micro test 1

Characteristics shared by all cells include

-a membrane serving as a cell boundary. -the possession of genetic information. -the presence of cellular fluid. (All of these choices are correct)

One nucleotide contains ________.

-one phosphate -one pentose sugar -one nitrogen base

The first cells appeared about ______ billion years ago.

3.8

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. Breonna Jones is 16 years old, 5'4", and weighs 93 lb. She was admitted to an inpatient medical unit 2 days ago after collapsing at the local high school. Her parents knew she was skinny and had lost weight in the past few months, but had no idea that her life was in danger. The medical team has instituted treatment for anorexia nervosa. As you develop Breonna's nursing plan of care, you take into consideration the four major biological molecules that are building blocks of all cells. You inform Breonna that it is important for her to maintain a diet rich in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, so that each of these macromolecules can be metabolized to form a high-energy compound called _____.

ATP

You are trying to identify a chemical that consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphates. What is this chemical?

ATP

Which of the following is not a pyrimidine?

Adenine

The Dutch merchant who made and used quality magnifying lenses to see and record microorganisms was _____.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. Wanda is a medical assistant and the newest employee of your healthcare team. You notice that she does not wash her hands in between patient visits. From your microbiology background, you understand that microbes are not visible with the naked eye. As the only nurse in your small medical office, you provide education for Wanda on the importance of hand washing. Hand washing in the healthcare environment is aimed at reducing the number of microbes in the medical setting to prevent the spread of infection and disease. Which of these terms best represents this technique?

Asepsis

If you were a microbiologist in 1950, which of the following scientific principles would you already know?

Aseptic techniques could reduce the number of wound infections in the surgical setting

Which statement correctly compares the sizes of different microorganisms?

Bacteria are larger than viruses

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. Ms. Smith is a 29-year-old patient at the outpatient psychiatric clinic. While completing her assessment you notice her hands are red, raw, and show signs of recent bleeding. She explains that she washes all her clothes in bleach, and uses the chemical to clean her hands several times a day. She states "I need to sterilize myself and my environment of all germs so I do not get sick." While developing her nursing plan of care, you educate her about the importance of bacteria to the health and well being of not only humans, but also our planet. The RN applies therapeutic communication techniques to assess of Ms. Smith's understanding of the principle of sterility. Her statement of "I need to sterilize myself and my environment of all germs so I do not get sick" would be best followed by which of the following questions by the RN?

Can you tell me more about what sterility means to you?

Organic chemicals always have a basic framework of the element _____ bonded to other atoms.

Carbon

The scientist(s) who proposed organisms be assigned to one of three domains is(are) _____.

Carl Woese and George Fox

Which pertains to DNA but not to RNA?

Contains thymine

Which amino acid contains sulfur atoms that form covalent disulfide bonds in its tertiary structure?

Cysteine

Which activity is an example of biotechnology?

Escherichia coli producing human insulin

Which area of biology states that living things undergo gradual, structural, and functional changes over long periods of time?

Evolution

A scientific theory, like the theory of evolution, is just our best guess at explaining a scientific phenomenon, but a theory cannot be considered fact.

False

A scientist studying helminths is working with bacteria.

False

All microorganisms are considered pathogens.

False

All proteins are enzymes.

False

Current evidence indicates that bacteria and archaea existed on earth for approximately 2 billion years before eukaryotes appeared.

False

If a hypothesis is accepted, then the findings become a scientific law.

False

Nucleic acids have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of organization.

False

Once an organism is assigned to a particular taxonomic hierarchy, it is permanent and cannot be revised.

False

One colony typically develops from the growth of several parent bacterial cells.

False

The acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis is based on a series of educated guesses and opinions. Once the opinion is widely accepted it becomes a theory.

False

The names of the three domains are: Bacteria, Protista, and Eukarya (Eukaryota).

False

What part of a phospholipid forms hydrophobic tails?

Fatty acids

Which of the following statements correctly determines the process when following the scientific method?

Formulate question, conduct research, propose hypothesis, test hypothesis

Which list correctly ranks the microorganisms from largest to smallest?

Helminth, Aspergillis sp., Bacillus anthracis, Zika virus

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. An RN is working at an urban low-income medical clinic when a young woman enters crying. She is 19 years old and 28 weeks pregnant with her second child. The woman reports that she woke this morning to find she was leaking milky-colored fluid vaginally. Her first child was born 6 weeks early due to premature rupture of membranes and she is worried this is happening again. You reassure the patient, explain that a vaginal speculum exam will be performed, and educate her about specimens that will be collected. Once the proper specimens are obtained and appropriately labeled, the wet mount and culturette are sent to the laboratory for processing. The sterile vaginal fluid specimen is sent for culture. The RN educates the patient about the five basic techniques utilized by laboratory technicians to manipulate, grow, examine, and characterize any microorganisms present in the specimen. Which of the following is the correct order of steps for processing the specimen?

Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification

The surgeon who advocated using disinfectants on hands and in the air prior to surgery was _____.

Joseph Lister

Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed?

Kingdom

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms?

Lack cell structure

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. An RN is working at an urban low-income medical clinic when a young woman enters crying. She is 19 years old and 28 weeks pregnant with her second child. The woman reports that she woke this morning to find she was leaking milky-colored fluid vaginally. Her first child was born 6 weeks early due to premature rupture of membranes and she is worried this is happening again. You reassure the patient, explain that a vaginal speculum exam will be performed, and educate her about specimens that will be collected. Once the proper specimens are obtained and appropriately labeled, the wet mount and culturette are sent to the laboratory for processing. The RN understands that along with a pH test, a microscopic view is needed to perform the ferning test to detect an amniotic fluid leak. The patient sample is prepared on a glass slide and examined under 10x magnification. Which type of microscope will be used to make this observation of the patient sample?

Light microscope

Which of the following is not a human use of microorganisms?

Manufacturing copper wire

Which of the following is not considered a microorganism?

Mosquito

A student forgot to label a beaker containing a DNA solution and a beaker containing a glucose solution. If chemical analysis was performed to identify the contents of each beaker, which of the following would be found in the beaker of DNA but not in the beaker with glucose?

Nitrogen and phosphorus

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the relationship between humans and microbes?

Not only do the majority of colonizing bacteria cause no harm to humans, the relationship is beneficial for both microbe and human host

Which of the features listed below is not found in all cells?

Nucleus

What type of bonds are formed between adjacent amino acids?

Peptide

Organisms were classified into kingdoms as they were defined. Which list reflects the order of discovery of the kingdoms as we know them today?

Plants and animals, protista, monera, fungi

The Nobel Prize was awarded to Kary Mullis in 1993 for inventing what technique to amplify and subsequently analyze DNA?

Polymerase chain reaction

Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis?

Robert Koch

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. Wanda is a medical assistant and the newest employee of your healthcare team. You notice that she does not wash her hands in between patient visits. From your microbiology background, you understand that microbes are not visible with the naked eye. As the only nurse in your small medical office, you provide education for Wanda on the importance of hand washing. Many microbes that inhabit the skin have the potential to cause disease. One such pathogen is Staphylococcus aureus. The genus name of this organism is most properly represented as _____.

Staphylococcus

Which scientific name is written correctly?

Staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following is a scientific name?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms?

Taxonomy

Which is not true about enzymes?

They have high-energy bonds between phosphates

Despite the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus, bacteria and archaea are cells with a complex organizational structure.

True

Fixed smears of specimens are required in order to perform the Gram stain and endospore stain on the specimens.

True

Many chronic conditions are found to be associated with microbial agents.

True

Members of the same species share many more characteristics compared to those shared by members of the same kingdom.

True

Microbes have been found existing in salty, acidic lakes.

True

One distinguishing characteristic of the archaebacteria is that they live in extreme environments.

True

The most important outcome of polypeptide intrachain bonding and folding is the unique shape of the protein.

True

The term sterile means free of all life forms.

True

Viruses are not classified in any of Whittaker's five kingdoms.

True

Carl Woese and George Fox developed the three-domain system of taxonomy based on what molecular discovery?

Variations in the ribonucleic acid of the small ribosomal subunit of organisms

Which group of microorganisms is composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a protein covering?

Viruses

Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that

a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease.

The building blocks of an enzyme are _____.

amino acids

All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that ________.

are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. Ms. Smith is a 29-year-old patient at the outpatient psychiatric clinic. While completing her assessment you notice her hands are red, raw, and show signs of recent bleeding. She explains that she washes all her clothes in bleach, and uses the chemical to clean her hands several times a day. She states "I need to sterilize myself and my environment of all germs so I do not get sick." While developing her nursing plan of care, you educate her about the importance of bacteria to the health and well being of not only humans, but also our planet. Microorganisms have inhabited the Earth for billions of years, and can be found inhabiting a variety of environments. In fact, microbes performing anoxygenic photosynthesis led to the oxygenation of early Earth's atmosphere. These ancient organisms were _____.

bacteria

Using microbes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of _____.

bioremediation

When assigning a scientific name to an organism,

both genus and species names are italicized or underlined

The orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa is called _____.

classification

Taxonomy does not involve _____.

common name

The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are called _____.

decomposers

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. Breonna Jones is 16 years old, 5'4", and weighs 93 lb. She was admitted to an inpatient medical unit 2 days ago after collapsing at the local high school. Her parents knew she was skinny and had lost weight in the past few months, but had no idea that her life was in danger. The medical team has instituted treatment for anorexia nervosa. As you develop Breonna's nursing plan of care, you take into consideration the four major biological molecules that are building blocks of all cells. The structure of proteins is complex and unique, and only specific molecules can interact with their surface features. The natural shape of each protein is termed the native state. When proteins are exposed to heat, acid, or alcohol, their shape is disrupted and they become nonfunctional or _____.

