 mins

Mycobacterium leprae generation time:

10-30 days

Robert Hooke

1660s/produced earliest record of microbes

When were viruses discovered and by who?

1905/Ivanovski

The amount of time required for a complete fission cycle from parent to two daughter cells ?

Generation time ** or doubling time

What binds to crystal violet and gets bigger?

Grams iodine=Mordant(biting)

Holds DNA together?

H proteins

Retro Virus

HIV/AIDS

Semmelweis

Handwashing

Produced gram stain?

Hans christian Gram in 1884

Adsorption:

Virus latches onto cell

Creutzfeldt-Jacob's disease:

affects CNS/brain

Recombinant DNA technology

alter DNA to make specific product/transferring genetic material

Optimum temperature

an intermediate between the minimum and the maximum which promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism

Biogenesis

beginning with life

Spontaneous generation/Abiogenesis

beginning without life

Mutualism

both member's benefit

Minimum Temperature

the lowest temperature that permits a microbe's continued growth and metabolism

Obligate aerobe

cannot grow without oxygen

Nucleocapsid

capsid + nucleic acid

Persistent infection

cell carries the virus but is not lysed.

Herpes zoster virus

chickenpox and shingles shingle effect takes place at end of nerve cell-stays there until activated /associated with stress

Superoxide dismutase

combines with couple of O2 to form hydrogen peroxide + O2

Catalase

converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

Retroviruses:

create DNA out of RNA **HIV

RNA viruses get into?

cytoplasm

Capnophiles

grow best at higher CO2 tension

Iron

important component of cytochrome proteins of cell respiration

Sodium

important for certain types of cell transport

In Vitro

in cell or tissue culture (often isolated animal cells which form a monolayer)

In Vivio

in laboratory bred animals and embryonic bird tissue

Obligate halophiles

inhibit salt lakes, ponds/grow optimally at solutions of 25% NaCl

What are grown in vitro?

isolated animals

Nanotubes

launch extensions that retrieve electrons

How animal viruses penetrate?

leaves coat(envelop) at membrane method, envelope fuses with membrane of cell/only capsid comes in

Spontaneous generation/Vital forces

life came from non-life(invisible vital forces)

Osmophiles

live in habitats with high solute concentrations

endoparasites

live inside organs and tissues

ectoparasites

live on body

Intracellular parasites

live with cells such as leprosy bacillus and syphilis spirochete

What do viruses require as their medium

living cells

What does positive-stranded DNA make?

mRNA

Obligate parasites

unable to grow outside of a living cell

Biorememdiation

use of microorganisms to restore environment stability/clean up toxic pollutants

Chemmoorganic heterotrophs

use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as a carbon source

Penetration/uncoating

virus is engulfed by cell and enclosed in vesicle or vacuole/envelope and capsid dissolved/releases nucleic acid into cytoplasm

What are cytopathic effects?

virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its appearance

Oncoviruses

viruses capable of initiating tumors

Release:

when its parts are assembled and released

Stationary growth phase

equal bacteria dying as living

Zinc

essential regulatory element for eukaryotic genetics major component of "zinc fingers;" binding factors that help enzymes adhere to specific sites on DNA

Basophiles

exert under pressure up to 1000 times atmospheric pressure

Pilus

extensions that draw bacterium close enough to transfer DNA to it

Fimbriae

extensions that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

Genus part

first letter=capitalized

What are multiple branches of a basic rod structure?

Branching filaments

Staphylococcus aureus

can grown on NaCl media ranging from 0.1-20%

The life cycle of dsDNA viruses is divided into 2 parts-

early and late phases

What does bacteria like to grow on?

embryonic tissues/eggs

Psychrotrophs

optimum temperature between 15°C and 30°C

Symbiotic

organisms live in close nutritional relationship

Greatest impact on microbial growth ?

oxygen

Assembly:

parts are assembled to form virus particles

Smallest viruses?

parvoviruses around 20 nm in diameter

Virus =

poison

Lag phase

prior to growth/nothing appears to be happening

Capsid

protein shell that surrounds nucleic acid

Exotoxins

released when cells are alive

Endotoxins

released when cells die

Lithoautotrophs

rely totally on inorganic minerals and require neither sunlight nor organic nutrients

Microaerophiles

requires small amount of O2, harmed in normal atmospheric concentrations

Facultative halophiles

resistant to salt

What forms gypsum?

sea water + alcohol

Species part

seconds letter=lowercase

Heterotrophs

seeks organic source of food outside of itself

Viable nonculturable state (VNC)

so dormant that although they are alive, they won't grow on culture medium/missed in colonies