denatured

A scientist studying the sequence of nucleotides in the rRNA of a bacterial species is working on ________.

determining evolutionary relatedness

Select the correct descending taxonomic hierarchy:

family, genus, species

When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called _____.

genetic engineering

All of the following are monosaccharides except _____.

glycogen

The purine_______ always binds with the pyrimidine_______ in DNA and RNA.

guanine, cytosine

Sterility refers to

having an absence of any life forms and viral particles.

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. Breonna Jones is 16 years old, 5'4", and weighs 93 lb. She was admitted to an inpatient medical unit 2 days ago after collapsing at the local high school. Her parents knew she was skinny and had lost weight in the past few months, but had no idea that her life was in danger. The medical team has instituted treatment for anorexia nervosa. As you develop Breonna's nursing plan of care, you take into consideration the four major biological molecules that are building blocks of all cells. The nurse implements an extensive nutrition education plan for Breonna, beginning at the molecular level. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four main families of biological molecules referred to as _____.

macromolecules

During protein synthesis, _______ RNA is made as a copy of a gene from DNA.

messenger

Living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the unaided eye are termed _____.

microorganisms

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. Wanda is a medical assistant and the newest employee of your healthcare team. You notice that she does not wash her hands in between patient visits. From your microbiology background, you understand that microbes are not visible with the naked eye. As the only nurse in your small medical office, you provide education for Wanda on the importance of hand washing. Viruses may also be transmitted to patients, even though they differ from bacteria in that they are ________.

noncellular particles

Purines and pyrimidines are components in the building block units of all _____.

nucleic acids

Helminths are _____.

parasitic worms

Disease-causing microorganisms are called _____.

pathogens

The lipid group that is the major component of cell membranes is the _____.

phospholipids

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called _____,

phylogeny

Cells, like bacteria and archaea, that do not have a nucleus in their cells have traditionally been called _____.

prokaryotes

All of the following are polysaccharides except

prostaglandins in inflammation

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. Ms. Smith is a 29-year-old patient at the outpatient psychiatric clinic. While completing her assessment you notice her hands are red, raw, and show signs of recent bleeding. She explains that she washes all her clothes in bleach, and uses the chemical to clean her hands several times a day. She states "I need to sterilize myself and my environment of all germs so I do not get sick." While developing her nursing plan of care, you educate her about the importance of bacteria to the health and well being of not only humans, but also our planet. As Ms. Smith progresses with her plan of care, the RN provides education regarding beneficial applications of microbes. Scientists use microbes to produce drugs, hormones, and enzymes. This type of biotechnology involves the transfer of foreign genetic material into a microbe, a process called ________.

recombinant DNA technology

Most biochemical macromolecules are polymers, which are chains of ________.

repeating monomers

The most prevalent worldwide infectious diseases are _____.

respiratory diseases

A fat is called ______ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single bonded to two other carbons and two hydrogens.

saturated

The alpha helix is a type of _____ protein structure.

secondary

A confocal scanning microscope ________.

shows three-dimensional cell images from the cell surface to the middle of the cell

The smallest and most significant taxon is _____.

species

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. Wanda is a medical assistant and the newest employee of your healthcare team. You notice that she does not wash her hands in between patient visits. From your microbiology background, you understand that microbes are not visible with the naked eye. As the only nurse in your small medical office, you provide education for Wanda on the importance of hand washing. Wanda is receptive to the nurse's teaching. In reinforcing the prevalence of microbes in our environment, the nurse describes the experiments of Louis Pasteur. Pasteur hypothesized that microbes were in the air and dust. Through experiments using swan-necked flasks, he disproved the concept of ________.

spontaneous generation

All of the following are lipids except _____.

starch

ATP is best described as _____.

the energy molecule of cells

NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. An RN is working at an urban low-income medical clinic when a young woman enters crying. She is 19 years old and 28 weeks pregnant with her second child. The woman reports that she woke this morning to find she was leaking milky-colored fluid vaginally. Her first child was born 6 weeks early due to premature rupture of membranes and she is worried this is happening again. You reassure the patient, explain that a vaginal speculum exam will be performed, and educate her about specimens that will be collected. Once the proper specimens are obtained and appropriately labeled, the wet mount and culturette are sent to the laboratory for processing. The patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection after gram-positive cocci are detected in the fluid sample. The Gram stain involves ________.

timed, sequential applications of crystal violet dye, iodine, an alcohol rinse, and a contrasting counterstain to the sample

The lipid group that serves as energy storage molecules is _____.

triglycerides