Tropisms

specificities(limit or range) of viruses for certain tissues

Glycoproteins:

spikes on envelope bind to cell membrane receptors

Calcium

stabilizer of cell wall and endospores of bacteria

Magnesium

stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes

Herpes simplex virus

stores itself in some of the nerves and later develops-cold sores and genital herpes

Maximum Temperature

the highest temperature at which growth and metabolism can proceed before proteins are denatured

Host Range:

the limited range of cells that a virus can infect **only can infect cells where glycoproteins match with receptors

Lysogenic conversion:

**when a bacteria acquires a new trait from its temperate phage EX: Corynebacterium diphtheria- diphtheriae toxin Vibrio cholerae-cholera toxin Clostridium botulinum-botulinum toxin

Cytoplasmic membrane

- A lipid bilayer with proteins embedded -Provides a site of reaction: enzymes or respiration and ATP synthesis -Sterols: regulates passage of nutrients

MOST bacterial cells possess:

- cell wall -surface coating called glycocalyx

Biofilm

-1 species caused by another species/mixed communities of bacteria -epitome of synergy -develop internal streams: take waste away and brings in nutrients

Gram Positive cell:

-5 layer thick peptidoglycan wall -One membrane

Cytoplasm:

-70-80% -Soluble proteins, salts, and carbs -Site of nearly all chemical reactions -Contains DNA in nucleoid

Bacteriophage

-A virus that infects bacteria -Bacteria eaters -Discovered in 1915 -Most are dsDNA -Often increase bacterial virulence

Woese-Fox System

-An entirely new system was proposed based on domains: -Bacteria -Archaea -Eukarya

Joseph Lister

-Aseptic techniques -Disinfecting hands and air with strong antiseptic chemicals such as phenol

Thermoduric

-Can survive short exposure high temp -Common contaminants of heated or pasteurized foods -Cyst of Giardia(Protozoa), spores of bacillus and clostridium

Prokaryotes consist of?

-DNA/Cell wall(peptidoglycan)

Disease caused by toxin of bacteria getting sick:

-Diphtheria -Cholera -Botulism

RNA viruses

-Double stranded(Rotavirus): infect stomach/intestines -Positive-sense RNA(Corona/HIV): makes proteins and negative strands/same as mRNA -Negative-sense RNA(Influenza): has to make positive strands first before proteins

Louis Pasteur

-Father of microbiology -Fermentation of alcoholic beverages/discovery of yeast -Used a series of experiments with swan-necked flasks to disproved biogenesis/spontaneous generation, transformation theory of disease and the miasma theory -proved bacteria caused disease

Responsible for microscope?

-Hooke and Leeuwenhoek

Robert Koch

-Isolated infectious organisms to determine disease -Associated microbe to a disease

Prokaryotic shape and arrangement:

-Most are unicellular organisms: -colonies or biofilms

Cell wall deficient bacteria?

-Mycoplasmas -L-forms

Biofilm structure

-O2 and pH varies

Thermophile

-Optimum temp over 45 degrees Celsius -Heat loving microbes

Synthesis/Replication:

-Production of proteins -Nucleic acid is acting on cell -mRNA starts being translated into viral proteins=viral replication

2 acids in gram positive used to repel WBC?

-Teichoic acid -Lipoteichoic acid

Gram negative cell:

-Thin peptidoglycan(Peri-plasmic space) -2 membranes -Porins: in outer membrane

Flow cytometer:

-measure stream of cell going by/differentiates among cell sizes and if cells are alive -labels cell fluorescently -identifies pathogens and pt specimens

Pasteur and the theory of disease:

-microbes are responsible for fermentation -originated pasteurization -protozoans were responsible for silkworm diseases

Quorum sensing:

-monitor size of their own populations -turns on genes

Viroid's

-naked strand of RNA//without capsid -plant parasite

Mycoplasmas:

-naturally lack a cell wall -stabilized by sterols and resistant to lysis

spongiform encephalopathies

-noncellular infectious agents -contains prisons

Psychrophile

-optimum temp below 15 degrees Celsius -storage in refrigerator causes them to grow -grow in cold conditions

Non symbiotic

-organisms free living -relationships not required for survival

Cancer causing genes:

-papillomavirus -Epstein Barr virus -HTLV-1: human T cell leukemia

Rusticles

-part of biofilm created by bacteria deep in ocean -bacteria creates from rust

Cytoskeleton:

-peptidoglycan layer determines morphology -made up of actin, tubulin, and intermediate=filament proteins

Specialized transduction

-phage only with him the same gene every time it invades

Generalized transduction

-phage takes any gene/DNA

Capsid:

-protein coat: made of proteins -capsomeres: subunits of proteins -nucleocapsid

What does lytic cycle do?

-releases viruses/bacteriophages to other cells -destruction of cell

Types of CE's:

-shape and size -development of inclusion bodies -syncytia: merging with different cells

What toxic products is oxygen transformed into during cellular reactions?

-single O2 -superoxide ion(O2-) -hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) -hydroxyl radicals(OH)

DNA viruses:

-single stranded -double stranded: linear, circular

Viruses structure:

-smallest infectious agents

How are viruses classified?

-structure -similarities in genetic makeup

Glycocalyx

-sugar capsule -slime coat when bacteria doesn't stick together

Nomenclature:

-the assignment of scientific names -binomial nomenclature

Early phase of dsDNA?

-viral DNA enters nucleus and becomes RNA(xcription) -RNA moves to cytoplasm and becomes viral(xlation)

Provirus

-viral DNA is incorporated into the DNA of host -exist only in animal cells

Ways that viruses cause cancer in animals:

-virus carries oncogenes -virus turns on cell oncogenes -virus has proteins that cause uncontrolled cell growth

Virophages

-viruses that invade viruses -they infect larger viruses -they need larger viruses to replicate -they infect cells already infected by other viruses -they reduce virulence of host virus

Parasitism

1 benefit, 1 harmed

Peptidoglycan

2 long chains of sugars

Synergism

2 members cooperate and share nutrients

Mesophiles

20-40 degrees Celsius/Optimum 37 degrees Celsius

Average generation time of growth

30-60 mins

What percentage of diseases are caused by biofilms?

70-80%

What percent of human DNA consist of viral DNA sequences?

8%

What % of water is biofilm

90%

Lanosterol

=bacteria uses

Microbes are ubiquitous

=everywhere -first cells in the evolution of time

Purple bacteria?

=gram +

Red bacteria?

=gram -

Gastric ulcers

=helicobacter pylori

Cholesterol

=humans use

General phases of the animal viral replication cycle:

Adsorption, Penetration, Synthesis/Replication, Assembly, Release

Irreductable complexity:

All parts needed for it to work

What produce S-layer?

Clostridium difficile and bacillus anthracis

What is spherical or ball shaped?

Coccus

What replaces crystal violet?

Counter stain

Staphylococcus aureus/Listeria

Custard and lunch meats

1 bacterial chromosome=

DNA

What do viruses need to reproduce?

DNA

Central Core:

DNA or RNA, matrix proteins, enzymes-not in all viruses

Pleomorphism

Different shapes/same species

facultative anaerobes

Do not require O2 but use it when present

Aerotolerant

Do not use O2 but can detoxify it/lacks enzymes for processing toxic O2

Coulter counter:

Electronically scans fluid that passes through pipette

Grow wherever suitable?

Endospores

How does cell population size grow?

Exponentially 2 to the 0, 2 to the 1, 2 to the 2, etc

Can only infect liver cells?

Hep B

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Mad cow disease/contaminated beef

Direct cell count

Microscopically observe and count

Acid-fact bacteria?

Mycobacterium and Nocardia

Anaerobes

Neither use or detoxify O2 Ex: pylori, oral/intestinal bacteria

Make make up virus?

Nucleic acid + Capsid

Where is DNA located?

Nucleoid

Influences microbial growth the most?

O2, CO2

Will prevent synthesis of cell wall?

Penicillin

In gram negative what makes up cell wall?

Peptidoglycan + lower membrane

The danger of lysogeny in human disease:

Phage can cause virulence-toxins

Lipid bilayer:

Phospholipids: 30-40% Proteins: 60-70%

What will destroy endospores?

Pressurized steam at 120 degrees Celsius for 20-30 mins

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes: no nucleus Eukaryotes: Does not have peptidoglycan

Reverse Transcription makes?

RNA

What is spindle-shaped, threadlike rods

Rods/Bacillus

What are slightly curved or spiral shaped?

Spirillum

What is a flexible form resembling a spring?

Spirochete

Making of spores?

Sporulation

Aerobes

Use oxygen and detoxify it Ex: bacillus, mycobacterium, TB, fungi, protozoa

What are singly occurring rods that are slightly curved?

Vibrio

Growth curve

a predicable pattern of a bacterial population growth

Pathogens

can cause damage to tissues or even death range from viruses to helminths

chemotroph

microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

Plaques

microscopic manifestations/clear patches in cell culture that indicates sites of virus infections

Largest virus?

mimiviruses around 450 nm in length

Death phase

more dying than living **Some go dormant/some produce spores

Shy-Drager syndrome or MSA

multiple system atrophy

halophiles

need salt

DNA viruses get into?

nucleus of invaded cell(animal)

Chronic latent state:

ongoing/stored

Commensalism

only 1 member is benefited

Which plants do viroid's parasitize:

tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, citrus trees

Transformation

transforming of cells


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